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Bioscience 1 > The Cells > Flashcards

The Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Cells are made up of what elements

A
  1. Carbon
  2. Oxygen
  3. Hydrogen
  4. Nitrogen
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2
Q

What are the 3 main regions of the Generalised Cell

A

Nucleus- control centre, usually located near the centre of the cell
Cytoplasm- surrounds the nucleus in it’s semifluid
Plasma Membrane- encloses the cytoplasm & forms the outer cell boundary

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3
Q

Where is DNA/ Genetic Material held in a cell

A

Nucleus

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4
Q

Why is DNA important?

A

It is necessary for cell reproduction, it contains instructions for building the whole body

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5
Q

What are the 3 main elements of Cytoplasm

A

Cytosol- mostly water, liquid component. Organelles are suspended here
Organelles- specialised structures within the cell that perform particular functions
Inclusions- granules or vesicles

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6
Q

Define: Plasma membrane

A

Outer boundary of a cell

- allows movement of substances in and out of a cell

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7
Q

Define: Nuclear envelope

A

Membrane that surrounds the contents of the nucleus

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8
Q

Define: Nucleolus

A

Site of ribosome production

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9
Q

Define: Ribosomes

A

Site of protein synthesis

Eg. hormones, enzymes

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10
Q

Define: Membrane bound ribosomes

A

Ribosomes attached to Rough endoplasmic reticulum.

- Proteins destined for packaging and used in the plasma membrane or released from cell

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11
Q

Define: Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Network of connected sacs or tubules that are connected to the nuclear envelope

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12
Q

Name the 2 types of Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Smooth ER

Rough ER

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13
Q

Define: Smooth ER

A

Responsible for the synthesis of lipids and cholestrols

- no ribosomes

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14
Q

Define: Rough ER

A

Covered with ribosomes

- membraneous system that packages proteins into vesicles for shipping to the Golgi apparatus

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15
Q

Define: Mitochondria

A

Site of ATP production

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16
Q

Define: Golgi Apparatus

A

Stack of flattened membranes that modify and packages proteins sent from the rough er destined for secretion out of the cell

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17
Q

Define: Lysosomes

A

Small vesicles containing digestive enzymes for intra-cellular digestion of worn out organelles and other substances

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18
Q

Define: Peroxisomes

A

Small vesicles containing enzymes that neutralise toxins and free radicals

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19
Q

Name to 3 types of Cell extentions

A

Cilia
Flagellum
Microvilli

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20
Q

Define: Cilia

A

cellular extensions that use a beating action to move substances along cell surface

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21
Q

Define: Flagellum

A

cellular extensions that are able to propel the cell along to move

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22
Q

Define: Microvilli

A

microscopic cell extensions that increase the surface area of the cell surface

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23
Q

Name the 2 phases of the Cell Cycle

A

Interphase

Mitotic phase

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24
Q

Define: Interphase

A

period from cell formation to cell division

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25
Q

Define: Mitotic phase

A

division of mother cell to produce 2 identical daughter cells

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26
Q

Cell Cycle

What are the 3 phases within Interphase

A

G1- growth of cell
S- DNA replication
G2- cell prepares for division

27
Q

Cell Cycle

Define: G0 phase

A

phase where the cell no longer divides

28
Q

What is the importance of Cell division

A

it is essential for body growth and repair

29
Q

The Plasma membrane is made up of what structures

A 
Phospholipid bilayer
Integral proteins
Peripheral proteins
Non-polar hydrophobic tail
Polar hydrophilic head
30
Q

What makes up the Phospholipid bilayer

A

Non-polar hydrophobic tail

Polar hydrophilic head

31
Q

Plasma membrane

Define: Integral proteins

A

proteins that deeply penetrate the lipid bilayer, usually extending from one side to the other

32
Q

Plasma membrane

Define: Peripheral proteins

A

proteins that loosely to the surface of the plasma membrane

33
Q

What is the difference between passive and active transport

A

Passive doesn’t use cellular energy

Active transport does use cellular energy ATP

34
Q

Define: Simple diffusion

A

Movement of solutes directly through the plasma membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

35
Q

Define: Carrier-mediated diffusion

A

Movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration by attaching to a protein that changes shape in order to transport the substance

36
Q

Define: Channel-mediated diffusion

A

Movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration by passing through a protein channel

37
Q

Define: Osmosis

A

Movement of water from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

38
Q

Define: Active Transport

A

Movement of substances from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration

39
Q

Define: Endocytosis

A

Movement of substances into a cell

40
Q

Define: Exocytosis

A

Movement of substances out of a cell

41
Q

What is the difference between intracellular and extracellular fluid

A

Intracellular is fluid inside a cell

Extracellular is fluid outside of the cell

42
Q

What substances move by Simple Diffusion

A

Oxygen and Carbon dioxide

43
Q

What substances move by Osmosis

44
Q

What substances move by Active Transport

A

Sodium and Potassium

45
Q

What substances move by Carrier-mediated Transport

A

Glucose and Amino acids

46
Q

Define: Electrolytes

A

substances that dissociate in water into ions

47
Q

Define: Ions

A

charged molecules

48
Q

Define: Proteins

A

complex molecules present in the body. Eg. hormones, enzymes, antibodies and collagen etc

49
Q

Define: Solute

A

substance being dissolve

50
Q

Define: Solvent

A

dissolves the solute

51
Q

Name the 3 types of Passive Processes

A

Simple diffusion
Facilitated (carrier and channel)
Osmosis

52
Q

What are the 3 types of solutions in Osmosis

A

Isotonic- same solute concentration inside the cell as outside
HYPERtonic- greater solute concentration outside the cell than inside
HYPOtonic- lower solute concentration outside the cell than inside

53
Q

Define: Nucleoli

A

One or more small, dark staining, essentially round bodies contained in the nucleus

Nucleoli are sites where RIBOSOMES are assembled

54
Q

What are the 3 types of Membrane Junctions

A
  1. Tight junctions
  2. Desmosomes
  3. Gap junctions
55
Q

What are Tight Junctions

A

Impermeable junctions that encircle cells and Binds cells together into leakproof sheets

56
Q

What are Desmosomes

A

Anchoring junctions that prevent cells from being pulled apart

57
Q

Define: Vesicular Transport

A

Involves the help from ATP, moves substances into or out of cells without their actually crossing the plasma membrane

58
Q

What are the 2 types of Vesicular Transport

A
  1. Exocytosis- moves substances out of the cell

2. Endocytosis- moves substances into the cells

59
Q

If cells are placed in a hypertonic solution containing a solute to which the membrane is impermeable, what happens

A

the cells lose water and shrink

60
Q

Which organelle is responsible for synthesising protein

61
Q

Cytosol mainly consists of what

62
Q

A red blood cell placed in pure water would..

A

swell and burst

63
Q

Solutions with a higher concentration of solutes than the concentration inside the cells are what?

A

HYPERtonic

Bioscience 1 (13 decks)

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