Endocrine System Flashcards
1
Q
hormones of the pancreas
A
alpha, beta
2
Q
glucagon hormone
A
produced by alpha cells
increases blood glucose levels
3
Q
insulin hormone
A
produced by beta cells
decreases blood glucose levels
4
Q
hormones of the testes
A
androgens and inhibin
5
Q
what cells produce androgen hormone
A
produced by interstitial cells
6
Q
what cells produce inhibin hormone
A
produced by sustenacular and follicular cells
7
Q
hormones of the ovaries
A
estrogens, inhibin, progestins, and relaxin
8
Q
what cells produce estrogen hormone
A
produced by follicular cells
9
Q
progestin hormone
A
produced by corpus luteum
10
Q
relaxin hormone
A
produced by corpus luteum
CHILDBIRTH
11
Q
relaxin effects
A
loosens pubic symphysis, relaxes uterine (cervical) muscles, stimulates mammary gland development DURING CHILDBIRTH
12
Q
anterior pituitary gland structure
A
enclosed by a capsule of dense collagenous connective tissue and consists largely of epithelial tissue
75% of pituitary
7 hormones
13
Q
anterior pituitary gland hormone production
A
regulated mainly by hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones and negative feedback from target gland hormones
14
Q
anterior pituitary gland secretory cells
A
somatotrophs, lactotrophs, corticotrophs, thyrotrophs, and gonadotrophs
15
Q
somatotrophs secrete
A
human growth hormone
these effect on non-endocrine targets
16
Q
lactotrophs secrete
A
prolactin
these effect on non-endocrine targets
17
Q
corticotrophs secrete
A
adrenocorticotropic (ATCH) and melanocyte-stimulating (MSH) hormone
tropin
18
Q
thyrotrophs secrete
A
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
tropin
19
Q
gonadotrophs secrete
A
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
tropin
20
Q
tropins
A
hormones that have no effect on the body but go to other glands and make them produce their hormones
21
Q
thyroid gland
A
a very vascular 1 ounce structure that consists of two large lobes
22
Q
thyroid location
A
just below the larynx in front of the trachea
23
Q
what is thyroid gland made of
A
covered by a capsule of connective tissue and made up of many secretory parts (follicles)
24
Q
thyroid gland follicles
A
synthesize T3 and T4
the cavities within these are filled with clear, viscous glycoprotein called colloid
25
colloid
store T3 and T4
| inside the thyroid gland follicles
26
cells between thyroid gland follicles
parafollicular cells or C (clear) cells
| they synthesize calcitonin
27
thyroid hormones
T3 and T4
affect every cell in the body MAJOR metabolic hormone
amino acid hormone
28
thyroid hormones are synthesized by
iodine and tyrosine
29
anterior pituitary gland
adenohypophysis
30
isthmus
separate the two thyroid lobes
31
how T3 and T4 are made
either 2 iodine and 1 tyrosine (DIT) or 1 iodine and 1 tyrosine (MIT) add together to create either t3 or t4
32
thyroglobulin
TGB where T3 and T4 are synthesized
33
thyroxine-binding globulin
TBG what transports T3 and T4
34
T3 and T4 affect everything BUT
adult brain, spleen, testes, uterus, and thyroid gland
35
T3/T4 functions
- help regulate metabolism of lipids and proteins
- increase the rate of protein synthesis
- increase the rate of which energy is released from carbs
- accelerate growth and development
- stimulate nervous system activity
36
metabolism
all chemical reactions that occur within body cells
37
catabolism
breaking down substances
38
anabolism
synthesizing complex substances from simpler substances (building up)
39
HYPERthyroidism
excess
graves disease and goiter
increased metabolic rate, restlessness, low weight, over eating, high temperature and heart rate, exophalamus
40
exophalamus
edema behind eyes
41
HYPOthyroidism
under
-in a child: cretinism, abnormal bone formation, retarded mental development, and low body temp
-in adult: myxedema (5 female to every male), sensitivity to cold, and muscular weakness
RX: Iodine
42
calcitonin
3rd hormone the thyroid gland produces.
lowers the blood calcium and phosphate level
-made by C cells and important in child growth
43
how does calcitonin reduce calcium/phosphate
inhibiting release of the ions from the bones and increasing excretion by the kidneys
44
PTH
opposite of calcitonin and it increases calcium
45
normal blood calcium level
10 mg/100 mL
46
chief cells
parathyroid cells and secretes PTH
47
endocrine system
consists of cells, tissues, and organs that secrete their products (hormones) into the extracellular space
48
endocrine glands
ductless glands
| hormones are carried away by body fluid (blood mostly and lymph
49
exocrine glands
secrete their products into ducts that lead to a body surface internally or externally
ex. sweat glands, salivary glands, digestive glands
50
endocrine functions
- regulate internal environment
- regulate metabolism and energy balance
- regulate muscular contraction and secretion by glands
- maintain homeostasis
- PLAY VITAL ROLE in growth, development, and reproduction
51
hormone
an organic substance that is either classified as an amino acid or cholesterol
52
hormone receptors
target cells contain 2000-100,000 hormone receptors
53
hormone down regulation
when hormone is in excess # of receptors decrease
54
hormone up regulation
when hormone is deficient # of receptors increase
55
paracrine
local hormone act on close target
56
an endocrine
circulating hormone act on distant target
57
autocrine
local hormone act on the same cell
58
endocrine organs
pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus, adrenal glands (suprarenal), pancreas, gonads (ovary and testis)
59
steroid hormone
lipid based and can easily enter the plasma membrane because of of the phospholipid membrane. then connects to receptor and enters nucleus.
