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BI0005 > Physiology of Pregnancy > Flashcards

Physiology of Pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the female reproductive system

A

2 ovaries 2 fallopian (uterine) tubes Uterus

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2
Q

What are the functions of an ovary

A

To produce hormones, to develop the ova

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3
Q

What are the functions of a fallopian tube

A

Connects ovaries to the uterus, site of fertilisation

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4
Q

What are the functions of the uterus

A

Cavity, site of implantation of fertilised ovum, where the foetus develops

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5
Q

What are the two components of the uterus

A
  1. A cavity lined with epithelial cells (endometrium) 2. An underlying muscle layer (myometrium)
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6
Q

What are the functions of the endometrium

A

It changes each month to receive a fertilised egg, if fertilisation occurs it develops into a placenta

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7
Q

What is the function of the myometrium

A

It is required for muscular contractions to give birth

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8
Q

What are the two types of epithelial cells in the fallopian tubes

A

Ciliated and secretory cells

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9
Q

What is the function of ciliated epithelial cells in the fallopian tubes

A

They have hairs that waft the ova along the tube towards the uterus

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10
Q

What is the function of secretory epithelial cells in the fallopian tubes

A

They produce mucus which lubricates the fallopian tubes and keeps them hydrated

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11
Q

What is the function of the muscle layer of the fallopian tubes

A

To contract in peristaltic movement to propel the ova and sperm and then fertilised egg

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12
Q

What is the developmental process of sperm

A

Formed in testes, mature as it passes through a series of ducts in the scrotum, final maturation occurs in the female reproductive tract

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13
Q

What is the developmental process of the ovum

A

Produced in the ovary, oogenesis: occurs in multiple phases, start in utero but only completes if fertilisation occurs

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14
Q

What two cycles make up the female reproductive cycle

A

Uterine cycle and Ovarian cycle

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15
Q

What is a hormone

A

A chemical released from an endocrine gland into the blood that causes a reaction often by another organ

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16
Q

What is the purpose of the female reproductive cycle

A

To release a mature ovum and to prepare the uterus for implantation of the fertilised ovum

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17
Q

Which stages make up the uterine cycle

A
  1. Menstruation 2. Proliferative phase 3. Secretory phase
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18
Q

Which stages make up the ovarian cycle

A
  1. Follicular phase 2. Ovulation 3. Luteal phase
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19
Q

What is the follicular phase

A

Development and expansion of the follicular cells

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20
Q

What is ovulation

A

The release of an ovum

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21
Q

What is the luteal phase

A

Secretion of progesterone

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22
Q

Summarise the ovarian cycle

A
  1. Release of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) 2. Stimulates follicle growth 3. At ovulation, follicle breaks open to release ovum 4. Ruptures follicle develops into a corpus luteum
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23
Q

What is oogenesis

A

Process of formation of female gametes (ova)

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24
Q

What is oogonia

A

Eggs form during early foetal development and undergo mitosis

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25
Q

What are primary oocytes

A

Division of early eggs gives millions of eggs, most die without further development, the remainder develop into primordial oocytes (one is released every month)

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26
Q

Which hormones are involved in the follicular phase and what do they do

A

LH and FSH stimulate the growth of follicules

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27
Q

What does LH stand for

A

Luteinising hormone

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28
Q

What does FSH stand for

A

Follicle stimulating hormone

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29
Q

Which hormones are involved in the ovulation and what do they do

A

A surge in LH stimulates the release of the ovum. Oestrogen levels increase resulting in ovulation

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30
Q

Which hormone is secreted by the follicles

A

Oestrogen

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31
Q

Which hormones are involved in the luteal phase and what do they do

A

LH transforms an empty follicle to form a corpus luteum. Oestrogen and progesterone are secreted

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32
Q

Which hormones are secreted by the corpus luteum

A

Oestrogen and progesterone

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33
Q

Which phase of the uterine cycle does the follicular phase relate to

A

The proliferative phase

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34
Q

Which phase of the uterine cycle does the luteal phase relate to

A

The secretory phase

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35
Q

What happens in the proliferative phase

A

Oestrogen stimulates the thickening of the endometrium (part of the uterus preparing for implantation)

36
Q

What happens in the secretory phase

A

The corpus luteum maintains the development of endometrium (as it secretes hormones) and the endometrial glands secrete a nutrient fluid (as implantation occurs to feed to embryo)

37
Q

What happens in the menstrual phase

A

Loss of the corpus luteum and ovarian hormones occurs (as levels of LH fall), disintegration of the endometrium occurs and menstrual (blood) flow occurs.

