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BIOL 244 > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

immune system defenses

A

innate (non-specific) and adaptive (specific) defenses

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2
Q

first innate defense

A

non-specific
surface barriers including:
skin and mucous membrane

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3
Q

second innate defense

A

non-specific
internal defenses including:
phagocytes, natural killer cells, inflammation, antimicrobial proteins, and fever

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4
Q

third adaptive defense

A

humoral (B cells) and cellular (T cells) immunity

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5
Q

how intact skin epidermis defends

A
  • a mechanical barrier
  • acid mantle of skin
  • keratin
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6
Q

how mucous membrane defends

A
  • a mechanical barrier

- mucus, nasal hairs, cilia, gastric juice (HCl), acid mantle of vagina, lacrimal secretion (tears)/saliva, urine

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7
Q

lysozyme

A

an enzyme that destroys microorganisms found in lacrimal secretion (tears) and saliva

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8
Q

how phagocytes defend

A

second line of defense

engulf and destroy pathogens

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9
Q

how natural killer cells defend

A

second line of defense

apoptosis (cell suicide) and attacking virus infected cells

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10
Q

how antimicrobial proteins defend

A

second line of defense

interferons and complement

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11
Q

interferons

A

proteins released by virus infected cells and certain lymphocytes. They act as chemical messengers to protect uninfected tissue cells form viral takeover. mobilize immune system.

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12
Q

complement

A

most effective
a group of 20 proteins in blood plasma and cell membrane, that when activated lyse microorganisms, enhance phagocytosis by opsonization, and intensify inflammatory/immune responses

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13
Q

how fever defends

A

second line of defense

high body temps inhibits microbes from multiplying

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14
Q

inflammatory chemicals

A

histamine, bradykinin, prostaglandins

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15
Q

histamine

A

granules of mast cells and basophils

promote vasodilation of local arterioles and increase permeability (chemotaxis)

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16
Q

interferon mechanism against viruses

A
  1. virus enters the cell and takes over
  2. interferon gene switches on
  3. cell produces interferon molecules
  4. interferon is released and connects to receptor and enters new cell binding to turn on genes for antiviral proteins
  5. antiviral proteins are released and block viral reproduction
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17
Q

complement activation

A
  1. opsonization: coats pathogen surfaces
  2. enhances inflammation: stimulates histamine release, increase blood vessel permeability, attracts phagocytes
  3. insertion of MAC through holes in cell membrane causing cell lysis
  4. phagocytosis cleans up remains
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18
Q

MAC

A

membrane attack complex

creates hole in cell membrane that allows influx of water therefore lysing the cell

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19
Q

local hyperemia

A

increased blood flow to an area
causes heat and redness
because inflammatory chemical caused arterioles to dilate

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20
Q

when you have pain and swelling

A

its because inflammatory chemical were released that increased capillary permeability and the capillaries leak protein-rich fluid in tissue spaces

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21
Q

events of phagocytosis

A
  1. phagocyte adheres to pathogen or debris
  2. endocytosis or ingestion creating a phagosome
  3. lysosome fuses with phagosome forming a phagolysome
  4. lysosomal enzymes digest the particles only leaving residual body
  5. exocytosis removing residual material
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22
Q

antigen + antibody

A

antigen and antibodies match up at antigen binding sites. There are different receptors for each antigen/antibody

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23
Q

antibody structure

A

a Y shape: 1200 AA
have antigen binding sites
heavy chain: 400 AA
light chain: 200 AA

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24
Q

immunoglobin

A

antibodies

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25
Q

immunoglobin classes

A

IgD, IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE

26
Q

IgD immunoglobin

A

a monomer
antigen receptor of the B cell
important in B cell activation

27
Q

IgM immunoglobin

A

5-10%
a monomer and pentamer
first immunoglobin released by plasma
potent agglutinating agent and readily activates and fixes complement

28
Q

IgG immunoglobin

A

most abundant (75-85%) and diverse antibody in plasma
protects against bacteria and viruses
fixes the complement
crosses the placenta and confers passive immunity from mother to fetus

29
Q

IgA immunoglobin

A

10-15%
the dimer is found in body secretions such as saliva and sweat and helps prevent attachment of pathogens to epithelial cell surfaces and mucosal barriers

30
Q

IgE immunoglobin

A

1%
secreted by plasma cells in the skin, mucosae of theGI and respiratory tracts, and tonsils.
causes the cells to release histamine and other chemicals that mediate inflammation and allergic reaction. levels in blood rise during severe allergic reactions.

31
Q

transferrins

A

antimicrobial substance
an iron binding protein
inhibits bacterial growth by reducing the amount of available iron

32
Q

C3

A

a plasma protein involved in complements

33
Q

immunity

A

is a resistance to a specific foreign agent such as pathogen by releasing or producing specific lymphocyte or antibody

34
Q

3 important aspects to immune response

A
  1. antigen specific
  2. systemic (not restricted to the initial infection site)
  3. has memory (recognizes and performs stronger attacks on previously encountered pathogens)
35
Q

immune responses are carried out by..

A

lymphocytes (immunocytes) or white blood cells

36
Q

two types of lymphocytes

A

B and T cells/lymphocytes

37
Q

antibody-mediated (humoral) immunity

A

B cells transform into plasma cells which synthesize and secrete specific proteins called antibodies. Antibodies bind to particular antigens.

38
Q

cell mediated (cellular) immunity

A

T-lymphocytes migrate from the blood to the tissue, where they interact directly with antigens. They do not produce antibodies. The T-cells attack antigens.

39
Q

formation of T&B lymphocytes

A

lymphocytes develop from stem cell (hemocytoblast) in the red bone marrow

40
Q

t-cell/lymphocyte differentiation

A

after leaving the red bone marrow, lymphocyte reaches thymus gland and undergoes special processing to become differentiated.

41
Q

T-cell leaves thymus gland as

A

either

  1. T-helper, T4, CD4+
  2. T-cytotoxic, Killer T-cells, T8, CD8+
    * only respond to antigens with amino acids/protein*
42
Q

T-cells % of lymphocytes

A

70-80%

43
Q

b-cell/lymphocyte differentiation

A

they do not process into the thymus gland, but in another UNKNOWN part of the body. they differentiate into b-lymphocytes (B-cells)

44
Q

antigen

A

any substance capable of exciting our immune system and provoking an immune response

45
Q

what are antigens made of

A

large, complex molecules made of proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, and some lipids

46
Q

haptens

A

smaller substances that have exciting ability but do not provoke immune responses. also called partial antigens.
ex. penicillin reaction

47
Q

epitopes

A

antigenic determinants

specific portions of antigen molecules that do the triggering of immune response

48
Q

when B-cells respond

A

when antigen bearing agents are phagocytized and others are combined with B-cell receptors

49
Q

when helper T-cells respond during humoral immunity

A

interact with B-cell, release lymphokines, and stimulates B-cell to proliferate rapidly leading to clones

50
Q

primary humoral immune response

A

newly formed B-cell clones (plasma cells) secrete antibodies, form antigen-antibody complex, inactive antigen phagocytized

51
Q

secondary humoral immune response

A

other clone members have become memory B-cells, capable of mounting a rapid attack against the same antigen in future.

52
Q

antibody mechanisms

A
  1. neutralization: masks dangerous parts of toxins or viruses
  2. agglutination: clumping antigens into lattices
  3. precipitation: trap antigens
  4. complement: cell lysis(rupture)
53
Q

active humoral immunity

A

when B cells encounter antigens and produce antibodies against them

54
Q

passive humoral immunity

A

instead of making antibodies by plasma cells, your body is directly introduced to antibodies

55
Q

naturally acquired active humoral immunity

A

infection, contact with pathogen (all diseases)

56
Q

artificially acquired active humoral immunity

A

vaccine, contact with dead or weak pathogen

57
Q

naturally acquired passive humoral immunity

A

antibodies passed from mother to fetus

58
Q

artificially acquired passive humoral immunity

A

direct injection of antibodies (anti-venom)

59
Q

cytotoxic T-cells killing mechanism

A
  1. Tc identifies foreign antigens and binds tightly to target cell
  2. Tc releases perforin and granzyme molecules
  3. Perforin creates a hole in target cell membrane and granzyme enters into the target cell. granzyme triggers apoptosis.
  4. Tc detaches and searches for new prey
60
Q

helper t-cells in cellular immunity

A
  1. Th cell binds to dendritic cell
  2. Th cell stimulates dendritic cell to express co-stimulatory molecules
  3. dendritic cell can now activate CD8 cell and becomes Tc/CD8 cell

BIOL 244 (12 decks)

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