Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy term 2 > The foot and ankle > Flashcards

The foot and ankle Flashcards

1
Q

How is the ankle joint formed?

A

articulation between the distal tibia and fibula with the talus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What 2 movements does the synovial hinge joint allow?

A

dorsiflexion

plantarflexion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the osteoology of the ankle?

A
  1. tibia
  2. fibula
  3. medial malleolus - distal tibia
  4. talus
  5. lateral malleolus - distal fibula
  6. calcaneus - heal bone
  7. fibular trochlear
  8. cuboid
  9. groove
  10. navicular
  11. cuneiforms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the stability of the ankle joint like?

A

it is stable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What makes the ankle joint stable?

A
  1. good congruity between malleolar mortice and trochlea - the malleoli grip the talus
  2. involves strong ligaments
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What ligaments make the ankle joint stable?

A
  1. distal part - interosseous membrane

2. anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where is the trochlea wider?

A

wider anteriorly than posteriorly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the movement of the trochlea during dorsiflexion and what does this movement do to the tibia and fibula?

A

the anterior part of the trochlea moves between the malleoli

spreads the tibia and fibula slightly increasing their grip on the talus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the most stable position of the ankle?

A

dorsiflexion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the lateral ligaments of the ankle joint that contribute to stability?

A
  1. posterior talofibular ligament
  2. anterior talofibular ligament
  3. calcaneofibular ligament
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the weakest ligament of the ankle joint?

A

Calcaneofibular ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the medial ligament attached to and where does it fan out to?

A
  • attaches to the medial malleolus

- fans out to attach to talus, navicular and calcaneus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the medial ligament also called?

A

deltoid ligament due to it’s resemblance to the greek letter delta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the movements of the ankle joint? (4)

A
  1. dorsiflexion
  2. plantarflexion
  3. inversion
  4. eversion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What muscles does dorsiflexion involve and what nerve and artery are these muscles supplied by?

A

muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg

deep fibular (perineal) nerve

anterior tibial artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What muscles does plantar flexion involve and what nerve and artery are these muscles supplied by?

A

muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg - except popliteus

supplied by the tibial nerve

posterior tibial artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where does inversion and eversion usually occur?

A
  • at subtler joint - with some movement in the transverse tarsal joint
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where does the subtler joint lie?

A

between the talus and underlying calcaneus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What type of injuries are most ankle sprains? (inversion or eversion?)

A

inversion injuries

with twisting of the plantar-flexed foot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What ligament is usually injured in an ankle sprain?

A

lateral ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How quickly do ligaments heal in ankle sprains and why?

A

they heal slowly

as ligaments are relatively avascular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What happens to the growth and strength of a ligament when it is detached from bone?

A

fibres don’t grow back into the bone as extensively

healed ligament is usually weaker

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What do torn ligaments predispose the ankle joint to and why?

A

They predispose the ankle joint to dislocation

As the ankle joint is less stable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Which ligament is weaker - the lateral or medial ligament and which part in particularly?

A

the lateral ligament

particularly the anterior talofibular part

25
Q

What do you look for in a normal ankle joint x ray?

A
  1. even joint space all the way
26
Q

What can been seen on a x ray of a patient with osteoarthritis?

A

loss of joint space

loss of cartilage space

contour of talus is gone

27
Q

What types of fractures can you have at the ankle joint?

A
  1. fracture at distal fibula - lateral malleolar fracture
  2. left ankle bimalleolar fracture
  3. open fracture of lateral side of leg
  4. fracture of fibula
28
Q

What type of dislocation can you have at the ankle joint?

A
  1. anterior dislocation of the distal talus of the tibia
29
Q

What ligament can an eversion injury pull on and avulse and how can this fracture the fibula?

A

pull on strong medial ligament

causes avulsion of medial malleolus

fracture of fibula - lateral rotation of the talus

30
Q

How common are eversion injuries?

A

not very common

31
Q

Where does the force come from in an eversion injury?

