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BI0005 > Renal Physiology > Flashcards

Renal Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is intracellular fluid

A

The largest compartment of the body (a virtual compartment)

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2
Q

How much of male and female bodies are made up of intracellular fluid

A

Females = 27%, males = 33%

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3
Q

What is the composition of intracellular fluid

A

Contains high K+ and Mg2+. Low in Na+ and Cl-. Also contains lots of negatively charged proteins

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4
Q

What does the negative charge of intracellular fluid do

A

Exerts a primary osmotic pressure

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5
Q

What are the two subdivisions of intracellular fluid

A

Plasma and interstitial fluid

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6
Q

Describe plasma

A

4.5% of body weight in males and females. Contains no proteins so exerts osmotic pressure

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7
Q

Describe interstitial fluid

A

18% of body weight in females, 21.5% in males. Contains high Na+, Cl-, HCO3(-). Has few proteins

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8
Q

What is plasma

A

The whole blood minus RBCs, WBCs and platelets

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9
Q

How much of plasma is water

A

90%

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10
Q

What is the remainder or plasma

A

Mineral ions: Na+, K+, Cl-, HCO3(-). Small organic molecules: amino acids, fatty acids and glucose. Plasma proteins: albumin, fibrinogen, globulins

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11
Q

What determines extracellular fluid volume

A

The concentration of Na+

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12
Q

What happens if there is an increase in the total body of Na+

A

The volume of plasma will increase

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13
Q

What are the main functions of the kidneys Unicorns Whisper Cunt Everyday

A
  1. Clear the body of urea and other metabolic waste 2. To control the amount of water in the body 3. To regulate the composition of ECF 4. To produce erythropoietin and renin (regulates erythropoiesis and BP)
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14
Q

By forming urine what 3 important functions does the kidney perfom ERM

A

1.) Excretes waste products of metabolism. 2.) Regulates the body’s water, sodium and potassium content. 3.) Maintains the appropriate acid-base balance of plasma

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15
Q

What are the kidneys innervated by

A

The sympathetic postganglionic fibres and vagal parasympathetic fibres

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16
Q

Where is the kidney located

A

High in the abdomen

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17
Q

How long and wide is the kidney

A

11cm long and 3cm wide

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18
Q

What is the hilum

A

Where water comes out of the kidney

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19
Q

Which two vessels is the hilum close to

A

Vena cava and aorta

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20
Q

What percentage of resting cardiac output do the kidneys receive

A

25%

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21
Q

What is renal blood flow

A

1.25L/min

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22
Q

Label this cross section of the kidney

A

Labelled diagram Hilum, ureter, renal cortex, renal medulla

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23
Q

What does a nephron consist of

A

Cortex and medulla; glomerulus and bowman’s capsule; proximal convoluted tubule; loop of Henle; distal convoluted tubule; collecting duct

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24
Q

What are the two types of nephrons

A

Cortical nephrons and juxtamedullary nephrons

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25
Q

Describe cortical nephrons

A

Around 85% of all nephrons, located in the cortex

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26
Q

Describe juxtamedullary nephrons

A

Closer to renal medulla, loops of Henle extend deep into renal pyramids

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27
Q

Describe the juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

The ascending loop of Henle/ DCT makes contact with the afferent arteriole

28
Q

Describe the mascula densa

A

Cells are more dense and sensitive to Na+ conc

29
Q

Describe the juxtaglomerular cells

A

Modified cells of the afferent arteriole which release renin

30
Q

Through which 3 processes does the nephron regulate plasma conposition

A

Filtration, reasbsorption and secretion

31
Q

What is filtration

A

The movement of water and solutes across the filtration membrane

32
Q

Where does filtration occur

A

In the renal corpuscle

33
Q

What is reabsorption

A

Returning water and desirable solutes back to the body

34
Q

Where does reabsorption occur

A

Primarily in the proximal convoluted tubule

35
Q

What is secretion

A

Transport of undesirable material missed by filtration (waste, drugs, excess ions) from the blood into tubular fluid

36
Q

Where does secretion occur

A

In the distal convoluted tubule

37
Q

Describe ultrafiltration

A

Pressure in the glomerular capillaries forces a portion of plasma into the Bowman’s space

