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Bioscience 1 > The Human Body: An Orientation > Flashcards

The Human Body: An Orientation Flashcards

1
Q

Define: Physiology

A

is the study of body functions and relates to the operation of specific organ systems

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2
Q
  1. What are the 6 levels of Structural Organisation
A
  1. Chemical level
  2. Cellular level
  3. Tissue level
  4. Organ level
  5. Organ system level
  6. Organismal level
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3
Q

What is an organ system?

A

An organ system is a group of organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose

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4
Q

How many organ systems are there?

A

11

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5
Q

Name all the organ systems

A 
Integumentary system 
Skeletal system 
Muscular system 
Nervous system 
Endocrine system 
Cardiovascular system 
Lymphatic system 
Respiratory system 
Digestive system 
Urinary system 
Reproductive system
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6
Q

What are the 7 Necessary Life Functions

A 
Movement
Responsiveness
Digestion
Metabolism
Excretion
Reproduction
Growth
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7
Q

What are the 5 survival needs?

A 
Nutrients
Oxygen
Water
Normal body temperature
Atmospheric pressure
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8
Q

What are the 9 National Health Priorities?

A 
Cancer
Cardiovascular disease
Injury prevention and control
Mental health
Diabetes
Asthma
Obesity
Dementia
Arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions
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9
Q

What are Directional Terms

A

They allow medical personnel and anatomists to explain exactly where one body structure is in relation to another

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10
Q

What is the anatomical position

A

The body is erect with the feet parallel, the arms hanging at the sides with palms facing forward

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11
Q

Directional Term: Superior (Cranial)

A

toward the head or above

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12
Q

Directional Term: Inferior (Caudal)

A

toward the bottom or below

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13
Q

Directional Term: Ventral (anterior)

A

Toward the front of the body or structure

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14
Q

Directional Term: Dorsal (posterior)

A

Toward the rear or back of the body structure

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15
Q

Directional Term: Medial

A

Toward the midline of the body

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16
Q

Directional Term: Lateral

A

Away from the midline of the body

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17
Q

Directional term: Intermediate

A

between two points

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18
Q

Directional Term: Proximal

A

Closer to the point of origin/attachment

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19
Q

Directional Term: Distal

A

Farther from the point of origin/attachment

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20
Q

Define: Regional Terms

A

Visible landmarks on the body surface, used to specifically refer to a body part or area

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21
Q

Body Planes: Frontal plane

A

vertical line that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

22
Q

Body Planes: Mid-saggital plane

A

divides the body into equal left and right parts

23
Q

Body Planes: Parasagittal plane

A

divides body into unequal left and right parts

24
Q

Body Planes: Transverse plane

A

horizontal line dividing the body into superior and inferior parts

25
Q

Body Planes: Oblique plane

A

diagonal line through the body

26
Q

What are the 2 main Body Cavities

A

Dorsal Cavity

Ventral Cavity

27
Q

What are the 2 subdivisions of the Dorsal Cavity, and what organs do they hold

A

Cranial Cavity- the brain

Spinal Cavity- the spinal cord

28
Q

What are the 2 subdivisions of the Ventral Body Cavity, and what organs are found there

A

Thoracic Cavity- contains Pleural cavity (lungs) and Pericardial cavity (heart)

Abdominopelvic Cavity- contains Abdominal cavity (digestive organs) and Pelvic cavity (bladder, reproductive organs and rectum)

29
Q

Serous Membranes

What cavities are line with serous membranes?

A

Ventral cavities

30
Q

Define: Serous membrane

A

a thin double layered membrane

31
Q

Define the function: Serous membrane

A

reduces friction as organs move

32
Q

What are the 2 layers of the serous membrane

A

Visceral and Parietal

33
Q

Define: Visceral membrane

A

covers/lines the organs

34
Q

Define: Parietal membrane

A

lines the cavity wall

35
Q

What is the Pleural cavity lined with

A

Pleura

36
Q

What is the Pericardial cavity lined with

A

Pericardium

37
Q

What is the Abdominopelvic cavity lined with

A

Peritoneum

38
Q

Where does Serous Fluid sit in the serous membrane

A

in between the visceral and parietal layer

39
Q

Define: Homeostasis

A

Is the body’s ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world is continuously changing

40
Q

Homeostasis

Define: Dynamic Equilibrium

A

internal conditions are always changing

41
Q

What happens when the body leaves Homeostasis

A

feedback systems are activated to return back to homeostasis

42
Q

Give examples: Negative Feeback

A
  • body temperature
  • blood pressure
  • blood sugar levels
43
Q

Give examples: Positive Feedback

A
  • labor
  • breast feeding
  • blood clotting
44
Q

Homeostasis

Define: Negative Feedback

A

responds to reduce or stop the undesirable initial stimulus

45
Q

Homeostasis

Define: Positive Feedback

A

responds to enhance or continue the initial stimulus

46
Q

What are the 3 components of the Homeostatic Control Mechanism

A

Receptor- sensors that detect the stimulus occuring to the body

Control Centre- analyses the information sent from the receptors, compares to the set point and determines a response

Effector- cell or organ that produces a response under instruction by the control centre

47
Q

What is the Control Centre for body temperature regulation

A

Hypothalamus

48
Q

What is the normal body temperature

A

37 degrees

49
Q

Why is it important for the body temperature to be maintained within narrow limits?

A

This is because there are numerous enzyme reactions with the body that are vital for survival that are dependent on the 37 degrees. An elevated body temperature can destroy the enzymes and compromise survival

50
Q

Homeostasis

What is the Afferent pathway?

A

pathway from receptor to Control Centre

51
Q

Homeostasis

What is the Efferent pathway

A

from Control Centre to effector

52
Q

Define: Anatomy

A

is the study of body structures

Bioscience 1 (13 decks)

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