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Hepatitis B > The GIT part 2 > Flashcards

The GIT part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the foregut

A

Oesophagus, stomach, duodenum (+liver and pancreas)

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2
Q

What makes up the midgut

A

Jejunum + ileum + large intestine + appendix

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3
Q

What makes up the hindgut

A

Rectum + anus

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4
Q

3 constrictor muscles of the pharynx

A

Superior, middle and inferior - they contract sequentially to propel the bolus towards the oesophagus

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5
Q

What are the 3 pairs of longitudinal muscles

A

Stylopharyngeus
Palatopharyngeus
Salpinogphayngeus

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6
Q

Type of epithelium in the oesophagus

A

Non- keratinised stratified squamous

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7
Q

What type of muscle is in the oesophagus

A

Skeletal muscle 2/3 - allows for conscious swallowing

Smooth muscle 1/3 - unconscious control of passage of food into the stomach

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8
Q

What shape is the stomach

A

J shaped

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9
Q

Four divisions of the stomach

A

Cardia - superior opening
Fundus - Rounded portion superior and left ofcardia
Body - Large central portion below fundus
Pylorus - Connects stomach to duodenum (contains pylorus canal, antrum and sphincter)

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10
Q

4 sections of the duodenum

A

1st superior
2nd descending
3rd inferior
4th ascending

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11
Q

Function of liver

A

Secretes bile

Neutralises acidic chyme and emulsifies lipids

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12
Q

What are peyer’s patches

A

Found in ileum

Lymphoid tissue

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13
Q

Function of large intestine

A

Reabsorption

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14
Q

Function of crypts of lieberkuhns

A

Provide stem cells for the renewal of the intestinal epithelium - found in the small intestine (produce new cells to replace those lost to abrasion)

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15
Q

Function of brunners glands

A

Located in submucosa of duodenum

Secrete an alkaline fluid containing mucin - protects the mucosa from the acidic stomach contents entering the duodenum

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16
Q

What are enterocytes

A

Express catabolic enzymes; role in absorption - absorbing molecules from the gut and transporting them to the inner connective tissue

17
Q

Function of goblet cells

A

Secrete mucus

18
Q

Function of enter- endocrine cells

A

Gastro-intestinal hormone secretion

Secretin; pancreozymin; enteroglugagon etc. Sensory function – synapsing with afferent nerves

19
Q

Function of paneth cells

A

Synthesis of anti- microbial peptides

20
Q

Function of M (microfold) cells

A

Antigen presenting cells

21
Q

Function of the hepatopancreatic sphincter (Also known as the sphincter of oddi)

A

Controls the passage of bile and pancreatic enzymes into the duodenum - stops them from coming back up

22
Q

What stimulates bile being released into the duodenum

A

CCK - Cholecytoskinin

23
Q

Function of amylase

A

Breaks starch down into maltose and

24
Q

What are plicae circulares

A

Circular folds - found in the jejenum and ileum

25
Q

What is the ileocaecal valve

A

A sphincter that regulates the flow of material from the ileum to the large intestine

26
Q

What shape is the large intestine

A

Horseshoe shaped

27
Q

What are haustra

A

Pouches formed by the large intestine in the wall

28
Q

Function of sigmoid colon

A

Empties content into the rectum

29
Q

What are the vitamins synthesised by the intestinal bacteria (large intestine)

A

Vitamin k - clotting
Biotin - glucose metabolism
Pantothenic acid - vitamin B5

30
Q

What is bilirubin converted to in the large intestine

A

Bacteria convert bilirubin (what is made after red blood cells die) to urobilinogens and stercobilinogens

31
Q

What type of epithelium is the anus lined by

A

Keratinised epithelium

32
Q

Disorders of the small intestine

A 
Ulcers 
Coeliac disease - gluten enteropahy
Cancer 
Inflammatory bowel disease 
Infections
33
Q

Function of glycocalyx cells in the small intestine

A

Lubrication

34
Q

Optimum pH of amylase

A

5.6-6.9

Hepatitis B (39 decks)

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