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BIOL 244 > Nutrition/Metabolism (final) > Flashcards

Nutrition/Metabolism (final) Flashcards

1
Q

8 amino acids our bodies can’t produce

A

tryptophan, methionine, valine, threonine, phenylalanine, leucine, isoleucine, and lysine

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2
Q

fat soluble vitamins

A

A, D, E, K

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3
Q

vitamin A deficits

A

(retinol)

night blindness, dry skin, and embryo development defects in pregnant women

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4
Q

vitamin D deficits

A

(anti-rachitic factor)

rickets in children, osteomalacia in adults

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5
Q

vitamin E deficits

A

(anti-sterility factor)

hemolysis of RBC’s

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6
Q

vitamin K deficits

A

(coagulation factor)

bleeding and prolonged clotting times

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7
Q

vitamin C deficits

A

(ascorbic acid)

joint pain, poor tooth/bone growth, scurvy, and increased susceptibility to infection

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8
Q

vitamin B1 deficits

A

(thiamine)

Beriberi, vision disturbances, loss of memory, heart enlargement, tachycardia

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9
Q

vitamin B2 deficits

A

(riboflavin)

dermatitis, light sensitivity, and blurred vision

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10
Q

vitamin niacin deficits

A

(nicotinamide)

pellagra, photosensitivity, rough skin

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11
Q

vitamin B6 deficits

A

(pyridoxine)

anemia, seborrhea, and lesions around eyes/mouth

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12
Q

biotin vitamin deficits

A

scaly skin, muscle pains, elevated blood cholesterol levels

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13
Q

vitamin B12 deficits

A

(cyanocobalamin)

pernicious anemia and weight loss

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14
Q

folic acid vitamin deficits

A

(folacin)

megaloblastic anemia, GI disturbances, spina bifida, low birth weight, and neurological defects

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15
Q

calcium deficit

A

muscle tetany, osteomalacia, osteoporosis, rickets

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16
Q

chlorine deficit

A

alkalosis and muscle cramps

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17
Q

sulfur deficits

A

none known

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18
Q

potassium deficits

A

muscular weakness, paralysis, tachycardia, heart failure

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19
Q

sodium deficits

A

muscle cramping and covulsions

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20
Q

magnesium deficits

A

neuromuscular problems, tremors, irregular heartbeat, sudden cardiac death

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21
Q

phosphorus deficits

A

rickets and poor growth

22
Q

fluorine deficits

A

not known

23
Q

cobalt deficits

A

vitamin B12 deficits (pernicious anemia)

24
Q

chromium deficits

A

adult diabetes

25
Q

copper deficits

A

rare

26
Q

iodine deficits

A

hypothyroidism, cretinism in infants, myxedema

27
Q

iron deficits

A

iron deficiency anemia

28
Q

zinc deficits

A

loss of taste and smell, growth retardation, depressed immunity

29
Q

manganese and selenium deficits

A

not known

30
Q

hyponatremia

A

not enough sodium
neurological dysfunction, mental confusion, coma, twitching, irritability, decreased blood volume, decreased blood pressure, circulatory shock

31
Q

hypokalemia

A

not enough potassium

cardiac arrythmias, cardiac arrest, alkalosis, hypoventilation

32
Q

hypomagnesemia

A

not enough magnesium

tremors, convulsions

33
Q

hypochloremia

A

not enough chloride

metabolic alkalosis due to bicarbonate retention

34
Q

hypocalcemia

A

not enough calcium

tetany

35
Q

what does insulin do

A

stimulates glucose uptake, amino acid uptake, glucose catabolism, glycogenesis, lipogenesis, protein synthesis
inhibits gluconeogenesis

36
Q

what does glucagon do

A

stimulates glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis

37
Q

what does epinephrine do

A

stimulates glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, lipolysis

38
Q

what does growth hormone do

A

stimulates amino acid uptake, protein synthesis, lipolysis, gluconeogenesis

39
Q

what does thyroxine do

A

stimulates glucose uptake, glucose catabolism, protein synthesis, lipolysis

40
Q

what does cortisol do

A

stimulates lipolysis, gluconeogenesis, PROTEIN BREAKDOWN

41
Q

what does testosterone do

A

stimulates protein synthesis

42
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

converts amino acid and glycerol to glucose

43
Q

normal blood glucose levels

A

90 mg/100 mL

44
Q

if blood glucose levels go down

A
  1. glucagon releasing cells of pancreas activated, release glucagon targeting the liver
  2. liver breaks down stored glycogen and releases glucose to blood (glycogenolysis)
  3. blood glucose levels rise
45
Q

if blood glucose levels rise

A
  1. insulin secreting cells of pancreas activated, release insulin in blood
  2. liver takes up glucose and stores it as glycogen. body cells also start uptaking glucose. (glycogenesis)
  3. blood glucose levels fall
46
Q

cellular respiration steps

A

glycolysis, krebs cycle, electron transport chain

47
Q

glycolysis

A 
a catabolic pathway that occurs in cytosol
oxidizes glucose (6 C) into two pyruvate molecules (3 C)
48
Q

krebs cycle

A

a catabolic pathway that occurs in mitochondrial matrix

complete glucose oxidation by breaking down pyruvate derivative (acetyl CoA) into CO2

49
Q

what do glycolysis and krebs cycle produce

A

a small amount of ATP by substrate level phosphorylation

NADH by transferring electron from substrate to NAD+

50
Q

electron transport chain

A

located at inner membrane of mitochondrion

  • accept energized electrons from NADH and FADH2
  • this process produces most of the ATP (90% 34 ATP)
51
Q

after 1 turn of the krebs cycle

A

3 NADH
1 FADH2
1 ATP
(2 carbons oxidized and leave as CO2)

BIOL 244 (12 decks)

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