Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

upper respiratory system

A

nasal cavity and pharynx

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2
Q

lower respiratory system

A

larynx, trachea, bronchus

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3
Q

conducting zone of respiratory system

A

these conduct air between external environment and lungs

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tree and terminal bronchioles

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4
Q

respiratory zone of respiratory system

A

these exchange O2 and CO2 between lungs and blood

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and air sacs

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5
Q

what drains into nose

A

paranasul sinuses and nasolacrimal ducts

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6
Q

pharynx

A

throat
mucosa-lined, muscular tube with three regions
contains tonsils
functions as passage for air and food

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7
Q

3 regions of pharynx

A

nasopharynx: respiration only
oropharynx: resp and digestion
laryngopharynx: resp and digestion

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8
Q

larynx

A

voice box

contains vocal cords which produce sounds

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9
Q

epiglottis

A

in the larynx is a flap that keeps food from entering windpipes

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10
Q

2 larynx vocal cords

A

vestibular

vocal (the one that makes noise)

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11
Q

trachea

A

wind pipe
c-shaped hyaline cartilage rings which keep the trachea open
function: cleans/warms/moistens incoming air

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12
Q

4 layers of trachea wall

A
  1. mucosa (ciliated columnar epithelium)
  2. submucosa
  3. hyaline cartilage
  4. adventitia
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13
Q

lungs

A

paired, soft, spongey organs located in thoracic cavity

enclosed by diaphragm and thoracic cage

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14
Q

what are the rt and lt lungs separated by

A

the heart and mediasternum

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15
Q

lung layers

A

visceral pleura is attached to each lung and the membrane folds back into the parietal pleura
the parietal and visceral pleura are separated by small pleura cavity

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16
Q

whats in the lungs pleura cavity

A

serous fluid

this fluid lubricated the pleural surfaces reducing friction during breathing

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17
Q

which lung is larger

A

right lung

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18
Q

right lung

A

3 lobes and 2 fissures

has horizontal and oblique fissure

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19
Q

left lung

A

2 lobes and 1 fissure

only has oblique fissure

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20
Q

bronchopulmonary segments

A

what the lobes of the lungs are divided by in which segmental bronchi conducts air to the alveolar duct opening to the alveoli
consists of lobules

21
Q

alveoli

A

air sacs in the lungs that provide surface area for gas exchange

22
Q

carina

A

ridge of cartilage between the two main bronchi that split

23
Q

bronchiole tree

A
left main bronchus
lobar bronchus
segmental bronchus
terminal bronchus
function: connecting trachea with alveoli, cleans/warms/moistens incoming air
24
Q

4 layers of respiratory membrane

A
  1. alveolar epithelium
    2/3. fused basement membranes of alveolar epithelium and capillary endothelium
  2. capillary endothelium
25
3 cells in respiratory membrane
1. type 1 alveolar cell 2. macrophage 3. septal cell: reduces surface tension to prevent alveoli collapse
26
hilum of lung
in the middle of each lung | where other structures enter and exit lung
27
pulmonary ventilation
breathing
28
2 phases of breathing
1. inspiration/inhalation/breathing in | 2. expiration/exhalation/breathing out
29
sea level pressure in lungs
760 mm Hg
30
passive inspiration mechanism
1. diaphragm is stimulated and moves down 2. thoracic cavity increases and thoracic volume increases 3. decreased pressure in alveoli (1 mm Hg) 4. air is forced into airway (759 mm Hg) 5. external intercostal muscles contract raising rib and sternum increasing size of thoracic cavity 6. expansion of lungs decreases alveolar pressure and air moves in (756 mm Hg)
31
passive expiration mechanism
1. diaphragm rises and rib cage descends 2. elastic lungs recoil passively 3. intrapulmonary pressure rises +1 mm Hg 4. air flows out until pressure is 0
32
intrapulmonary pressure
1 mm Hg
33
intra pleural pressure
3 mm Hg
34
forced inspiration muscles
heavy forced breathing | sternocleiodomastoids, scalenes, and pectoralis muscles are used
35
post-inspiration pressure
756 mm Hg
36
post-expiration pressure
761 mm Hg
37
how long is one breathing cycle
4 seconds
38
alveoli, pulmonary veins, systemic arteries O2 and CO2 pressure
O2: 104 mm Hg CO2: 40 mm Hg
39
tissues, systemic veins, pulmonary arteries O2 and CO2 pressure
O2: 40 mm Hg CO2: 45 mm Hg
40
when O2 pressure is higher, hemoglobin
is more O2 saturated
41
increasing O2 saturation
increase in pO2 increase in pH decrease in pCO2 decrease in temperature
42
if you smoke tobacco or experience air pollution
continual bronchial irritation and breakdown of elastin in CT of lungs
43
continual bronchial irritation causes
chronic bronchitis -excess mucus production -chronic productive cough leading to airway obstruction/frequent infection eventually leading to hypoventilation, hypoxemia, respiratory acidosis
44
breakdown of elastin in CT of lungs causes
emphysema -destruction of alveolar walls -loss of lung elasticity leading to airway obstruction/frequent infection eventually leading to hypoventilation, hypoxemia, respiratory acidosis
45
respiratory acidosis
increased pCO2 above 45 mm Hg | decreased pH below 7.35
46
respiratory alkalosis
decreased pCO2 below 35 mm Hg | increased pH above 7.45
47
metabolic acidosis
decreased bicarbonate below 22 | decreased pH below 7.35
48
metabolic alkalosis
increased bicarbonate above 26 | increased pH above 7.45