enzyme action 4.1 Flashcards
why are enzymes important
most of the processes necessary to life involve chemical reactions, and these reactions need to happen very fast.
in a lab there would need to be very high temp and pressure which would damage the cell, instead enzymes catalyse the reactions
what are enzymes
brief
enzymes are biological catalysts. That are globular proteins
what are the reactions required for growth called
- anabolic (building up) reactions
when energy is released from large organic molecules like glucose, what are the reactions called
they are catabolic (breaking down) reaction. Catabolic reactions are also catalysed by enzymes
what do many enzyme names end in
-ase
what is metabolism
metabolism is the sum of all the different reactions and reaction pathways happening in a cell or an organism,
what is Vmax
maximum rate of reaction brought about by enzymes
what do molecules need to do for a reaction to occur
For a reaction to happen, molecules need to collide in the right orientation.
what is meant by specificity of an enzyme
An enzyme catalyses a specific reaction
what is activation energy
the energy needed for a reaction to start
how do enzymes effect activation energy
Enzymes help the molecules collide successfully, and therefore reduce the activation energy required
what are the 2 hypotheses for how enzymes help molecules collide successfully
lock and key hypothesis
induced fit hypothesis
what is an active site
An area within the tertiary structure of the enzyme has a shape that is complementary to the shape of a specific substrate molecule
what is the lock and key hypothesis
in the same way that only the right key will fit into a lock, only a specific substrate will ‘fit’ the active site of an enzyme
what is it called when the substrate is bound to the active site
an enzyme-substate complex
what occurs to the molecules involved in the enzyme-subsrate complex and what is produced as a result
The substrate or substrates then react and the product or products are formed in an enzyme-product complex. The product or products are then released, leaving the enzyme unchanged and able to take part in subsequent reactions
what does the enzyme actually do to the substrate in the substrate-enzyme complex
The R-groups within the active site of the enzyme will also interact with the substrate, forming temporary bonds.
These put strain on the bonds within the substrate, which also helps the reaction along
what is the induced fit hypothesis
evidence from research into enzyme action suggests the active site of the enzyme actually changes shape slightly as the substrate enters
how does the substrate and the enzyme interaction when forming the enzyme-substrate complex for the induced fit hypothesis
upon inital binding bonds are weak, but they initiate changes to teritary structure of active site that work to break bonds in the substrate
what are enzymes that act within cells called
intracellular enzymes
what enzyme breaks down hydrogen peroxide (H202)
and in which organisms
catalase found in both plants and animals
what do reaction within cells need
All of the reactions happening within cells need substrates (raw materials) to make products needed by the organism
what type of enzyme breaks down the large nutrient molecules in the process of digestion
extracellulcar enzymes, they work outside the cell that made them
in some organisms like fungi they work outside the body
what are some examples of extracellular enzymes in the human body
examples of extracellular enzymes involved in digestion in humans are amylase and trypsin
how do single celled organisms use extracellular enzymes
single-celled organisms, such as bacteria and yeast, releasing enzymes into their immediate environment to break down larger molecules like protein into smaller molecules like amino acids and glucose that can be reabsorbed by the organism
where does the digestion of starch start and where does it continue to
the digestion of starch begins in the mouth and continues into the small intestine
where is amylase found
amylase is produced by the salivary glands and the pancreas. It is released in saliva into the mouth and in pancreatic juice into the small intestine
where is maltase found in the body
maltase is present in the small intestine
what is trypsin and what is its function
- trypsin is a protease enzyme
- ^it catalyses the digestion of proteins into smaller peptides
where is trypsin produced
trypsin is produced in the pancreas and released with the pancreatic juice into the small intestine, where it acts of proteins.
