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BIOL 244 > The Heart > Flashcards

The Heart Flashcards

1
Q

the heart structure

A

hollow, cone shaped muscular double pump

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2
Q

heart location

A

within the thorax and resting upon the diaphragm

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3
Q

heart size

A

12 cm x 9 cm x 6 cm

weighs 10 oz

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4
Q

heart base

A

the top, wide posterior part lies beneath the 2nd rib

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5
Q

pericardium

A

3 layered sac around the heart

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6
Q

fibrous pericardium

A

the most outer tough, inelastic layer made of fibrous connective tissue

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7
Q

serous pericardium

A

has 2 layers that are connected inside the fibrous pericardium

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8
Q

outer parietal layer

A

outer layer of the serous pericardium

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9
Q

pericardial cavity

A

chamber between the outer-parietal layer and inner-visceral layer

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10
Q

inner-visceral layer

A

inner layer of the serous pericardium

also called the epicardium

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11
Q

walls of the heart

A

epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium

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12
Q

epicardium

A

also the inner-visceral layer of the pericardium
function: protective layer
consists of connective tissue

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13
Q

myocardium

A

thickest wall of the heart
function: pumping action
consists of cardiac muscle tissue which are separated by connective tissue

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14
Q

endocardium

A

inner wall of the heart
contain epithelial tissue, connective tissue, and the connective tissue specializes in cardiac muscle fibers called purkinje fibers

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15
Q

2 upper chambers of the heart

A

right and left atrium

receive the blood

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16
Q

2 lower chambers of the heart

A

right and left ventricle
pump out the blood
right ventricle is thinner

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17
Q

auricles

A

above the atriums and increase the volume of the atria

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18
Q

intraventricular septum

A

separates the right and left ventricles

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19
Q

interatrial septum

A

separates the right and left atriums

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20
Q

coronary sulcus

A

separates the atria from the ventricles

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21
Q

what is a heart valve

A

what guards the opening between an atrium and its corresponding ventricle to protect the back flow of blood

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22
Q

2 atrioventricular valves (AV)

A 
tricuspid valve (right)
bicuspid or mitral valve (left)
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23
Q

2 semilunar valves

A

valves leading out of the heart
pulmonary sl valve (right)
aortic sl valve (left)

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24
Q

chordae tendineas

A

strong, fibrous string attached to the cusps of the AV valves and is connected with small mounds of papillary muscles on the surface of the ventricles

25
Q

AV valve when relaxed

A

papillary muscle: relaxed
chordae tendineas: slack
valve: open

26
Q

AV valve when contracting

A

papillary muscle: contract
chordae tendineas: taught
valve: closed

27
Q

intrinsic cardiac conduction system

A

impulse at:

  1. sinoatrial node
  2. atrioventricular node
  3. bundle branches
  4. subendocardial conducting network or pukinje fibers
28
Q

ECG

A

a composite action potentials produced by the heart muscles during each heart beat (70-80/min)

29
Q

P phase

A

caused by depolarization of atrial fibers just before contract when impulses move from SA to AV node

30
Q

QRS complex

A

represent the spread of depolarization through the bundle of His and ventricular wall during contraction

31
Q

T phase

A

represents electrical recovery and relaxation (repolarization) of ventricles

32
Q

if you enlarge p-phase

A

increase the size of the atrium

33
Q

if you enlarge Q phase

A

myocardial infarction/heart attack

34
Q

if you enlarge R phase

A

increase size of the ventricles

35
Q

if S-T are elevated above the baseline

A

acute myocardial infarction

36
Q

if S-T are depressed or flatter T

A

decreasing O2

37
Q

cardiac cycle

A

the events of one complete heart rate during which both atria and ventricles contract and relax
72/min
.8 sec/cycle

38
Q

systole

A

.3 second contraction

39
Q

diastole

A

.4 sec relaxation

40
Q

ventricular systole

A

contraction
impulse->AV node->ventricles depolarize (QRS)
pressure increases in ventricles, AV valve closes (.05 sec), for .25 sec both SL valves open and eject blood

41
Q

end systolic volume

A

60 mL left in each ventricle

42
Q

relaxation period + ventricular filling

A

at the end of the beat (T wave) ventricles relax and all 4 chambers are in diastole, (.4 sec) back flow of blood causes SL valves to close, pressure goes down allowing AV valve to open and rapid filling.

43
Q

atrial contraction

A

SA node results in depolarization of atria (P wave), atria contracts (.1 sec) and more blood flows in ventricles. Sl valves are closed. Atrial systole contributes to only 20-30% of total blood volume.

44
Q

heart circuit

A 
left ventricle
aortic valve
aorta
systemic arteries
systemic circuit
systemic veins
venae cavae
right atrium
tricuspid valve
right ventricle
pulmonary valve
pulmonary arteries
capillaries
lung
pulmonary veins
left atrium
bicuspid valve
45
Q

heart sounds

A

lubb dupp

46
Q

what is the lubb sound caused by

A

closing of the AV valves

47
Q

what is the dupp sound caused by

A

when SL valves closes at the end of systole

48
Q

heart sound 3

A

not loud enough to hear

associated with rapid ventricular filling

49
Q

heart sound 4

A

not loud enough to hear

associated with atrial contraction

50
Q

heart murmur

A

are abnormal or unusual heart sounds due to valvular defects

common in young children and old people

51
Q

where heart sounds heard

A
  1. aortic valve (top right)
  2. tricuspid valve (bottom right)
  3. pulmonary valve (top left)
  4. mitral valve (bottom left)
52
Q

cardiac output

A

the amount of blood pumped out of each side of the heart (each ventricle) in one minute
HR x SV = CO

53
Q

stroke volume

A

the volume of blood pumped out by a ventricle with each heart beat.

54
Q

normal resting stroke volume

A

70 mL/beat

55
Q

average adult cardiac output

A

5.25 L

56
Q

normal blood volume

A

5-6 L

57
Q

the vagus nerve

A

decreases heart rate

parasympathetic

58
Q

sympathetic cardiac nerve

A

increases heart rate
increases stroke volume
will make heart contract stronger

BIOL 244 (12 decks)

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