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George Biology > The heart 8.5 > Flashcards

The heart 8.5 Flashcards

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1
Q

On which side of the heart would you find oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

A
  • Deoxygenated blood from the body flows into the right side of the heart
  • Oxygenated blood from the lungs returns to the left side of the heart from then lungs
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2
Q

what is the destination of the blood after it leaves either side of the heart

A

the blood from the right side of the heart is pumped to the lungs to become oxygenated
the blood from the left side of the heart is pumped to the rest of the body to provide it with oxygen for respiration

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3
Q

What type of muscle is the heart composed of and what featues does it have

A
  • cardiac muscle
  • myogenic (self exciting)
  • does not get fatigued
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4
Q

What artery supplies the cardiac muscle with blood

A

The coronary arteries supply the cardiac muscle with all the oxygenated blood it needs to keep contracting and relaxing all the time

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5
Q
  • What surrounds the heart
  • what is its function
A
  • inelastic pericardial membranes
  • help to prevent heart from over-distending with blood
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6
Q

Name all the parts of the heart

detailed

A
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7
Q

Explain how the blood makes its way to the lungs through the heart

A
  • blood flows into right atrium via vena cava, blood fills this under low pressure
  • pressure builds until blood gos through tricuspid
  • right atrium then contracts and right ventricle fills with blood
  • right ventricle contracts, tricuspid valve closes (preventing blood flow, tendinous cords prevent inversion)
  • blood passes semilunar valve into pulmonary artery where blood is sent to the lungs
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8
Q

Does the artia have thin or thick muscle walls

A

thin musclar walls

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9
Q

Explain how the blood makes its way from the lungs to the rest of the body through the heart

A
  • oxygenated blood enters left atrium via pulmonary vein
  • as pressure builds bicuspid
  • when both left atrium and ventricle full atrium contracts forcing blood into left ventricle
  • left ventricle then contracts forcing blood through semilunar valve into aorta and around the body
  • as ventricle contracts bicuspid valve closes
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10
Q

Which side of the heart has thicker walls and why is it such

A
  • left side of heart has thicker musclar walls as force needed to pump blood around body is greater than just to the lungs
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11
Q

what is the wall that seperates the 2 side of the heart called and what is its function

A

The septum is the inner dividing wall of the heart which prevents the mixing of deoxygenated and oxygenated blood.

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12
Q

which side of the heart fills up first

A

The right side and left side of the heart fill and empty together

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13
Q

What does the cardiac cycle describe

A

The cardiac cycle describes the events in a single heartbeat

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14
Q

What is diastole

A

the phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle relaxes and allows the chambers to fill with blood.

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15
Q

what is systole

A

the phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle contracts

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16
Q

what occurs during diastole and what are the features of this time

A
  • atrials and ventricles fill with blood
  • volume and pressure of blood in the heart build
  • pressure in the arteries is at a minimum
17
Q

what occurs during systole

A
  • blood pressure in arteries is at maximum
  • end of systole pressure and volume
  • atrials contract, followed by ventricular contraction
18
Q

what does each line represent on this graph and what does each labelled point represent

A
19
Q

What causes the sound of the heartbeat

A

They are made by blood pressure closing the heart valve

20
Q

what are the sounds of the heartbeat called

A

Lub Dub

21
Q

why is it important that the cardiac muscle is myogenic

A

it prevents the body wasting resources maintaining the basic heart rate

22
Q

what things maintains the basic rhythm of the heart

A

Sino-atrial node
atrio-ventricular node
bundle of His
Purkinje fibres

23
Q

Explain the process of how the heartbeat is carried out
what is in place to control the process

A
  • sino-atrial node generates wave of electrical excitation, causing atria to contract
  • layer of non-conducting tissue stops wave passing to ventricles
  • wave is picked up by atria-ventricluar node (AVN)
  • AVN causes slight delay before stimulating bundle of His (bundle of purkinje fibres) found in septum
  • ^splits into 2 and conductis excitation to the apex of heart
  • purkinje fibres found in walls of both ventricles
  • causes contraction, which starts at apex so ventricle totally empties

apex = bottom of heart

24
Q

what would you do to measure the spread of electrical excitation through the heart

A

ECG (electrocardiogram)

Even though it doesn’t directly measure the electrical activity of your heart, it measures tiny electrical difference in your skin, which results from the electrical activity of the heart

25
Q

What does this ECG represent

A

Normal ECG - beats evenly spaced, 60-100/min

26
Q

What does this ECG represent

A

bradycardia - slow heart rate - beats evenly spaced, < 60/mim

27
Q

what does this ECG represent

A

Tachycardia - fast heart rate - beats evenly spaced, Rate >100/min

28
Q

what does this ECG represent and what do the labelled parts represent

A

Ectopic heart beat - altered rhythm, extra beat followed by longer than normal gap before the next beat

29
Q

what does this ECG represent

A

Atrial fibrillation - abnormal irregular rhythm from atria, ventricle lose regular rhythm

30
Q

what is Tachycardia and what can it be caused by

A
  • when heartbeat is very rapid, over 100 bpm
  • often normal, for instance when you exercise
  • if abnormal can be caused by problems in electrical control of the heart
    ^treated by medication or by surgery
31
Q

What is bradycardia and what can it be caused by

A

When the heart rate slows down to below 60 bpm.
Many people have bradycardia because they are fit - training makes the heart beat more slowly and efficiently. Severe bradycardia can be serious and may need an artificial pacemaker to keep the heart beating steadily

32
Q

What is an ectopic heartbeat

A
  • Extra heartbeats that are out of the normal rhythm.
  • ^normal to have 1 a day
  • can be linked to serious conditions if continuous
33
Q

What is atrial fibrillation

A

It is an example of an arrhythmia, which means an abnormal rhythm of the heart.
Rapid electrical impulses are generated in the atria. They contract very fast (fibrillate) up to 400 times a minute.
However they don’t contract properly and only some of the impulses are passed onto the ventricles, which contract much less often.
As a result the heart does not pump blood very efficiently

George Biology (71 decks)

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