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BI0005 > Movement in the Body > Flashcards

Movement in the Body Flashcards

1
Q

What generates movement in the body

A

Molecular motors

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2
Q

Describe how a skeletal muscle produces movement of the hand

A
  1. Cross bridges form between actin and myosin filaments. 2. The relative position of the filaments changes. 3. The sarcomeres shorten. 4. The length of the muscle fibre shortens. 5. The muscle enters a state of contraction. 6. The position of the tendon changes. 7. Movement of the hand follows
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3
Q

By which method does water move in and out of cells

A

By passive diffusion through the plasma membrane

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4
Q

What are aquaporins

A

Intrinsic membrane proteins that form pores in the membranes. Water is actively transported across the plasma membrane through aquaporins.

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5
Q

What are 3 uses of molecular motors

A
  1. movement of water in and out of cells 2. Ion channels and pumps 3. Axoplasmic transport
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6
Q

What are ion channels and pumps

A

Complex units made up of sub units. They allow specific ions to enter and exit cells

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7
Q

What is axoplasmic transport used for

A

Moving large molecules, organelles, secretory vesicles and particles around a cell

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8
Q

Give an example of axoplasmic transport

A
  1. mRNA moves out of the nucleus into RER 2. Neurotransmitter vesicles travel down the axon
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9
Q

State 3 examples where movement is a part of growth

A
  1. Hair 2. Growth and remodelling of the skeleton (changes in size and shape) 3. Growth of neurones in plasticity
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10
Q

How is growth by movement achieved

A

By molecular synthesis

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11
Q

How do substances move between cells

A
  1. Intercellular junctions (gap junctions) 2. Synapses
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12
Q

Which two types of cells have gap junctions

A

Smooth muscle cells and cardiac muscle cells

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13
Q

Give an example of a single cell which can move

A

Spermatozoa

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14
Q

How do macrophages defend against the body

A

They move to where they are needed (like microglia in the brain)

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15
Q

How many skeletal muscles are there in the human body

A

500

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16
Q

Why are there many different types of skeletal muscle

A

So that they are adapted to their function

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17
Q

What are motor units

A

The basis of neuromuscular control

18
Q

Define a motor unit

A

The skeletal muscle fibres innervated by a single motorneurone

19
Q

Describe how the number of muscle fibres in a motor unit depends on the activity that an individual muscle has to perform

A

Muscles for fine (delicate) movement = small motor units. Muscles for coarse (simple) movements = big motor units

20
Q

There are different types of muscle fibres in the same motor unit- true/false

A

False- they are all made up of the same fibre e.g. all type 2

21
Q

How is the tension of a muscle produced

A

By the shortening of the myofilaments in a sacromere

22
Q

How is the tension transferred to the bone

A

By connective tissues in the muscle and the tendon attaching to the bone

23
Q

What is an isotonic contraction

A

Tension remains constant as the muscle changes in length

24
Q

What is an isometric contraction

A

Muscle does not shorten and the tension remains at constant muscle length

25
Q

What type of contraction occurs when muscle tension is sufficient to overcome the weight of an object in your hand, the muscle shortens and you are able to lift the object

A

Isotonic contraction

26
Q

What type of contraction occurs hen the object of too heavy to lift, the muscle cannot shorten but tension remains

A

Isometric contraction

27
Q

What type of muscle is cardiac muscle as so what contractile mechanism occurs

A

Striated muscle so contractile mechanism is the same as skeletal muscle

28
Q

Why are the movements of the heart very different to that of skeletal muscle

A

They heart acts as a pump and so contractions are aided by valves to ensure blood is pumped only in one direction

29
Q

What unit of time is used to measure skeletal muscle contraction

A

Milliseconds

30
Q

What unit of time is used to measure smooth muscle contractions

A

Seconds

31
Q

Give examples of smooth muscle contractions

A
  1. Contraction of blood vessels to assist the circulation. 2. Contraction of GI tract to push ingested food along. 3. Distension of the urinary bladder as it fills, 4. Constriction of the pupil. 5. Contraction of the vans deferens during ejaculation of seminal fluid. 6. Growth and contraction of the uterus during pregnancy and birth. 7. Goose pimples in the skin when cold
32
Q

How is the smooth muscle able to produce such a wide range/ speed/ force of movemenr

A

Due to the spatial arrangement of the smooth muscle cells and the innervation

33
Q

Give examples of the ways smooth muscle cells can be different

A
  1. In orientation- layers, bundles, rings, helices, meshes. 2. Amount of supporting elements- collagen, elastin fibres. 3. Varied proportions of smooth muscle cells and supporting elements
34
Q

Why doesn’t the bladder burst when its so full

A

The structural relationship between the smooth muscle cells and the extracellular components

35
Q

What is the volume of an empty human bladder

A

100ml

36
Q

What is the usual size of a bladder when emptied

A

300-350ml

37
Q

What is the maximum capacity of the bladder

A
38
Q

How are smooth muscle cells arranged

A

In layers

39
Q

What is a major difference between smooth and skeletal muscle cells

A

Skeletal muscle cells are attached to tendons and bones and the contractile force produces by the muscle is transmitted to these skeletal structures to produce movements of the body. Smooth muscles are not attached to any skeletal structures only to other parts of the organs they occur in. The hardening of smooth muscles as they contract acts like a supporting skeleton over which the rest of the muscle can move

40
Q

What is hypertrophy

A

Increase in cell size

41
Q

When can smooth muscle cells undergo hypertrophy

A

In response to pressure

42
Q

What happens to the the uterus during pressure

A

Hypertrophy of the smooth muscle cells in the wall of the uterus. AND hypertrophy of the smooth muscle cells in the uterine artery. After birth everything returns to normal.

BI0005 (21 decks)

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