Respiratory System

Question 1

upper respiratory system

Answer 1

nasal cavity and pharynx

Question 2

lower respiratory system

Answer 2

larynx, trachea, bronchus

Question 3

conducting zone of respiratory system

Answer 3

these conduct air between external environment and lungs

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tree and terminal bronchioles

Question 4

respiratory zone of respiratory system

Answer 4

these exchange O2 and CO2 between lungs and blood

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and air sacs

Question 5

what drains into nose

Answer 5

paranasul sinuses and nasolacrimal ducts

Question 6

pharynx

Answer 6

throat
mucosa-lined, muscular tube with three regions
contains tonsils
functions as passage for air and food

Question 7

3 regions of pharynx

Answer 7

nasopharynx: respiration only
oropharynx: resp and digestion
laryngopharynx: resp and digestion

Question 8

larynx

Answer 8

voice box

contains vocal cords which produce sounds

Question 9

epiglottis

Answer 9

in the larynx is a flap that keeps food from entering windpipes

Question 10

2 larynx vocal cords

Answer 10

vestibular

vocal (the one that makes noise)

Question 11

trachea

Answer 11

wind pipe
c-shaped hyaline cartilage rings which keep the trachea open
function: cleans/warms/moistens incoming air

Question 12

4 layers of trachea wall

Answer 12

1. mucosa (ciliated columnar epithelium)
2. submucosa
3. hyaline cartilage
4. adventitia

Question 13

lungs

Answer 13

paired, soft, spongey organs located in thoracic cavity

enclosed by diaphragm and thoracic cage

Question 14

what are the rt and lt lungs separated by

Answer 14

the heart and mediasternum

Question 15

lung layers

Answer 15

visceral pleura is attached to each lung and the membrane folds back into the parietal pleura
the parietal and visceral pleura are separated by small pleura cavity

Question 16

whats in the lungs pleura cavity

Answer 16

serous fluid

this fluid lubricated the pleural surfaces reducing friction during breathing

Question 17

which lung is larger

Answer 17

right lung

Question 18

right lung

Answer 18

3 lobes and 2 fissures

has horizontal and oblique fissure

Question 19

left lung

Answer 19

2 lobes and 1 fissure

only has oblique fissure

Question 20

bronchopulmonary segments

Answer 20

what the lobes of the lungs are divided by in which segmental bronchi conducts air to the alveolar duct opening to the alveoli
consists of lobules

Question 21

alveoli

Answer 21

air sacs in the lungs that provide surface area for gas exchange

Question 22

carina

Answer 22

ridge of cartilage between the two main bronchi that split

Question 23

bronchiole tree

Answer 23

left main bronchus
lobar bronchus
segmental bronchus
terminal bronchus
function: connecting trachea with alveoli, cleans/warms/moistens incoming air

Question 24

4 layers of respiratory membrane

Answer 24

1. alveolar epithelium
   2/3. fused basement membranes of alveolar epithelium and capillary endothelium
2. capillary endothelium

Question 25

3 cells in respiratory membrane

Answer 25

1. type 1 alveolar cell
2. macrophage
3. septal cell: reduces surface tension to prevent alveoli collapse

Question 26

hilum of lung

Answer 26

in the middle of each lung

where other structures enter and exit lung

Question 27

pulmonary ventilation

Answer 27

breathing

Question 28

2 phases of breathing

Answer 28

1. inspiration/inhalation/breathing in

2. expiration/exhalation/breathing out

Question 29

sea level pressure in lungs

Answer 29

760 mm Hg

Question 30

passive inspiration mechanism

Answer 30

1. diaphragm is stimulated and moves down
2. thoracic cavity increases and thoracic volume increases
3. decreased pressure in alveoli (1 mm Hg)
4. air is forced into airway (759 mm Hg)
5. external intercostal muscles contract raising rib and sternum increasing size of thoracic cavity
6. expansion of lungs decreases alveolar pressure and air moves in (756 mm Hg)

Question 31

passive expiration mechanism

Answer 31

1. diaphragm rises and rib cage descends
2. elastic lungs recoil passively
3. intrapulmonary pressure rises +1 mm Hg
4. air flows out until pressure is 0

Question 32

intrapulmonary pressure

Answer 32

1 mm Hg

Question 33

intra pleural pressure

Answer 33

3 mm Hg

Question 34

forced inspiration muscles

Answer 34

heavy forced breathing

sternocleiodomastoids, scalenes, and pectoralis muscles are used

Question 35

post-inspiration pressure

Answer 35

756 mm Hg

Question 36

post-expiration pressure

Answer 36

761 mm Hg

Question 37

how long is one breathing cycle

Answer 37

4 seconds

Question 38

alveoli, pulmonary veins, systemic arteries O2 and CO2 pressure

Answer 38

O2: 104 mm Hg
CO2: 40 mm Hg

Question 39

tissues, systemic veins, pulmonary arteries O2 and CO2 pressure

Answer 39

O2: 40 mm Hg
CO2: 45 mm Hg

Question 40

when O2 pressure is higher, hemoglobin

Answer 40

is more O2 saturated

Question 41

increasing O2 saturation

Answer 41

increase in pO2
increase in pH
decrease in pCO2
decrease in temperature

Question 42

if you smoke tobacco or experience air pollution

Answer 42

continual bronchial irritation and breakdown of elastin in CT of lungs

Question 43

continual bronchial irritation causes

Answer 43

chronic bronchitis
-excess mucus production
-chronic productive cough
leading to airway obstruction/frequent infection
eventually leading to hypoventilation, hypoxemia, respiratory acidosis

Question 44

breakdown of elastin in CT of lungs causes

Answer 44

emphysema
-destruction of alveolar walls
-loss of lung elasticity
leading to airway obstruction/frequent infection
eventually leading to hypoventilation, hypoxemia, respiratory acidosis

Question 45

respiratory acidosis

Answer 45

increased pCO2 above 45 mm Hg

decreased pH below 7.35

Question 46

respiratory alkalosis

Answer 46

decreased pCO2 below 35 mm Hg

increased pH above 7.45

Question 47

metabolic acidosis

Answer 47

decreased bicarbonate below 22

decreased pH below 7.35

Question 48

metabolic alkalosis

Answer 48

increased bicarbonate above 26

increased pH above 7.45