Animal and plant pathogens 12.1

Question 1

what are communicable diseases

Answer 1

They are diseases that can be transmitted from one organisms to another

they are caused by infective organisms known as pathogens.

Question 2

What are the types of pathogens

Answer 2

bacteria, viruses, fungi and protoctista

Question 3

what is a vector

Answer 3

they carry pathogens from one organisms to another. common vectors include water and insects.

Question 4

what are the 2 main ways of classifying bacteria

Answer 4

• By their basic shapes
• By the structure of their cell walls

Question 5

How small are viruses

Answer 5

At 0.02-0.3 µm

Question 6

What is the basic structure of a virus

Answer 6

The basic structure of a virus is some genetic material (DNA or RNA) surrounded by protein.

Question 7

What do viruses do to the organisms they infect

Answer 7

Viruses invade living cells, where the genetic material of the viruses takes over the biochemistry of the host cells to make more viruses. Viruses reproduce rapidly and evolve by developing adaptions to their host, which makes they successful pathogens

Question 8

define pathogenic

Answer 8

any microorganism that causes diseases

Question 9

What are bacteriophages and what can they be used for

Answer 9

viruses that attack bacteria
They take over the bacterial cells and use them to replicate, destroying the bacteria at the same time. People now use these both to identify and treat some diseases

Question 10

are protoctista eukaryotes or prokaryotes

Answer 10

They are a group of eukaryotic organisms

Question 11

What are the protoctista that cause disease defined as and why are they defined as such

Answer 11

They are called parasitic
because they use people or animals as their host organisms

Question 12

How are pathogenic protoctista transferred

Answer 12

Pathogenic protists may need a vector to transfer them to their hosts-malaria is an example-polluted water can also transfer protists-amoebic dysentery is an example of a disease caused by polluted water

Question 13

Which fungi are defined as pathogenic fungi

Answer 13

some fungi are parasitic, feeding on plants and animals. These are the types of fungi that cause communicable diseases

Question 14

where do fungal infections most often effect plants

Answer 14

they most often infect the leaves, they stop them photosynthesising and so can quickly kill the plant

Question 15

what happens so that we actually feel the symptoms of diseases

Answer 15

damage of tissue & immune response (fever, swelling)

Question 16

How do viruses attack its host cell

Answer 16

viruses take over the cell metabolism. The viral genetic material gets into the host cell and is inserted into the host DNA. The virus then uses the host cell to make new viruses which then burst out of the cell, destroying it and then spread to infect other cells

Question 17

How do some protoctista attack their host organism

Answer 17

enter cell, digest and use cell contents to reproduce, cell bursts when fills up with pathogens

Question 18

How do fungi attack the host organism

Answer 18

fungi digest living cells and destroy them. This combined with the response of the body to the damage caused by the fungus gives the symptoms of disease

some fungi produce toxins

Question 19

How do most bacteria attack their host organism

Answer 19

They produce toxins which can have a variety of effects such as breaking down cell membranes, inactive enzymes, interfere with cell DNA