60
amino acid base hormone
attach to receptor protein and relay different messages then do the job
61
endocrine humoral stimulus
hormone released caused by altered levels of certain critical ions or nutrients
EX: low concentration of Ca2+ causes parathyroid gland to secrete PTH
62
endocrine neural stimulus
hormone release caused by neural input
| EX: action potentials in preganglionic sympathetic fibers to adrenal medulla cause medulla to secrete epinephrine/NE
63
endocrine hormonal stimulus
hormone release caused by another hormone (tropin hormone)
| EX: hormones from hypothalamus/pituitary gland cause other endocrine glands to secrete hormones
64
pituitary gland
hypophysis
| master gland because it produces major hormones
65
posterior pituitary lobe
neural portion--neurohypophysis
2 hormones that are produced by hypothalamus (oxytocin and ADH)
25% of pituitary gland
not an endocrine gland but acts as storage area
66
oxytocin
amino acid base
| target organs: uterus (stimulates contractions during labor) and breast (initiates milk ejection)
67
ADH
```
amino acid base
anti-diuretic hormone
-increases renal absorption of water and decreases urinary output
-increases blood volume and BP
-inhibited by alcohol
-diabetes if not excreted
```
68
growth hormone
stimulated by GNRH
target: liver, muscle, bone, cartilage, anabolic growth
not enough: dwarfism in children
too much: gigantism
69
TSH
thyroid stimulating hormone
target: thyroid gland
not enough: cretinism/myxedema
too much: hyperthyroidism graves disease
70
ACTH
adrenocorticotropic hormone
target: adrenal cortex
too much: cushings disease
71
FSH
follicle stimulating hormone
stimulated by GrNH
target: ovaries and testes
not enough: failure to sexually mature
72
LH
luteinizing hormone
stimulated by GrNH
target: ovaries and testes
not enough: failure to sexually mature
73
PRL
prolactin
target: breast secretory tissue and promotes lactation
not enough: poor milk production
too much: inappropriate milk production (galactorrhea)
74
MSH
melanocyte stimulating hormone
target: melanocyte and skin
makes you tanner/paler
75
thymus gland
lies in the mediastinum behind the sternum and between lungs
large in young children but gets smaller
produces thymosin and thymopoietins
76
thymosin
effects the production of T-cells (lymphocyte) which play important role in immune system
some evidence of retarding the aging process
77
pancreas
glandular organ
| mixed gland so it does endocrine/exocrine functions
78
pancreatic islet
endocrine functions
islets of landerhans
produce pancreatic hormones
79
pancreatic acinar cells
exocrine functions
| digestive enzymes
80
normal blood glucose level
90 mg/100 mL
81
when blood glucose level is too high
pancreas releases insulin, uptake of glucose by cells, glucose is converted to glycagon in the liver
82
when blood glucose level is too low
pancreas releases glucagon, glycogen is broken down to glucose in the liver
83
diabetes type 1
insulin dependent
84
diabetes type 2
not dependent on insulin
85
glycogenolysis
breakdown of glycogen into glucose
| by cortisol and glucagon
86
gluconeogenesis
production of new glucose
| by lactic acid and certain amino acids
87
hyperglycemia
too much glucose in the blood
88
glycosuria
passing glucose in the urine
89
diuresis
a lot of pee in volume
90
ketonuria
peeing too frequently
91
signs/symptoms of hyperglycemia/glycosuria
polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia
92
lipidemia
presence of lipids in the blood
93
cushings syndrome
caused by pituitary tumor
| buffalo hump of fat on lower back
94
adrenal gland
suprarenal glands
95
adrenal gland structure
on top of kidney
| cortex surrounds the medulla
96
adrenal cortex layers
outer: zona glumerulosa
middle: zona fasciculata
inner: zona reticularis
produce steroid/lipid hormones
97
zona glumerulosa
outer layer of adrenal cortex
| secretes aldosterone
98
zona fasciculata
middle layer of adrenal cortex
| secretes cortisol
99
zona reticularis
```
inner layer of adrenal cortex
secretes androgens (sex hormones)
```
100
adrenal medulla
secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
non steroid hormones
FFF
101
mineralcorticoids
```
aldosterone
zona glumerulosa
target: kidneys. increase blood levels of Na+ and decrease K+
too much: aldosteronism
not enough: addisons disease
```
102
glucocorticoids
```
cortisol
zona fasciculata
target: body cells. promote gluconeogenesis and hyperglycemia
too much: cushings syndrome
not enough: addisons disease
```
103
gonadocorticoids
androgens
zona reticularis
target: males=nothing females=onset of puberty
104
catecholamines
epinephine/NE
adrenal medulla
stimulated by FFF sympathetic nervous system
target: increases heart/metabolic rate, BP
too much: prolonged FFF
105
short term stress response
nerve impulses signal adrenal medulla to release epinephrine/NE causing:
- heart rate increase
- BP increase
- bronchioles dilate
- metabolic rate increase
106
long term stress response
adrenal cortex releases either mineralcorticoids:
-kidneys retain sodium/water and blood volume/pressure rises
releases glucocorticoids:
-proteins and fats broken down for energy, blood glucose increases, and immune system is supressed
107
hormone produced by heart
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
| decreases BP by inhibiting release of aldosterone
108
hormone produced by kidney
erythropoietin (EPO)
| stimulates production of RBC
109
hormone produced by skin
cholecalciferol (provitamin D3)
