Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BI0005 > Blood Pressure and Hypertension > Flashcards

Blood Pressure and Hypertension Flashcards

1
Q

What is blood flow

A

The movement of blood through the vessels from the arteries to the capillaries and then into the veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How does velocity of blood flow vary

A

It varies inversely with the (total) cross sectional area of the vessel through which it is flowing. As the total cross-sectional area of the vessel increases, the velocity of flow increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where is blood flow slowest and why

A

It is slowest in the capillaries to allow time for exchange of nutrients and gases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is vascular resistance

A

The resistance offered by blood vessels to the flow of blood. Resistance occurs where the blood vessels away from the heart oppose the flow of blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which 3 factors accumulate resulting in resistance

A

Vessel radius, blood viscosity and blood vessel length

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is blood pressure a measure of

A

The force that blood exerts against the vessel walls as it moves the blood through the vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does vascular tone mean

A

Smooth muscle walls have a degree of resting tension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is arterial blood pressure determined by

A

Total peripheral resistance and cardiac output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does cardiac output equal

A

CO = SV x HR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a sphygomomanometer and how does it work

A

It is a device used to measure blood pressure. It is composed of an inflatable cuff to restrict blood flow and a mercury/ mechanical manometer to measure the pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where is blood pressure measured

A

In the brachial artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is normal arterial blood pressure in a healthy adult

A

120/80

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How is blood pressure written

A

Systolic pressure over diastolic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is systolic BP

A

Systole occurs during the contraction and emptying of the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is diastolic BP

A

Diastole occurs during the relaxation and filling of the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the difference in systolic and diastolic BP called

A

Pulse pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What happens to normal arterial blood pressure

A

It falls at night due to patterns in the circadian rhythm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What happens to normal arterial blood pressure with age

A

Systolic BP increases due to a reduction in the elasticity of the arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What happens to normal arterial blood pressure during pain, fear, anger and sexual arousal

A

Short term increases in arterial BP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What happens to normal arterial blood pressure when you stand up

A

BP in all vessels below the heart is increased and BP in all above the heart is reduced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is transient postural hypotension

A

When you change from lying position to standing about 700ml of blood is lost from the thorax resutling in a decreasing in systolic and diastolic pressures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What happens during vasoconstriction

A

Vascular resistance increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What happens during vasodilation

A

Vascular resistance decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is intrinsic control of blood pressure

A

Autoregulation which is stretch, temperature and locally released factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is extrinsic control of BP

A

autonomic nervous system or hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Which receptors detect pressure during circulatin

A

Baroreceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Where are baroreceptors located

A

In the walls of the aorta (aortic arch) and carotid arteries (carotid sinus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What happens when increased BP is detected

A

Increased BP detected by the baroreceptors info relayed cardiovascular control centre. Results in increased parasympathetic input and decreased sympathetic output which leads to decreased cardiac output. Decreased sympathetic input also leads to decreased peripheral resistance

29
Q

Where is the cardiovascular control

A

Located within the medulla oblongata

30
Q

What do sympathetic cardiac nerves do

A

Stimulates cardiac output by increasing heart rate and contractility (and so BP)

31
Q

What do parasympathetic cardiac nerves do

A

Inhibits cardiac output by decreasing HR

32
Q

What does the vasomotor centre regulate

A

Blood vessel diameter

33
Q

What do vasomotor nerves innervate

A

Smooth muscles in the arterioles throughout the body to maintain vasomotor tone

34
Q

What does hormonal control of blood pressure involve

A

The long term control of blood pressure involves the control of blood volume/ sodium balance by the kidneys

35
Q

What 5 hormones are involved in the hormonal control of BP

A
  1. Adrenaline 2. Angiotensin 3. Aldosterone 4. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) 5. Atrial natriuretic peptide/ hormone
36
Q

What does the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system regulate

A

Blood volume

37
Q

What does the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system do in response to falling BP

A

Juxtaglomerular cells in kidneys secrete renin into blood. Renin converts angiotension to angiotensin I which is in turn converted to angiotensin II by enzymes from the lungs. Angiotensin II activates 2 mechanisms that raise BP

38
Q

What are the two mechanisms activated by angiotensin II which raise BP

A

Vasoconstriction and stimulation of the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone

39
Q

How does vasoconstriction raise BP

A

Constricted blood vessels reduce the amount of blood delivered to the kidneys, which decreases they kidneys’ potential to excrete water (raising BP by increasing blood volume)

40
Q

How does stimulation of the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone increase BP

A

Aldosterone reduces urine output by increasing the retention of water and Na+ by the kidneys (raising BP by increasing blood volume)

41
Q

How do adrenaline and noradrenaline affect BP

A

They are secreted by the adrenal medulla and raise BP by increasing HR and causing vasocontriction (fight-or-flight response)

42
Q

How does antidiuretic hormone affect BP

A

It is produced by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary gland. Raises BP by stimulating kidneys to retain water (raising BP by increasing blood volume)

43
Q

How does atrial natriuretic peptide affect BP

A

Secreted by the atria of the heart, lowers BP by causing vasodilation and by stimulating the kidneys to secrete more water and Na+ (lowering BP by reducing blood volume)

44
Q

Which hormones raise BP

A

Adrenaline, Aldosterone, Angiotensin, Antidiuretic hormone

45
Q

Which hormone lowers BP

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide

46
Q

Which part of the kidney does aldosterone affect

A

DCT

47
Q

Which part of the kidney does ADH affect

A

Collecting duct

48
Q

What is hypertension

A

High blood pressure

49
Q

What does hypertension lead to

A

Stroke, CHD and chronic renal failure

50
Q

What are risk factors of hypertension

A

Advancing age, sedentary lifestyle, obesity (BMI greater than 25), salt sensitivity, alcohol, smoking and family history

51
Q

What is normal BP

A
52
Q

What is pre-hypertention BP

A

120-139/ 80-89

53
Q

What is hypertension stage 1 BP

A

140-159/ 90-99

54
Q

What is hypertension stage 2 BP

A

>160/ >100

55
Q

What is secondary hypertension

A

When high blood pressure occurs as a result of another condition

56
Q

What percentage of people with high blood pressure have secondary hypertension

A

20%

57
Q

What conditions result in secondary hypertension

A

Pregnancy, Endocrine disorders, Renal disease, atherosclerosis

58
Q

How does pregnancy result in secondary hypertension

A

Pregnancy results in elevated hormone levels which may result in increased responsiveness to Angiotensin II

59
Q

What is an example of an endocrine disease that leads to secondary hypertension and how does it cause high BP

A

Conn’s and Cushing’s syndrome results in hyperaldosteronism and cortisol increases resulting in a vasoconstrictive effect

60
Q

What does high BP result in

A

Increased ‘wear and tear’ on the heart, vessels and organs

61
Q

What cardiac changes does high BP result in

A

Heart must work harder with arterial blood pressure increases. Heart muscle hypertrophies to compensate. Diffusion of oxygen from capillaries to enlarged heart becomes less efficient. Left ventricular failure will eventually occur

62
Q

Compare normal heart and heart of someone with high BP

A

See diagram

63
Q

Describe the vascular effects high BP has

A
  1. Narrowing of small arteries and arterioles
  2. Myogenic response due to increase in stretch
  3. Hypertrophy
  4. Response to sympathetic stimulation increased
  5. Arterioclerosis- reduction in elasticity/ hardening
  6. Rarefaction: reduction of vessels in tissues
  7. Rarefaction observed in retina and intestines of hypertensive patients
64
Q

What are the complications of hypertension

A

Atherosclerosis, kidney damage, heart attack, stroke, enlarged heart- heart failure, blindness

65
Q

What is the aim of treating hypertension

A

To lower cardiac output or to lower peripheral BP

66
Q

What two drugs are used to treat hypertension

A

Diuretics and vasodilators

67
Q

Give an example of a diuretic and explain how diuretics work

A

Thiazides. Diuretics reduce blood volume, they work by inhibiting sodium reabsorption at the beginning of the distal convoluted tubule. Water is lost as a result of more sodium reaching the collecting ducts

68
Q

Give an example of a vasodilator and explain how they work

A

ACE inhibitors. Vasodilators decrease vasodilation and inhibit some renal function activities. ACE block the action of the enzymes from the lungs that convert angiotensin I to angiotensin II

BI0005 (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions