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BIOL 244 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

hormones of the pancreas

A

alpha, beta

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2
Q

glucagon hormone

A

produced by alpha cells

increases blood glucose levels

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3
Q

insulin hormone

A

produced by beta cells

decreases blood glucose levels

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4
Q

hormones of the testes

A

androgens and inhibin

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5
Q

what cells produce androgen hormone

A

produced by interstitial cells

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6
Q

what cells produce inhibin hormone

A

produced by sustenacular and follicular cells

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7
Q

hormones of the ovaries

A

estrogens, inhibin, progestins, and relaxin

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8
Q

what cells produce estrogen hormone

A

produced by follicular cells

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9
Q

progestin hormone

A

produced by corpus luteum

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10
Q

relaxin hormone

A

produced by corpus luteum

CHILDBIRTH

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11
Q

relaxin effects

A

loosens pubic symphysis, relaxes uterine (cervical) muscles, stimulates mammary gland development DURING CHILDBIRTH

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12
Q

anterior pituitary gland structure

A

enclosed by a capsule of dense collagenous connective tissue and consists largely of epithelial tissue
75% of pituitary
7 hormones

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13
Q

anterior pituitary gland hormone production

A

regulated mainly by hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones and negative feedback from target gland hormones

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14
Q

anterior pituitary gland secretory cells

A

somatotrophs, lactotrophs, corticotrophs, thyrotrophs, and gonadotrophs

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15
Q

somatotrophs secrete

A

human growth hormone

these effect on non-endocrine targets

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16
Q

lactotrophs secrete

A

prolactin

these effect on non-endocrine targets

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17
Q

corticotrophs secrete

A

adrenocorticotropic (ATCH) and melanocyte-stimulating (MSH) hormone
tropin

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18
Q

thyrotrophs secrete

A

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

tropin

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19
Q

gonadotrophs secrete

A

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
tropin

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20
Q

tropins

A

hormones that have no effect on the body but go to other glands and make them produce their hormones

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21
Q

thyroid gland

A

a very vascular 1 ounce structure that consists of two large lobes

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22
Q

thyroid location

A

just below the larynx in front of the trachea

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23
Q

what is thyroid gland made of

A

covered by a capsule of connective tissue and made up of many secretory parts (follicles)

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24
Q

thyroid gland follicles

A

synthesize T3 and T4

the cavities within these are filled with clear, viscous glycoprotein called colloid

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25
Q

colloid

A

store T3 and T4

inside the thyroid gland follicles

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26
Q

cells between thyroid gland follicles

A

parafollicular cells or C (clear) cells

they synthesize calcitonin

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27
Q

thyroid hormones

A

T3 and T4
affect every cell in the body MAJOR metabolic hormone
amino acid hormone

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28
Q

thyroid hormones are synthesized by

A

iodine and tyrosine

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29
Q

anterior pituitary gland

A

adenohypophysis

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30
Q

isthmus

A

separate the two thyroid lobes

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31
Q

how T3 and T4 are made

A

either 2 iodine and 1 tyrosine (DIT) or 1 iodine and 1 tyrosine (MIT) add together to create either t3 or t4

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32
Q

thyroglobulin

A

TGB where T3 and T4 are synthesized

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33
Q

thyroxine-binding globulin

A

TBG what transports T3 and T4

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34
Q

T3 and T4 affect everything BUT

A

adult brain, spleen, testes, uterus, and thyroid gland

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35
Q

T3/T4 functions

A
  • help regulate metabolism of lipids and proteins
  • increase the rate of protein synthesis
  • increase the rate of which energy is released from carbs
  • accelerate growth and development
  • stimulate nervous system activity
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36
Q

metabolism

A

all chemical reactions that occur within body cells

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37
Q

catabolism

A

breaking down substances

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38
Q

anabolism

A

synthesizing complex substances from simpler substances (building up)

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39
Q

HYPERthyroidism

A

excess
graves disease and goiter
increased metabolic rate, restlessness, low weight, over eating, high temperature and heart rate, exophalamus

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40
Q

exophalamus

A

edema behind eyes

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41
Q

HYPOthyroidism

A

under
-in a child: cretinism, abnormal bone formation, retarded mental development, and low body temp
-in adult: myxedema (5 female to every male), sensitivity to cold, and muscular weakness
RX: Iodine

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42
Q

calcitonin

A

3rd hormone the thyroid gland produces.
lowers the blood calcium and phosphate level
-made by C cells and important in child growth

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43
Q

how does calcitonin reduce calcium/phosphate

A

inhibiting release of the ions from the bones and increasing excretion by the kidneys

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44
Q

PTH

A

opposite of calcitonin and it increases calcium

45
Q

normal blood calcium level

A

10 mg/100 mL

46
Q

chief cells

A

parathyroid cells and secretes PTH

47
Q

endocrine system

A

consists of cells, tissues, and organs that secrete their products (hormones) into the extracellular space

48
Q

endocrine glands

A

ductless glands

hormones are carried away by body fluid (blood mostly and lymph

49
Q

exocrine glands

A

secrete their products into ducts that lead to a body surface internally or externally
ex. sweat glands, salivary glands, digestive glands

50
Q

endocrine functions

A
  • regulate internal environment
  • regulate metabolism and energy balance
  • regulate muscular contraction and secretion by glands
  • maintain homeostasis
  • PLAY VITAL ROLE in growth, development, and reproduction
51
Q

hormone

A

an organic substance that is either classified as an amino acid or cholesterol

52
Q

hormone receptors

A

target cells contain 2000-100,000 hormone receptors

53
Q

hormone down regulation

A

when hormone is in excess # of receptors decrease

54
Q

hormone up regulation

A

when hormone is deficient # of receptors increase

55
Q

paracrine

A

local hormone act on close target

56
Q

an endocrine

A

circulating hormone act on distant target

57
Q

autocrine

A

local hormone act on the same cell

58
Q

endocrine organs

A

pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus, adrenal glands (suprarenal), pancreas, gonads (ovary and testis)

59
Q

steroid hormone

A

lipid based and can easily enter the plasma membrane because of of the phospholipid membrane. then connects to receptor and enters nucleus.

60
Q

amino acid base hormone

A

attach to receptor protein and relay different messages then do the job

61
Q

endocrine humoral stimulus

A

hormone released caused by altered levels of certain critical ions or nutrients
EX: low concentration of Ca2+ causes parathyroid gland to secrete PTH

62
Q

endocrine neural stimulus

A

hormone release caused by neural input

EX: action potentials in preganglionic sympathetic fibers to adrenal medulla cause medulla to secrete epinephrine/NE

63
Q

endocrine hormonal stimulus

A

hormone release caused by another hormone (tropin hormone)

EX: hormones from hypothalamus/pituitary gland cause other endocrine glands to secrete hormones

64
Q

pituitary gland

A

hypophysis

master gland because it produces major hormones

65
Q

posterior pituitary lobe

A

neural portion–neurohypophysis
2 hormones that are produced by hypothalamus (oxytocin and ADH)
25% of pituitary gland
not an endocrine gland but acts as storage area

66
Q

oxytocin

A

amino acid base

target organs: uterus (stimulates contractions during labor) and breast (initiates milk ejection)

67
Q

ADH

A 
amino acid base
anti-diuretic hormone
-increases renal absorption of water and decreases urinary output
-increases blood volume and BP
-inhibited by alcohol
-diabetes if not excreted
68
Q

growth hormone

A

stimulated by GNRH
target: liver, muscle, bone, cartilage, anabolic growth
not enough: dwarfism in children
too much: gigantism

69
Q

TSH

A

thyroid stimulating hormone
target: thyroid gland
not enough: cretinism/myxedema
too much: hyperthyroidism graves disease

70
Q

ACTH

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone
target: adrenal cortex
too much: cushings disease

71
Q

FSH

A

follicle stimulating hormone
stimulated by GrNH
target: ovaries and testes
not enough: failure to sexually mature

72
Q

LH

A

luteinizing hormone
stimulated by GrNH
target: ovaries and testes
not enough: failure to sexually mature

