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BI0005 > Gastrointestinal Tract- structure and function > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Tract- structure and function Flashcards

1
Q

What are related organs in the GI tract

A

Salivary glands, liver, gall bladder and pancreas

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2
Q

What are the main components of the upper GI tract

A
  1. Epiglottis protects the respiratory system 2. Pharynx 3. Larnyx 4. Oral cavity- surprisingly small hole 5. Tongue 6. Oral cavity
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3
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the GI tract

A
  1. Mixing food with saliva 2. Mastication 3. Gustation
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4
Q

How much saliva is produced per day

A

500-900 mls

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5
Q

Why is there so much saliva produced daily

A

To keep the oral cavity lubricated

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6
Q

What is saliva

A

A mixture of water and mucous

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7
Q

What does saliva contain

A

Electrolytes and amylase

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8
Q

Why is amylase contained in saliva

A

For starting the process of dissolving food so it can react with taste buds

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9
Q

What is saliva produced by

A

Salivary glands

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10
Q

What is mastication

A

Chewing

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11
Q

The coordination of which 6 components is required during mastication

A

Teeth, jaw, tongue, cheeks, palate, lips

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12
Q

What does mastication produce

A

A bolus of food to be passed into the oesophagus

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13
Q

What is gustation

A

The sense of taste

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14
Q

Which nerves innervate the taste receptor organs

A

Cranial nerves 7 and 9

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15
Q

Where are taste receptor organs located

A

On the top of the tongue

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16
Q

What are the 5 types of taste receptors

A

Salt, sweet, sour, bitter, umami

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17
Q

What does the sense of taste inform you of

A

Whether a foodstuff will benefit you or not

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18
Q

What can the taste and smell of food combine to stimulate

A

Secretion of saliva and gastric acid or vomiting

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19
Q

Which nerves control all GI functions that take place in the mouth

A

The cranial nerves

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20
Q

What are the layers of the GI tract (Send Mr Larry Coulsen Some Magnificant Loving Electric Vinyls)

A

Serosa Muscularis externa Longitudinal muscle Circular muscle Submucosa Muscularis mucosae Lamina propria Epithelium Villus

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21
Q

Which nerves control the gut wall

A

Myenteric plexus and submucosal plexus

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22
Q

What does the myenteric plexus control

A

Muscle contraction

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23
Q

What does the submucosal plexus control

A

The muscularis mucosae

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24
Q

What makes up the gut lining

A

Villus and epithelium

25
Q

What combines to move food from the oral cavity to the anus

A

Myenteric plexus, longitudinal muscle and circular muscle

26
Q

How are arteries, veins and nerves transmitted into the intestine

A

Via teh mesentry

27
Q

What is the first phase of swallowing

A

Formation of the bolus

28
Q

What is the second phase of swallowing

A

Ensuring the bolus enters the GI tract not the respiratory tract

29
Q

What is the role of the epiglottis

A

Guiding the bolus into the oesophagus

30
Q

What does the oesophagus do

A

Receives bolus of food and pushes it down to the stomach

31
Q

What does the stomach do

A

Stores food, digests it with acid, churns it up (to break it down). Passes it to the duodenum of the small intestine

32
Q

What does the SI consist of

A

Duodenum, ileum and jejunum

33
Q

Where does the SI receive ducts from

A

Pancreas, liver and gall bladder

34
Q

What is the role of the Si

A

To complete digestion and absorb nutrients

35
Q

What does the large intestine consist of

A

Colon and rectum

36
Q

What is the role of the LI

A

To absorb water and electrolytes and create faeces

37
Q

How is faeces expelled

A

By the rectum through the anal canal

38
Q

What is a sphincter

A

A thickening of the circular layer of the muscularis externa

39
Q

What are 3 different sphincters in the GI tract

A

Oesophageal sphincter. Pyloric sphincter. Sphincter of Oddi

40
Q

What is the role of the pyloric sphincter

A

Preventing HCl from entering the duodenum

41
Q

What is the role of the oesophageal sphincter

A

Prevents HCl from entering the oesophagus

42
Q

When does the sphincter of Oddi open

A

When food is present in the duodenum

43
Q

What is peristalsis

A

The moving of the GI contents from oral -> anal by contractions of the muscularis externa

44
Q

What 2 things must the musculature stomach be able to do

A
  1. Expand greatly. 2. Help break up the food by churning the contents of the stomach.
45
Q

How is the stomach able to carry out its muscular functions

A
  1. The relaxation of the smooth muscle in the muscular externa 2. The presence of an extra oblique smooth muscle layer
46
Q

Why are there villus on the small intestine mucosa

A

To increase the surface area for absorption of nutrients

47
Q

Describe the anatomy of the small intestine

A

Villus, lacteal, blood capillaries, goblet cell, intestinal gland

48
Q

What is the functional relationship of the pancreas to the GI tract

A

Secretion of pancreatic juice from the exocrine system into the pancreatic duct then into the duodenum

49
Q

How does pancreatic juice enter the duodenum

A

Via the sphincter of Oddi

50
Q

What is the functional relationship of the liver to the GI tract

A
  1. Receiving substances absorbed from the small intetsine via the hepatic portal vein. These substances are metabolised. 2. Produces bile 3. Transfers waste products of metabolism to the gall bladder
51
Q

Describe the hepatic portal system

A

Splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein -> hepatic portal vein -> liver. Liver -> hepatic portal veins -> inferior vena cava -> heart -> abdominal aorta -> proper hepatic aorta

52
Q

What is the functional relationship of the gall bladder to the GI tract

A

Secretion of bile into the duodenum. The bile duct joins the pancreatic duct.

53
Q

What is the secretion of bile regulated by

A

The sphincter of Oddi

54
Q

Outline the immune system of the GI tract in terms of where lymphoid tissue is found

A
  1. In the tonsils and adenoids of the oropharynx 2. In Peyer’s patches in the SI 3. In lymphoid tissue in LI
55
Q

Why is lymphoid tissue in some of the mucosa of the GI tract

A

To detect antigenic material in the GI tract and to initiate antibody-mediated and cytotoxic immune responses. They all produce classes of antibodies

56
Q

What does the submucosa plexus do

A

Innervated secretory cells in the mucosa and contains sensory neurones that monitor the pH and chemical composition of the GI tract contents

57
Q

How do both plexuses act

A

Auntomonously

58
Q

What regulates both plexuses

A

They sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS

BI0005 (21 decks)

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