A

on medial aspect of the ankle

32
Q

What is the role of the foot? (3)

A
  1. support and transmit body weight
  2. act as a lever to propel body weight
  3. act as a resilient spring to absorb shock
33
Q

What would happen to the about of force generated with impact on ground if the foot was rigid?

A

the force generated would be large

34
Q

What makes the foot able to deform to absorb shock and adapt to uneven surfaces?

A

the fact that it is a series of small bones and ligaments

35
Q

What is the osteology of the foot?

A
  1. calcaneus
  2. talus
  3. navicular
  4. cuneiforms
  5. metacarpals
  6. phalanges
36
Q

What are the joints of the foot?

A
  1. naviculo-cuneiform joints
  2. tarsometatarsal joints
  3. metatarsophalangeal joints
  4. interphalangeal joints
37
Q

On an x ray what would you see on a patient with gout?

A

build up of uric acid on the first big toe

1st metatarsal phalangeal joint

38
Q

What would you see on an x ray of the foot on a patient with gout?

A

Reduce space in interphalangeal joint

39
Q

What would you see in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis on an X ray?

A

metarsophalangeal joints and interphalangeal joints affected

40
Q

What is the medical term for a bunion?

A

Halux valgus

41
Q

How the arches of the foot contribute to stability/what is their role?

A
  1. help distribute weight acting as shock absorbers
  2. increase flexibility of the foot
  3. act as springboards for propulsion during walking, running and jumping
42
Q

What are the 3 arches of the foot?

A
  1. medial longitudinal - MLA
  2. lateral longitudinal - LLA
  3. transverse - TA
43
Q

What bones does the medial longitudinal arch compromise of? (5)

A
  1. calcaneus
  2. talus
  3. navicular
  4. 3 cuneiforms
  5. 3 medial metatarsals
44
Q

In the medial longitudinal arch where is weight transmitted?

A

Through the talus to the calcaneus and metatarsal heads

45
Q

Which arch is higher and more important the lateral longitudinal arch or medial longitudinal arch?

A

medial longitudinal arch

46
Q

What bones make up the lateral longitudinal arch?

A
  1. calcaneous
  2. cuboid
  3. lateral 2 metatarsals
47
Q

What bones make up the transverse arch?

A
  1. cuboid
  2. 3 cuneiforms
  3. bases of the 5 metatarsals
48
Q

What would the weight of the body do to the arches if they were not supported?

A

would flatten the arches

49
Q

How is the stability of the arches maintained? (2)

A
  1. passive - includes ligaments and shape of the bones

2. dynamic- intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the foot

50
Q

What is pes planus?

A

Flat foot

can be asymptomatic

51
Q

What age groups is pes planus seen in?

A

adults and adolescents

52
Q

What are the 2 types of pes planus?

A
  1. flexible

2. rigid - fusion of tarsal bones

53
Q

What is flexible pes planus?

A
  1. more common

2. arch is present when not weight bearing and absent when standing

54
Q

What is pes planus caused by?

A

loose or degenerating ligaments

55
Q

What can exacerbate pes planus?

A

gaining weight

spending a long time standing

56
Q

What is the treatment for pes planus?

A

orthotics - specilaised insoles

57
Q

What problems can pes planus cause?

A
  1. displacement of the talus infer-medially
  2. misalignment of ankle and knees causing pain in these areas
  3. can decrease shock absorption by the foot leading to lower back pain
58
Q

What are the movements of the toes of the foot and what joints do they occur at?

A
  1. flexion - metatarsophalangeal joints and proximal and distal interphalangeal joints
  2. extension - metatarsophalangeal joints and proximal and distal interphalangeal joints
  3. abduction - limited - at metatarsophalangeal joints
  4. adduction - relaxed position - limited - metattarsopahlangeal joints
59
Q

What injuries can occur to the foot?

A
  1. dislocated toes
  2. communitive fracture
  3. oblique fractures
  4. stress fractures - running
  5. fracture at bases of metatarsophalangeal joints
  6. lisfranc injury - disruption of mid foot when foot is thrown forwards like in horse riding and is easy to miss on x rays
  7. fracture of calcaneus - jumping or falling from a height

Anatomy term 2 (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions