Pregnancy and Human Development (final)

Question 1

after the egg is fertilized..

Answer 1

zygote
4 cell stage (cleavage)
Morula
early blastocyte (embedding of blastula in uterine wall)
implanting blastocyst

Question 2

ectoderm derivatives

Answer 2

epidermis/hair/skin/nails
brain and spinal cord
neural crest and derivatives
-nervous tissue and epithelium-

Question 3

endoderm derivatives

Answer 3

epithelial lining and glands of the digestive and respiratory tracts
-epithelium tissue-

Question 4

cell to fetus

Answer 4

fertilization, 1 week conceptus, 3 week embryo, 5 week embryo, 8 week embryo, 12 week fetus

Question 5

human chorionic gonadotropin hormone during pregnancy

Answer 5

rises at ovulation and spikes at 8 weeks

Question 6

estrogen and progesterone levels during pregnancy

Answer 6

rises all the way up to 36 weeks and sharply declines right after birth

Question 7

parturition

Answer 7

delivering baby

Question 8

3 stages of parturition

Answer 8

1. dilation (6-12 hours and 10 cm)
2. expulsion (1st baby is longer 50 min 2nd baby 20 min)
3. placental stage (15 min)

Question 9

4 lactation hormones

Answer 9

oxytocin, prolactin, PRH, placental lactogen

Question 10

lactation

Answer 10

1. infant suckling stimulates receptors in nipples which sends afferent impulses to hypothalamus
2. hypothalamus sends efferent impulses to posterior pituitary where oxytocin is stored
3. oxytocin is released and stimulates myoepithelial cells of breasts to contract
4. let down reflex. milk is ejected.

Question 11

8 week fetus

Answer 11

• head is the size of body
• liver is large and forms blood cells
• ossification just begun
• cardiovascular system is functional

Question 12

9-12 week fetus

third month

Answer 12

• body elongating
• facial features forming
• liver prominent and bile being secreted
• blood cell formation in bone marrow
• sex readily detected

Question 13

13-16 week fetus

fourth month

Answer 13

• eyes and ears assume position and eyes are blinking
• face looks human
• glands developed in GI tract
• bones and joints are distinct

Question 14

17-20 week fetus

fifth month

Answer 14

• quickening occurs mother feels spontaneous activity

- fetal position assumed

Question 15

21-30 week fetus

6/7 month

Answer 15

• myelination of cord begins, eyes are open
• substantial increase in weight
• skin is wrinkled and red, toenails, and enamel is forming
• bone marrow becomes sole site of blood cell formation
• testes reach scrotum

Question 16

31-40 week fetus

to term

Answer 16

• skin whitish pink

- 6-10 pounds

Question 17

cleavage

Answer 17

fertilized zygote going through mitotic division
1 to 2 to 4 cells
leads to development of morula

Question 18

morula

Answer 18

3 days after ovulation

tiny ball of 16 cells

Question 19

blastocyte

Answer 19

morula continues to grow until it has 100 cells and then hollows out to become this
produces human chorionic gonadotropin hormone

Question 20

gastrulation

Answer 20

day 7 after ovulation blastocyte attaches to endometrium and 3 primary germ layers are formed

Question 21

implantation

Answer 21

day 14 after ovulation this is complete and develops chorionic villi

Question 22

chorionic villi

Answer 22

cooperate with tissues of mothers uterus to placenta

Question 23

amnion

Answer 23

fluid filled sac that embryo is surrounded by

Question 24

umbilical cord

Answer 24

what the amnion is connected to the placenta with

Question 25

fetus

Answer 25

9 week embryo