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LECOM MS1 Embryology > The First Week (Exam 1) > Flashcards

The First Week (Exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

How many sperm will fertilize a secondary oocyte

A

1

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2
Q

Will the oocyte lose the zona pellucida when ovulated

A

no

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3
Q

What is the corona radiata a remnant of

A

follicular cells that surround the oocyte

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4
Q

What is the first thing that the sperm will interact with during fertilization

A

corona radiata

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5
Q

How will the sperm get through the corona radiata

A

dump enzymes from its acrosome to penetrate this layer

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6
Q

What is the next step in fertilization after the sperm has penetrated corona radiata

A

has to cross the zona pellucida

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7
Q

Binding to the zona pellucida is what

A

species specific

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8
Q

After the sperm crosses through the zona pellucida, what occurs

A

the zona reaction

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9
Q

What is the zona reaction

A

the oocyte will release enzymes from lysosome that will block other sperm from entering

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10
Q

What occurs after the zona reaction

A

sperm has to cross plasma membrane

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11
Q

What will occur as a response to fusion of the sperm and oocyte cytoplasms

A

cortical reaction

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12
Q

What does the cortical reaction result in

A

preventing further sperm from entering to ensure that only one sperm fertilizes an oocyte

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13
Q

When will the second meiotic division of an oocyte occur

A

after fertilization

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14
Q

When sperm cell membrane dissociates, what does the sperm form

A

male pronuclei

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15
Q

What does the oocyte form in response to the male pronuclei

A

female pronuclei

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16
Q

After fertilization, when will the first division occur

A

when the male pronucleus is broken down

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17
Q

What are the flow of events that occur during fertilization

A

sperm passes through corona radiata

binding to zona pellucida (zona reaction occurs)

fusion of oocyte and sperm plasma membrane (cortical reaction occurs)

second meiotic division of oocyte and formation of male and female pronuclei

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18
Q

What are the results of fertilization

A

restoration of a diploid genome

genetic sex of the embryo is identified

cleavage is initiated

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19
Q

How do contraceptive pills work

A

contain estrogen and progesterone

inhibit the secretion of FSH and LH from pituitary, blockign follicle maturation and ovulation

effects on the uterus include reduced endometrial proliferation and secretion of thick cervical mucus

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20
Q

What birth controls will alter the progesterone curve

A

Depo, Plan B, RU-486

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21
Q

What is Depo-provera

A

progesterone analog

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22
Q

What is Plan B

A

Levonorgestrel

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23
Q

What is RU 486

A

an antiprogesterone

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24
Q

What changes occur to the zygote the first week after fertilization

A

-cleavage
-no growth in size
but increase in cell number
-remains in zona pellucida

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25
Q

Where do the cell divisions occur during cleavage

A

as the cell transverses the uterine tube

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26
Q

What are the small cells in cleavage called

A

blastomeres

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27
Q

What is a morula

A

once the cell has 16-32 cells

raspberry shaped ball of cells

28
Q

What occurs during compaction

A

cells get closer together and increase cell contact

increase number of gap junctions between cells

nucleus is shifted to the center (determines polarity)

29
Q

When is the blastocyst formed

A

First week

30
Q

How is the blastocyst formed

A

cells begin to cluster on one side of the cell and around the outside edges

(creates outside cells and inner mass)

31
Q

What are the different parts of the blastocyst

A

Inner cell mass
Outer cell mass
Blastocyst cavity

32
Q

What is the inner cell mass called in a blastocyst

A

embryoblast

33
Q

What is the outer cell mass called in a blastocyst

A

trophoblast

34
Q

What is the time it takes from ovulation to implantation

A

6-7 days

35
Q

What type of epithelium will surround an embryo after implantation

A

uterine epithelium will invade and be enclosed by

36
Q

What is an ectopic pregnancy

A

pregnancy that occurs anywhere but the uterus

37
Q

What are the risks of an ectopic pregnancy

A

high risk for rupture and death

38
Q

What is placenta previa

A

abnormal placental implantation within the cervix

39
Q

Are placenta previa pregnancies viable

A

yes

40
Q

What is placental abruption

A

the placenta detaches from the uterus

41
Q

What are the risks of placental abrupton

A

increased bleeding risks for mom

loss of blood supply to baby

42
Q

What is placental accreta

A

when the placenta overgrows, takes over, the embryo does not develop

43
Q

What are the risks to mom with placental accreta

A

bleeding risk

44
Q

How long can sperm survive for

A

48 hours

45
Q

the ovulated oocyte is only viable for how many hours

A

24 hours

46
Q

Where does fertilization occur in the uterine tube

A

ampulla

47
Q

Of the 300 million sperm deposited into the female reproductive tract how many make it to the egg

A

0.0001%

48
Q

Passageway of the sperm through the corona radiata occurs through what reaction

A

acrosome reaction

49
Q

How does the sperm cross the zona pellucida

A

releasing more acrosome enzymes

50
Q

Fusion of the sperm to the oocyte causes what

A

the zona reaction

51
Q

What does the zona reaction result in

A

altering the sperm receptors and prevents additional sperm from binding to the zona pellucida

52
Q

Fusion through the plasma membrane results in what reaction

A

cortical reaction

53
Q

What occurs during the cortical reaction

A

oocyte releases lysosomal contents to make membrane impenetrable to other sperm

54
Q

What occurs during growth of pronuclei

A

replication of DNA

55
Q

What is the name of an oocyte with two pronuclei

A

ootid

56
Q

What is EPF

A

Early Pregnancy Factor

57
Q

What is early pregnancy factor secreted by

A

trophoblast cells and appears in maternal blood 24-48 hours after fertilization

58
Q

What can EPF used for

A

pregnancy tests during first 10 days

59
Q

When does cleavage start in a zygote

A

within 24 hours

60
Q

When does compaction occur

A

after 3 divisions

61
Q

The cells of the morula give rise to what

A

all membranes and the fetal placenta

62
Q

When does the morula enter the uterine cavity

A

day 4

63
Q

What causes the morula to become a blastocyst

A

by taking up fluid and forming a blastocyst cavity

64
Q

What events occur during implantation

A

dissolution of the zona pellucida

adhesion of blastocyst onto endometrium

trophoblastic penetration and spread into endometrium

migration of blastocyst into endometrium

65
Q

What percent of pregnancies result in ectopic pregnancies

A

2%

66
Q

where do 95% of ectopic pregnancies occur

A

in the uterine tube

67
Q

What percentage of zygotes, morulae, and blastocysts spontaneously abort

A

45%

LECOM MS1 Embryology (19 decks)

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