38
Q

How long after ovulation does fertilisation occur

A

12-24 hours after

39
Q

How long is an oocyte viable for

A

24 hours

40
Q

How many sperm enter the vagina

A

300 million

41
Q

How many sperm reach the cervix

A

60 million

42
Q

How many sperm pass through the cervix

A

6 million

43
Q

How many sperm reach the fallopian tubes

A

100

44
Q

What is capacitation

A

The removal of glycoprotein from the plasma membrane around the surface of the head of the sperm

45
Q

How long do sperm have to be in the female reproductive system until they are fertile

A

7 hours in order to be able to undergo capacitation

46
Q

Describe the 5 stages of fertilisation

A
  1. Interaction of sperm with the outer region of the egg 2. Release of enzymes from the sperm head 3. Enzymes digest a path through the outer oocyte 4. Enzymes interact with the outer membrane of the oocyte 5. The sperm moves into the egg
47
Q

What happens on day 1 of the first week

A

Ovulation and formation of a secondary oocyte

48
Q

What happens on day 2 of the first week

A

A fertilized ovum is formed via fertilisation and meiosis II

49
Q

What happens on day 3 of the first week

A

Fusion of pronuclei produces a zygote

50
Q

What happens on 4 of the first week

A

A zygote is formed

51
Q

What happens on day 5 of the first week

A

Cleavage forms a morula

52
Q

What happens on day 6 of the first week

A

Differentiation forms a blastocyst

53
Q

What happens on day 7 of the first week

A

Hatching occurs

54
Q

When does implantation occur

A

On day 8 after differentiation

55
Q

How long is pregnancy from ovulation

A

266 days (38 weeks)

56
Q

How long is pregnancy from last menstrual period

A

280 days (40 weeks)

57
Q

What does the first trimester consist of

A

Conception, implantation, development of the placenta and organogenesis

58
Q

When are all organs in place by

A

Week 8, they are not nature but they are present

59
Q

When does the heart start to beat

A

Week 4

60
Q

When is it known as an embryo

A

From implantation to week 8

61
Q

When is it known as a foetus

A

When all organs are formed, so from week 8

62
Q

What does the placenta develop from

A

The mother and embryo

63
Q

What does the mother contribute to the placenta

A

The endometrium if the uterus

64
Q

What does the embryo contribute to the placenta

A

Trophoblast cells which form the villi Foetal blood supply is located within the villi

65
Q

What are the 6 functions of the placenta

A
  1. Synthesis of hormones 2. Respiratory gas exchange 3. Nutrient transfer 4. Waste product removal 5. Heat transfer- ensures the foetus remains at a constant temperature 6. Protection of the foetus Some Girls Nuke Women Hair Perfume
66
Q

What is transferred from mother to foetus by the placenta

A

Oxygen, nutrients, hormones and antibodies

67
Q

What is transferred from foetus to mother by the placenta

A

CO2, other metabolic waste, hormones and water

68
Q

What happens during the second trimester of pregnancy

A

The foetus grows to 30cm and is very active. The uterus has to cope with the needs of the growing foetus

69
Q

What happens during the third trimester of pregnancy

A
  1. Growth of the foetus as it reaches 3-4kg in weight and 50cm in length 2. Foetal activity decreases due to a lack of space 3. Labour
70
Q

What changes happen to the cardiovascular system during preganacy

A
  1. Increased blood volume and blood cells 2. Increased cardiac output 3. Increased blood flow to organs
71
Q

What does increased blood volume and blood cells do

A

To make sure there is sufficient blood going to the placenta

72
Q

What does increased cardiac output do

A

Push more blood around the body

73
Q

Where is blood flow increased to and why

A
  1. To the kidneys for waste disposal 2. To the uterus as it takes substances to and from the placenta 3. To the skin for heat loss 4. To the breasts for mammary development to prepare for lactation
74
Q

What changes happen to the respiratory system during pregnancy

A
  1. An increase in oxygen taken into the lungs 2. An increase in oxygen passing across the alveoli 3. Rapid removal of CO2 The above combined ensures sufficient oxygen for the foetus
75
Q

What changes happen to the gastrointestinal system during pregnancy

A
  1. An increase in food intake 2. Slow transit of food through the GI tract 3. Increased absorption from the GI tract Results in ensuring there is a good nutrient supply
76
Q

What changes happen to metabolic function during pregnancy

A
  1. Reducing mother’s dependence on glucose 2. Increasing fat breakdown 3. Inhibiting amino acid breakdown Results in increased waste removal and retention of salt and water
77
Q

What is the purpose of maternal adaptations

A

To ensure that the foetus gets oxygen and nutrients that waste is removed

78
Q

Why is development of the ovum correlated with preparation of the endometrium

A

So that the endometrium is ready to receive the fertilised egg

79
Q

What do all stages of pregnancy require

A

The correct balance of hormones

80
Q

What is the purpose of placenta development

A

To provide a good exchange system between mother and foetus

81
Q

Describe the adaptations to pregnancy

A

Adaptation

82
Q

Describe the stages of the first week of pregnancy

A
83
Q

Summarise the ovarian cycle

A
84
Q

Describe the structure of an ovary

A
85
Q

Describe a placenta

A

BI0005 (21 decks)

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