Nutrition/Metabolism (final)

Question 1

8 amino acids our bodies can’t produce

Answer 1

tryptophan, methionine, valine, threonine, phenylalanine, leucine, isoleucine, and lysine

Question 2

fat soluble vitamins

Answer 2

A, D, E, K

Question 3

vitamin A deficits

Answer 3

(retinol)

night blindness, dry skin, and embryo development defects in pregnant women

Question 4

vitamin D deficits

Answer 4

(anti-rachitic factor)

rickets in children, osteomalacia in adults

Question 5

vitamin E deficits

Answer 5

(anti-sterility factor)

hemolysis of RBC’s

Question 6

vitamin K deficits

Answer 6

(coagulation factor)

bleeding and prolonged clotting times

Question 7

vitamin C deficits

Answer 7

(ascorbic acid)

joint pain, poor tooth/bone growth, scurvy, and increased susceptibility to infection

Question 8

vitamin B1 deficits

Answer 8

(thiamine)

Beriberi, vision disturbances, loss of memory, heart enlargement, tachycardia

Question 9

vitamin B2 deficits

Answer 9

(riboflavin)

dermatitis, light sensitivity, and blurred vision

Question 10

vitamin niacin deficits

Answer 10

(nicotinamide)

pellagra, photosensitivity, rough skin

Question 11

vitamin B6 deficits

Answer 11

(pyridoxine)

anemia, seborrhea, and lesions around eyes/mouth

Question 12

biotin vitamin deficits

Answer 12

scaly skin, muscle pains, elevated blood cholesterol levels

Question 13

vitamin B12 deficits

Answer 13

(cyanocobalamin)

pernicious anemia and weight loss

Question 14

folic acid vitamin deficits

Answer 14

(folacin)

megaloblastic anemia, GI disturbances, spina bifida, low birth weight, and neurological defects

Question 15

calcium deficit

Answer 15

muscle tetany, osteomalacia, osteoporosis, rickets

Question 16

chlorine deficit

Answer 16

alkalosis and muscle cramps

Question 17

sulfur deficits

Answer 17

none known

Question 18

potassium deficits

Answer 18

muscular weakness, paralysis, tachycardia, heart failure

Question 19

sodium deficits

Answer 19

muscle cramping and covulsions

Question 20

magnesium deficits

Answer 20

neuromuscular problems, tremors, irregular heartbeat, sudden cardiac death

Question 21

phosphorus deficits

Answer 21

rickets and poor growth

Question 22

fluorine deficits

Answer 22

not known

Question 23

cobalt deficits

Answer 23

vitamin B12 deficits (pernicious anemia)

Question 24

chromium deficits

Answer 24

adult diabetes

Question 25

copper deficits

Answer 25

rare

Question 26

iodine deficits

Answer 26

hypothyroidism, cretinism in infants, myxedema

Question 27

iron deficits

Answer 27

iron deficiency anemia

Question 28

zinc deficits

Answer 28

loss of taste and smell, growth retardation, depressed immunity

Question 29

manganese and selenium deficits

Answer 29

not known

Question 30

hyponatremia

Answer 30

not enough sodium neurological dysfunction, mental confusion, coma, twitching, irritability, decreased blood volume, decreased blood pressure, circulatory shock

Question 31

hypokalemia

Answer 31

not enough potassium | cardiac arrythmias, cardiac arrest, alkalosis, hypoventilation

Question 32

hypomagnesemia

Answer 32

not enough magnesium | tremors, convulsions

Question 33

hypochloremia

Answer 33

not enough chloride | metabolic alkalosis due to bicarbonate retention

Question 34

hypocalcemia

Answer 34

not enough calcium | tetany

Question 35

what does insulin do

Answer 35

stimulates glucose uptake, amino acid uptake, glucose catabolism, glycogenesis, lipogenesis, protein synthesis inhibits gluconeogenesis

Question 36

what does glucagon do

Answer 36

stimulates glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis

Question 37

what does epinephrine do

Answer 37

stimulates glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, lipolysis

Question 38

what does growth hormone do

Answer 38

stimulates amino acid uptake, protein synthesis, lipolysis, gluconeogenesis

Question 39

what does thyroxine do

Answer 39

stimulates glucose uptake, glucose catabolism, protein synthesis, lipolysis

Question 40

what does cortisol do

Answer 40

stimulates lipolysis, gluconeogenesis, PROTEIN BREAKDOWN

Question 41

what does testosterone do

Answer 41

stimulates protein synthesis

Question 42

gluconeogenesis

Answer 42

converts amino acid and glycerol to glucose

Question 43

normal blood glucose levels

Answer 43

90 mg/100 mL

Question 44

if blood glucose levels go down

Answer 44

1. glucagon releasing cells of pancreas activated, release glucagon targeting the liver 2. liver breaks down stored glycogen and releases glucose to blood (glycogenolysis) 3. blood glucose levels rise

Question 45

if blood glucose levels rise

Answer 45

1. insulin secreting cells of pancreas activated, release insulin in blood 2. liver takes up glucose and stores it as glycogen. body cells also start uptaking glucose. (glycogenesis) 3. blood glucose levels fall

Question 46

cellular respiration steps

Answer 46

glycolysis, krebs cycle, electron transport chain

Question 47

glycolysis

Answer 47

``` a catabolic pathway that occurs in cytosol oxidizes glucose (6 C) into two pyruvate molecules (3 C) ```

Question 48

krebs cycle

Answer 48

a catabolic pathway that occurs in mitochondrial matrix | complete glucose oxidation by breaking down pyruvate derivative (acetyl CoA) into CO2

Question 49

what do glycolysis and krebs cycle produce

Answer 49

a small amount of ATP by substrate level phosphorylation | NADH by transferring electron from substrate to NAD+

Question 50

electron transport chain

Answer 50

located at inner membrane of mitochondrion - accept energized electrons from NADH and FADH2 - this process produces most of the ATP (90% 34 ATP)

Question 51

after 1 turn of the krebs cycle

Answer 51

3 NADH 1 FADH2 1 ATP (2 carbons oxidized and leave as CO2)