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BI0005 > Nervous System 1- Cells and Transmitters > Flashcards

Nervous System 1- Cells and Transmitters Flashcards

1
Q

How much of the oxygen in the blood system does the brain use

A

21%

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2
Q

What are the 2 main components of the nervous system

A
  1. CNS 2. Peripheral: Somatic and Visceral
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3
Q

What does the somatic part of the peripheral nervous system control

A

The musculoskeletal system

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4
Q

What does the visceral part of the peripheral nervous system control

A

The body’s organs (autonomic nervous system)

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5
Q

What is the CNS composed of

A

The brain and spinal chord

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6
Q

What are the key parts of a neurone

A

Nucleus, dendrites, cell body (soma), axon

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7
Q

What is a neurone

A

A nerve cell

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8
Q

What are the two types of axons

A
  1. Myelinated fibre
  2. Unmyelinated fibre
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9
Q

What is the function of dendrites

A

To make/ recieve contact from otehr neurones

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10
Q

What is the end part of a neurone called

A

Axon terminal

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11
Q

What is an axon composed of

A

Schwann cells

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12
Q

Label the bottom diagram

A

My= myelinated sheath

A = axon

N = Schwann cell

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13
Q

What happens if Schwann cells in an axon don’t have myelinated sheaths

A

There is slower conduction of action potential

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14
Q
  1. What is the axon terminal of the first axon called?
  2. What is the axon terminal of the secon axon called?
  3. What is the name of the gap between the two axons
A
  1. Presynaptic axon
  2. Postsynaptic axon
  3. Synapse (synaptic cleft)
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15
Q

What is a synapse

A

A gap in between two neurones so cells can commincate with one another

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16
Q

What are the ways in which neurones can vary

(Colin Dendle Ate Ants Surprisingly Smoothly)

A
  1. Cell body (soma)- size and shape
  2. Dendrites- number, branching and length
  3. Axon- length, diameter, branching
  4. Axon- myelinated or unmyelinated
  5. Synaptic terminals- number/ structure
  6. Synaptic transmission- chemical or electrical
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17
Q

What does the morphology of a neurone reflects

A

The morphology (size and shape) reflects the function of the neurone

18
Q

A neurotransmitter is a chemical that is:

(Some Rats Bite Reindeer)

A
  • Synthesised by a presynaptic neurone
  • Released into the synaptic cleft
  • Binds to a receptor on the postsynaptic neurone
  • Either excites or inhibits the postsynaptic neurone
19
Q

What is a neurone required to do?

(5 things)

A
  1. To be stimulated by a neurotransmitter released by another neurone
  2. To respond to the stimulus, either by being excited or inhibited
  3. To convey a message, via an action potential, to its terminal
  4. To release a neurotransmitter from the terminal which will stimulate another neurone (or muscle cell)
  5. To inactivate the neurotransmitter that it has released
20
Q

What are the two most common inhibitory neurotransmitters?

A

GABA and Noradrenaline

21
Q

What are the two most common excitatory neurotransmitters?

A

Acetlycholine and Glutamate

22
Q

How are neurotransmitters synthesised

A
  1. Rough ER produces precursor peptide released in ribosome
  2. Ribosome fuses with golgi apparatus
  3. Active peptide neurotransmitter is produced
  4. Released from golgi apparatus in a secretory granule
  5. Precursor molecule binds with a specific enzyme which produces a neurotransmitter contained within a transporter protein
23
Q

What does the shape of a neurone depend on

A

It’s cytoskeleton (type of protein filament)

24
Q

What type of neurones do actin filaments produce

A

Little filaments (5nm)

25
Q

What type of neurones do intermediate filaments produce

A

Give the axon a long cylindrical shape

26
Q

What type of neurones do tubules produce

A

They are slightly bigger and have a vital function in axonal transport

27
Q

What are the two types of axonal transport

A

Orthograde

Retrograde

28
Q

Decribe orthograde transport

A

Molecules / sub-cellular organelles move from cell body to terminal.

2 speeds: Fast (100-400mm/day) or slow (0.25-0.5mm a day)

29
Q

What motor is used in orthograde transport

A

Kinesin

30
Q

Describe retrograde transport

A

From terminal to cell body

50-200mm/day

31
Q

What motor is used in retrograde transport

A

Dynein

32
Q

Give an example of retrograde transport

A

Once damage occurs and is sensed by terminal of the cell body molecules go back up the axon to the nucleus to trigger proteins needed for repair

33
Q

What is exocytosis

A

Fusion and release of content

34
Q

Describe transmitter release at a synapse

A
  • Not random
  • Movement of vesicles towards presynaptic axon is controlled by action potentials (influx of Ca2+)
  • Neurotransmitter is released
  • Neurotransmitter is recyled once it has exerted its effect
35
Q

Describe the energy supply of neurones

A
  • All of the events in neurotransmitter synthesis and release require energy
  • Neurones need to generate ATP constantly
  • Protein synthesis uses the most energy- blood supply vital
36
Q

In 1mm3 of cerebal cortex it is estimated that there are

A
  • 100,000 cells (neurones, neuroglia, endothelial cells)
  • 4 kilometers of axon
  • 500m of dendrites
  • 1,000,000 synpases

This is why so much energy is needed

37
Q

What is the classification name for other types of cells in the CNS apart from neurones

A

Neuroglial cells

38
Q

How many more neuroglial cells are there than neurones in the CNS

A

10 x

39
Q

What are the 3 types of neuroglial cells

A
  1. Oligodendrocytes
  2. Astrocytes
  3. Microglia
40
Q

What do oligodendrocytes do

A

Form myelin sheaths for several axon

41
Q

What do astrocytes do

A
  • Control K+, glutamate and Ca2+ in the extracellular space (take up substances if too much to prevent damage as concentrations must be kept constant)
  • Important roles in development and synapse formation
  • Important roles in the blood-brain barrier and in local blood flow (dilate blood vessels locally if active/ constrict if not active)
42
Q

What do microglia do

A

Respond to injury of the CNS:

  1. Resting microglia (protein aggregates, proinflammatory signals)
  2. Microglia migrates
  3. Fully activated microglia

BI0005 (21 decks)

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