73
Q

PRL

A

prolactin
target: breast secretory tissue and promotes lactation
not enough: poor milk production
too much: inappropriate milk production (galactorrhea)

74
Q

MSH

A

melanocyte stimulating hormone
target: melanocyte and skin
makes you tanner/paler

75
Q

thymus gland

A

lies in the mediastinum behind the sternum and between lungs
large in young children but gets smaller
produces thymosin and thymopoietins

76
Q

thymosin

A

effects the production of T-cells (lymphocyte) which play important role in immune system
some evidence of retarding the aging process

77
Q

pancreas

A

glandular organ

mixed gland so it does endocrine/exocrine functions

78
Q

pancreatic islet

A

endocrine functions
islets of landerhans
produce pancreatic hormones

79
Q

pancreatic acinar cells

A

exocrine functions

digestive enzymes

80
Q

normal blood glucose level

A

90 mg/100 mL

81
Q

when blood glucose level is too high

A

pancreas releases insulin, uptake of glucose by cells, glucose is converted to glycagon in the liver

82
Q

when blood glucose level is too low

A

pancreas releases glucagon, glycogen is broken down to glucose in the liver

83
Q

diabetes type 1

A

insulin dependent

84
Q

diabetes type 2

A

not dependent on insulin

85
Q

glycogenolysis

A

breakdown of glycogen into glucose

by cortisol and glucagon

86
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

production of new glucose

by lactic acid and certain amino acids

87
Q

hyperglycemia

A

too much glucose in the blood

88
Q

glycosuria

A

passing glucose in the urine

89
Q

diuresis

A

a lot of pee in volume

90
Q

ketonuria

A

peeing too frequently

91
Q

signs/symptoms of hyperglycemia/glycosuria

A

polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia

92
Q

lipidemia

A

presence of lipids in the blood

93
Q

cushings syndrome

A

caused by pituitary tumor

buffalo hump of fat on lower back

94
Q

adrenal gland

A

suprarenal glands

95
Q

adrenal gland structure

A

on top of kidney

cortex surrounds the medulla

96
Q

adrenal cortex layers

A

outer: zona glumerulosa
middle: zona fasciculata
inner: zona reticularis
produce steroid/lipid hormones

97
Q

zona glumerulosa

A

outer layer of adrenal cortex

secretes aldosterone

98
Q

zona fasciculata

A

middle layer of adrenal cortex

secretes cortisol

99
Q

zona reticularis

A 
inner layer of adrenal cortex
secretes androgens (sex hormones)
100
Q

adrenal medulla

A

secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
non steroid hormones
FFF

101
Q

mineralcorticoids

A 
aldosterone
zona glumerulosa 
target: kidneys. increase blood levels of Na+ and decrease K+
too much: aldosteronism
not enough: addisons disease
102
Q

glucocorticoids

A 
cortisol
zona fasciculata
target: body cells. promote gluconeogenesis and hyperglycemia
too much: cushings syndrome
not enough: addisons disease
103
Q

gonadocorticoids

A

androgens
zona reticularis
target: males=nothing females=onset of puberty

104
Q

catecholamines

A

epinephine/NE
adrenal medulla
stimulated by FFF sympathetic nervous system
target: increases heart/metabolic rate, BP
too much: prolonged FFF

105
Q

short term stress response

A

nerve impulses signal adrenal medulla to release epinephrine/NE causing:

  • heart rate increase
  • BP increase
  • bronchioles dilate
  • metabolic rate increase
106
Q

long term stress response

A

adrenal cortex releases either mineralcorticoids:
-kidneys retain sodium/water and blood volume/pressure rises
releases glucocorticoids:
-proteins and fats broken down for energy, blood glucose increases, and immune system is supressed

107
Q

hormone produced by heart

A

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

decreases BP by inhibiting release of aldosterone

108
Q

hormone produced by kidney

A

erythropoietin (EPO)

stimulates production of RBC

109
Q

hormone produced by skin

A

cholecalciferol (provitamin D3)

BIOL 244 (12 decks)

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