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BI0005 > The Heart as a Pump > Flashcards

The Heart as a Pump Flashcards

1
Q

Why does the heart have a double pump

A

2 ventricles which each supply different circulations

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2
Q

What is the systemic circuit

A

The blood vessels that transport blood to and from all the body tissues

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3
Q

What is the pulmonary circuit

A

Blood vessels that carry blood to and from the lungs

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4
Q

What does the right hand side of the heart do

A

Receives oxygen-poor blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs

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5
Q

What does the left hand side of the heart do

A

Receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body’s tissues

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6
Q

Where is the heart located

A

In the mediastinum behind the sternum between the 2nd and 6th ribs and T5-T8

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7
Q

Where is the apex of the heart loacted

A

At the 5th intercostal space in the left mid-clavicular line

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8
Q

What is the heart surrounded by

A

A pericardium

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9
Q

What are the chambers of the heart

A

Right atrium -> right ventricle -> left atrium -> left ventricle

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10
Q

Describe the atria and their functions

A

Superior “receiving chambers”, blood from the veins enters the atria

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11
Q

What divides the two atria

A

The interatrial septum

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12
Q

Describe the ventricles and their functions

A

Inferior “pumping chambers”, thick muscular walls to increase the force of the pumping action

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13
Q

What divides the two ventricles

A

Interventricular septum

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14
Q

Why is the LV thicker than the RV

A

Because it forces blodo out against more resistance as the systemic circulation is much longer than the pulmonary circulatrion

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15
Q

Why are the atria thin

A

Because ventricular filling is done by gravity, requiring little atrial effort

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16
Q

What are the 3 tricsupid valves

A

Triscupid, pulmonary, aortic

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17
Q

What is the bicuspid valve

A

Mitral valve

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18
Q

What valve is between the RA -> RV

A

Tricuspid valve

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19
Q

What valve is between the LA -> LV

A

Mitral valve

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20
Q

What valve is between the RV-> pulmonary artery

A

Pulmonary valve

21
Q

What valve is between LV -> aorta

A

Aortic valve

22
Q

What are the atria -> ventricles valves called

A

Atrioventricular valves

23
Q

What are the ventricles -> arteries valves called

A

Semilunar valves

24
Q

Describe chordae tendineae in relation to their function

A

Have low tension when valves are open but high tension when valves are shut in order to ensure valves remain closed

25
Q

Define heart beat

A

A single sequence of atrial contraction followed by ventricular contraction

26
Q

What is normal heart rate

A

60-100 bpm

27
Q

What is bradycardia

A

Slow heartbeat

28
Q

What is tachycardia

A

Fast heartbeat

29
Q

What are the two periods that make up the cardiac cycle

A

Diastole and systole

30
Q

What is diastole

A

A period of relaxation where the heart fills with blood

31
Q

What is systole

A

A period of contraction

32
Q

What sounds does that heart make

A

Lub Dub

33
Q

What is S1

A

“Lub”- closing of the atrioventricular valves at the start of ventricular systole

34
Q

What is S2

A

“Dub”- closing of the semilunar valves at the end of ventricular systole

35
Q

What is the resting HR of athletes

A

40-60 bmp

36
Q

What is the sinoatrial node

A

The heart’s pacemaker

37
Q

Describe the stages involved in a heartbeat

A
  1. From SA node excitation is spread across both atria via connective tissue
  2. Passes to atrioventricular node
  3. Conduction to AV node is slow and excitation to ventricles is delayed (0.1s), ensures filling of ventricles with blood
  4. Conduction through rest of heart is rapid- via bundle of His (atrioventricular bundle)
  5. Divides to supply LV RV via purkinjie fibres Purkinjie fibres spread excitation to ventricular myocytes (fast)
  6. Ventricles excite at the same time
38
Q

What does an EGC do

A

Records the heart;s electrical activity. Excitation thorugh the heart is generated by small electrical currents in the ECF which is detected by electrodes on teh surface of the body which record small voltage changes

39
Q

Describe an ECG

A

P wave- depolarisation of the atria (prior to contraction) triggers atria to contract.

QRS complex- ventricular depolarisation, triggers ventricles to contract (includes atrial repolarisation).

T wave- repolarisation of the ventricles

40
Q

What factors affect the heart rate/ rhythm

A

Autonomic nervous system, Hormones, Activity, Pathology,

41
Q

Which hormones affect heart rate/ rhythm

A

Adrenaline, noradrenaline, thyroid hormones

42
Q

How does activity affect heart rate/ rhythm

A

Rest, exercise, stress etc.

43
Q

How does coronary heart disease occur

A

In the coronary arteries. Atherosclerosis due to cholesterol and WBC’s result in coronary vessels becoming heard and stiff

44
Q

What is angina

A

A result of 75% occlusion of at least one coronary artery, so lack of oxygen to the heart (hypoxic) when the heart needs to work harder during exercise. Can be stable/ unstable

45
Q

How does a heart attack occur

A

Clotting factors and plaque result in a thrombus/ blood clot. The clot gets so big it blocks off the blood vessel or breaks off (embolisation). If embolisation occurs the clot floats downstream and blocks off a smaller vessel resulting in a heart attack.

46
Q

What is requires within 20 minutes after a heart attack

A

Medication or intervention otherwise the heart muscle will die without oxygen

47
Q

What is stroke volume

A

The amount of blood pumped by the LV of the heart in one contraction

48
Q

What is cardiac output

A

It is a measure of the amount of blood pumped out of the heart in one minute

49
Q

What does cardiac output equal?

A

CO= SV x HR cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate

BI0005 (21 decks)

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