38
Q

What is able to pass during ultrafiltration

A

Plasma minus large proteins

39
Q

Which cells are responsible for filtering the blood

A

Podocyte cells

40
Q

What is glomerular filtration rate regulated by

A

Renal autoregulation, hormonal regulation and neural regulation

41
Q

What is the amount of filtrate formed in the kidneys every minute

A

105-125ml/min

42
Q

How much of the filtrate leaves the body

A

1%

43
Q

Describe reabsorption that occurs in the PCT

A

~65% of water and 70% of Na+. Also potassium, cholride, bicarbonate, calcium, magnesium

44
Q

In normal circumstances what does tubular reabsorption remove

A

All filtered glucose, lactate and amino acids

45
Q

What does tubular reabsorption do

A

Reclaims useful substances from tubular fluid whilst simultaneously allowing waste products to be excreted

46
Q

By which three mechanisms does absorption occur

A

Osmosis (water), active transport (Na+/ K+ ATPases), secondary active transport (glucose and amino acids coupled to sodium reabsorption)

47
Q

How much of the filtered sodium, chloride and water are reabsorbed by the loop of Henle

A

20%

48
Q

What happens as the filtrate moves down the loop of Henle

A

It becomes increasingly hypertonic as a result of passive movement of water out of the tubule

49
Q

What is the only substance the descending loop is permeable to

A

Water

50
Q

Where does osmolarity peak

A

At the hair pin bend

51
Q

What happens as the filtrate moves up the ascending loop

A

Becomes increasingly hypotonic as a result of the pumping out of Na+, K+ and Cl-

52
Q

What happens in the distal convoluted tubule

A

Sodium and chloride reabsorption; potassium and hydrogen secretion; calcium and magnesium handling

53
Q

What is the unique capacity of the DCT

A

It can adapt to changes in hormonal stimuli

54
Q

What are the functions of the collecting system

A

Adjusts final filtrate composition; determines final osmotic concentration; dtermines final volume of urine; permeable to urea

55
Q

Only one DCT empties into one collecting duct- true/false

A

FALSE. Many DCTs empty into one collecting duct

56
Q

What happens once the filtrate enters the minor calyx

A

The fluid is now called urine. concentration and Composition vary based on metabolic and hormonal activities

57
Q

What 3 hormones act on the kidneys

A

Angiotensin II, Aldosterone and ADH

58
Q

What does Angiotensin II do

A

In response to low sodium and low tubular flow juxtaglomerular cells produce renin. Renin cleaves angiotensin I from angiotensin which is converted to angiotensin II by enzymes from the lungs. Angiotensin II directly stimulates Na+ reabsorption in the PCT. Also stimulates vasocontriction of the afferent and efferent arterioles decreasing the GFR

59
Q

What does a decrease in GFR simulate

A

The secretion of aldosterone

60
Q

What part of the kidney does angiotensin II act on

A

Afferent and efferent arterioles and PCT

61
Q

What does aldosterone do

A

Raises BP by stimulating kidneys to retain water and Na+ (increasing blood volume). Leads to production of Na+ channels and promotes Na+ reabsoprtion. Na+ reabsorption leads to water retention and limits unrianry losses

62
Q

What part of the kidney does aldosterone affect

A

DCT and collecting ducnt

63
Q

What does ADH do

A

Raises BP by stimulating kidneys to retain water (increasing blood volume). Increase in plasma osmolarity or decrease in blood volume causes the release of ADH from the posterior pituitary gland. ADH increases aquaporins in the renal collecting ducts

64
Q

Where does ADH affect

A

Collecting duct

65
Q

What are the most common causes of chronic renal failure

A

Diabetes and long term uncontrolled hypertension

66
Q

When does CRF occur

A

When more than 3/4 of the functional renal tissue is lost

67
Q

What happens during CRF

A
  1. Glomerular filtration rate falls substantially.
  2. Concentration of urea in blood rises (uraemia).
  3. Impaired tubular function leads to failure of normal ionic regulation, acidosis and accumulation of metabolites.
  4. Accumulation of metabolites and disturbance of ionic balance will lead to CNS depression, coma and eventually death

BI0005 (21 decks)

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