The Human Body: An Orientation Flashcards
Define: Physiology
is the study of body functions and relates to the operation of specific organ systems
- What are the 6 levels of Structural Organisation
- Chemical level
- Cellular level
- Tissue level
- Organ level
- Organ system level
- Organismal level
What is an organ system?
An organ system is a group of organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose
How many organ systems are there?
11
Name all the organ systems
Integumentary system Skeletal system Muscular system Nervous system Endocrine system Cardiovascular system Lymphatic system Respiratory system Digestive system Urinary system Reproductive system
What are the 7 Necessary Life Functions
Movement Responsiveness Digestion Metabolism Excretion Reproduction Growth
What are the 5 survival needs?
Nutrients Oxygen Water Normal body temperature Atmospheric pressure
What are the 9 National Health Priorities?
Cancer Cardiovascular disease Injury prevention and control Mental health Diabetes Asthma Obesity Dementia Arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions
What are Directional Terms
They allow medical personnel and anatomists to explain exactly where one body structure is in relation to another
What is the anatomical position
The body is erect with the feet parallel, the arms hanging at the sides with palms facing forward
Directional Term: Superior (Cranial)
toward the head or above
Directional Term: Inferior (Caudal)
toward the bottom or below
Directional Term: Ventral (anterior)
Toward the front of the body or structure
Directional Term: Dorsal (posterior)
Toward the rear or back of the body structure
Directional Term: Medial
Toward the midline of the body
Directional Term: Lateral
Away from the midline of the body
Directional term: Intermediate
between two points
Directional Term: Proximal
Closer to the point of origin/attachment
Directional Term: Distal
Farther from the point of origin/attachment
Define: Regional Terms
Visible landmarks on the body surface, used to specifically refer to a body part or area
Body Planes: Frontal plane
vertical line that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
Body Planes: Mid-saggital plane
divides the body into equal left and right parts
Body Planes: Parasagittal plane
divides body into unequal left and right parts
Body Planes: Transverse plane
horizontal line dividing the body into superior and inferior parts
Body Planes: Oblique plane
diagonal line through the body
What are the 2 main Body Cavities
Dorsal Cavity
Ventral Cavity
What are the 2 subdivisions of the Dorsal Cavity, and what organs do they hold
Cranial Cavity- the brain
Spinal Cavity- the spinal cord
What are the 2 subdivisions of the Ventral Body Cavity, and what organs are found there
Thoracic Cavity- contains Pleural cavity (lungs) and Pericardial cavity (heart)
Abdominopelvic Cavity- contains Abdominal cavity (digestive organs) and Pelvic cavity (bladder, reproductive organs and rectum)
Serous Membranes
What cavities are line with serous membranes?
Ventral cavities
Define: Serous membrane
a thin double layered membrane
Define the function: Serous membrane
reduces friction as organs move
What are the 2 layers of the serous membrane
Visceral and Parietal
Define: Visceral membrane
covers/lines the organs
Define: Parietal membrane
lines the cavity wall
What is the Pleural cavity lined with
Pleura
What is the Pericardial cavity lined with
Pericardium
What is the Abdominopelvic cavity lined with
Peritoneum
Where does Serous Fluid sit in the serous membrane
in between the visceral and parietal layer
Define: Homeostasis
Is the body’s ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world is continuously changing
Homeostasis
Define: Dynamic Equilibrium
internal conditions are always changing
What happens when the body leaves Homeostasis
feedback systems are activated to return back to homeostasis
Give examples: Negative Feeback
- body temperature
- blood pressure
- blood sugar levels
Give examples: Positive Feedback
- labor
- breast feeding
- blood clotting
Homeostasis
Define: Negative Feedback
responds to reduce or stop the undesirable initial stimulus
Homeostasis
Define: Positive Feedback
responds to enhance or continue the initial stimulus
What are the 3 components of the Homeostatic Control Mechanism
Receptor- sensors that detect the stimulus occuring to the body
Control Centre- analyses the information sent from the receptors, compares to the set point and determines a response
Effector- cell or organ that produces a response under instruction by the control centre
What is the Control Centre for body temperature regulation
Hypothalamus
What is the normal body temperature
37 degrees
Why is it important for the body temperature to be maintained within narrow limits?
This is because there are numerous enzyme reactions with the body that are vital for survival that are dependent on the 37 degrees. An elevated body temperature can destroy the enzymes and compromise survival
Homeostasis
What is the Afferent pathway?
pathway from receptor to Control Centre
Homeostasis
What is the Efferent pathway
from Control Centre to effector
Define: Anatomy
is the study of body structures
