Intro to Human Physiology Flashcards
What is physiology
The study of the normal functioning of an organism
What us the structural organisation of an organism
cells -> tissues -> organs -> organ systems -> organisms
Give an example of a cell
muscle
Give examples of tissue
Muscle, connective, blood vessels, nerves
Give an example of an organ
Tongue
Give an example of a system
Digestive
What are the two types of cells
Sheets and tubes
What is an example of a sheet (lamina) cell
Epithelia
What are the functions of the epithelia (Pengiuns Sense Approaching Dogs Suspiciously)
Protection Secretion Absorption Dialysis Sensation
Where do epithelial cells offer protection
Skin, oesophagus
How do epithelial cells offer secretion
Sweat, mucous
Where do epithelial cells offer absorption
Intestinal lining
When do epithelial cells offer dialysis
Filtration in the kidney
Where do epithelial cells provide sensation
Skin, stomach
Describe this diagram
Round ring = tubule
Other cells = glandular tissue e.g. producing saliva
Name 3 cells which contract
- Cardiac muscle cell
- Skeletal muscle cell
- Smooth muscle cell
Describe 4 characteristcs of the extracellular matrix (ECM)
- A supporting tissue that surrounds cells (packing tissue)
- Produced by specialised cells such as fibroblasts
- Composed of extracellular fluid (ground substance) and fibres such as collagen and elastin
- Very important in cells/ organs that are subjected to physical stress: skin, bones, joints, tendons, bladder
What is extracellular fluid
Made up of plamsa (fluid part of blood) and interstitial fluid.
Interstitial describes space between 2 cells
How does a cell receive oxygen and get rid of CO2
Via the ECF
What is a cell plasma membrane
A fluid bilayer with protiens embedded in it
What is the plasma membrane composed of
Integral proteins embedded in the plasma membrane.
Some proteins are connected to glycolipids allowing the cell to attach to material in the extracellular matrix.
Protein pores/ channels aloows controlled flow of ions/ H2O in and out of the cell
What are the six membrane properties vital to physiological processes
- Permeability
- Responding to molecular signals by specific RECEPTORS to which molecules bind
- Housing specific enzymes in the membrane to control certain chemical reactions
- Cell adhesion proteins
- Active transport processes
Describe the features of the plasma membrane layer in terms of permability
The hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer prevents the passage of water soluble substances between the intra-cellular fluid and extra-cellular fluid.
BUT some membrane proteins form channels thorugh which water soluble ions can flow. Channels canbe opened and closed as required.
Some cell types have carrier molecules to transport specific molecules into the cells, e.g. iodine into thyroid glands
Describe the features of the plasma membrane layer in terms of responding to molecular signals by specific RECEPTORS to which molecules can bind
Growth factors, neurotransmitters bind. Initiate a series of intracellular events that change a cells activity.
Whatever a receptor responds to it always results in something happening in th nucleus = gene expression = protein production
What do growth factors binding to receptors result in
Cell division
What do neurotransmitters binding to cells result in
Nerve action
Describe the features of the plasma membrane layer in terms of housing specific enzymes in the membrane
The specific enzmes housed in the membrane control certain chemical reactions
Describe the features of the plasma membrane layer in terms of cell adhesion proteins
Hold cells together e.g. integrins
Describe the features of the plasma membrane layer in terms of active transport
Active transport processes such as exocytosis and endocytosis occur
What is exocytosis
Expelling things out of the cell
What is endocytosis
Taking things into the cell
Which two types of cells last your whole life
- Nerve cells (neurones)
- Skeletal muscle cells
What are the two reasons cells need to be repaired
Due to ‘wear and tear’ (most)
Needed for wound healing
What is the source of new cells
Stem cells that divide by mitosis to replace old/ damaged/ worn out cells
Why is dehydration a killer
a.k.a why must the internal environement be kept stable
It is vital to keep the internal environement stable in order for cells to function properly
(chemical and temperature enviroments)
What does homeostatic failure lead to
A pathological state (disease)
What is a vital role of all phyiological systems
Maintenance of homeostasis
What two factors must be kept constant to maintain a functioning cell
Chemical and physical factors
What chemical factors must be kept constant in a cell
- Nutrients
- O2 and CO2
- Waste products
- pH
- Water
- Soluble electrolytes
What physical factors must be kept constant
- Temperature
- Volume
- Pressure
What 5 physiological systems interact with the external and internal environment
(Sally Never Makes Indigo Rice)
- Integumentary system- the skin
- Nervous system
- Musculoskeletal system
- Immune system
- Respiratory system
How does the skin interact between the internal and external environement
- Retention of internal fluids
- Keeps bacteria, viruses and chemicals out
- Contributes to temperature regulation (sweat glands, blood vessels)
How does the nervous system interact between the internal and external environement
Senses and monitors the external environment
How does the musculoskeletal system interact between the internal and external environement
Makes you able to respond to the external environment
How does the immune system interact between the internal and external environement
Protects you against inavders from the external environement
How does the respiratory system interact between the internal and external environement
Extracts oxygen from the air and returns carbon dioxide to the environment
What are the 5 systems that extend throughout the body
(Cats Don’t Urinate Near Elephants)
- Cardiovascular system
- Digestive system
- Urinary system
- Nervous system
- Endocrine system
What does the cardiovascular system do
Delivers oxygen to all tissues and removes carbon dioxide
What does the digestive system do
Obtains food and water, utilises it and returns undigested food to the exterior
What does the urinary system do
Removes waste, excess water, salts etc. from the internal environment by forming and passing out urine
What does the nervous system do
Controls activities of the body by electrical impulses in the brain and nerves. Physiology of leraning and memory
What does the endocrine system do
Controls various processes of the body by hormones secreted into, and delivered by, the CVS
What does the reproductive system do
Keeps the species going to the next generation.
Gametogenesis.
Major contribution to human behaviour.
(not directly involved in homeostasis)
What is gametogenesis
The basis of human evolution by neneficial genetic mutations
What is negative feedback in physiology
How the body detects changes in the internal environment which need to be controlled in order to maintain homeostasis
What are instrinsic control systems
Ones within the body/ organ
What are extrinsic control systems
Ones outside the body/ organ
Describe the flow chart
Decrease in blood pressure = stimulation in response (+)
Increase in blood pressure = inhibit in response (-)
In a flow chart what does + mean
Stimulates
In a flow chart what does - mean
inhibits
