Development of the Urinary System (Exam 2) Flashcards
What is the upper urinary system composed of
kidney
ureter
What is the lower urinary system composed of
bladder
urethra
What will mesoderm differentiate into
paraxial
intermediate
lateral plate
What germ cell layer will give rise to the urinary and genital systems
intermediate mesoderm
What embryonic layer will also give rise to the urinary and genital system
coelomic epithelium
What does coelemic epithelium contribute to
CT of ducts
What is the urogenital ridge
longitudinal elevation of intermediate mesoderm
Where is the urogenital ridge located
lateral to somite
What does the urogenital ridge differentiate into
nephrogenic cord
gonadal system
What does the nephrogenic cord of the urogenital ridge give rise to
urinary system
What does the gonadal system of the urogenital ridge give rise to
genital system
Where is the urogenital ridge found
posterior body wall
What are the 3 stages of kidneys
pronephros
mesonephros
metanephros
What is the pronephros kidney
rudimentary and nonfunctional
When is the pronephros kidney formed
Week 4 (lasts 1 week)
What is the mesonephros kidney
embryonic kidney, functions for a short time
When is the mesonephros kidney formed
week 4-8
What is the metanephros kidney
permanent kidney
When will pronephroi be formed
day 24
What are pronephroi
tufts of intermediate mesoderm that will form tubules and open into duct
What is the cloaca
common opening for excretory, digestive, and reproductive products
Where will mesonephros empty
into the mesonephric duct that empties into the cloaca
How are the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule formed
aorta forms glomerulus
Bowman’s capsule starts to form a long the posterior body wall
Where will the mesonephric vesicle dump
mesonephric duct
What type of blood will be filtered by the embryonic kidney
amnitoic fluid since the placenta does the filterine
When is the pronephros seen
week 4
Where does the pronephros kidney form
in the cervical region
What is considered the embryonic kidney
mesonephros
Where does the mesonephros kidney form
in lumbar region and extends to the 9th rib
What are the tubules of the mesonephros
exretory tubules that acquire capillaries and form bowman’s capsule
Where do the excretory tubules of the mesonephros connect
mesonephric duct
What causes the physiological herniation of the GI tract out of the abdomen during development
as gonads grow
What is the permanent kidney derived from
metanephric mesoderm
ureteric bud
What is the ureteric bud
enlargement off the mesonephric duct
Where is the ureteric bud formed
in the sacral region
What does the mesonephric duct grow into
metanephric mesoderm
What is metanephric mesoderm
intermediate mesoderm in the sacral region
How are the major calyces and collecting ducts formed
ureteric bud dilates: renal pelvis
and then splits into caudal and cranial portions to form major calyces
How are the collecting tubules within renal pyramids formed
ureteric bud continues to elongate
What does the ureteric bud give rise to
collecting system: ureter, renal pelvis, major and minor calyces, collecting tubules
What does the metanephric mesoderm give rise to
nephrons: bowman's capsule proximal convoluted tubule loop of Henle distal convoluted tubule
What type of tissue are the collecting tubules covered with
metanephric tissue
What causes the metanephric tissue to differentiate
collecting tubule
How does the blood supply to the kidney change with development
kidneys grow in sacrum and raise to abdomen; changes source of blood supply as moves superior
Describe how the position of the kidney hilum will change with development
initially anterior, but rotate medially
What does the cloaca divide into
urogenital sinus and anal canal
What structure is continuous with the allantois initially
urinary bladder
What is formed when the urinary bladder and allantois obliterate
median umbilical ligament
What forms the primordium of the permanent kidney
ureteric bud with metanephric blastema (mesoderm)
What part of the kidney is the blood processing unit
nephron
When does nephrogenesis occur
week 8
When will kidneys change position
weeks 6-9
What vertebral levels are the adult renal arteries found at
L1-L2
How does the appearance of fetal kidneys differ from adult kidneys
lobulated at birth but become smooth
What is the rudimentary bladder
cloaca
What does the urorectal septum divide
anal canal and urogenital sinus
What is the perineal body
wedge shaped muscle that serves as an anchor for the muscles, fascia, and ligaments of the pelvis
What is the perineal body a remnant of
urorectal septum
What is a persistent cloaca
rectum, vagina, and urethra drain into a common channel opening in the perineum
What are the 3 parts of the urogenital sinus
vesicle part
pelvic part
phallic part
What does the vescle part give rise to
urinary bladder
What does the pelvic part give rise to in males
membranous and prostatic urethra
What does the pelvic part give rise to in females
entire urethra
What does the phallic part give rise to in males
primordium of penis and spongy urethra
What does the phallic part give rise to in females
primordium of clitoris
What is the urachus
remnant of the allantois
What is the allantois
canal that drains the urinary bladder of the fetus that joins and runs within the umbilical cord
What is the median umbilical ligament
remnant of urachus
What are the different urachal anomalies
urachal fistula
urachal cyst
urachal sinus
What is a urachal fistula
urine dripping out of umbilicus
What is a urachal cyst
fluid inside
What is a urachal sinus
not complete communication between bladder and umbilicus, but things can get stuck and infected
What is the trigone
smooth triangular portion on dorsal bladder wall
What causes the trigone
incorporation of distal parts of the mesonephric ducts
Why is the trigone smooth
incorporation of mesonephric ducts into the wall
How does the prostate form
endodermal outgrowth from the urethra, surrounding mesenchyme forms the stroma and smooth muscle
What does the cortex of the suprarenal glands develop from
mesenchyme
What does the medulla of the suprarenal glands develop from
NCC
Describe the size difference of the adrenal glands in embryo vs adult
10-20x larger
What will result from abnormal increase in size of suprarenal cortex
increased androgen production= female is masculinized
What is WAGR syndrome
W Wilm’s tumor
A aniridia
G genitourinary abnormalities, gonadoblastoma
R mental retardation
What is the cause of accessory renal arteries
results from ascent of kidney
What is the clinical correlation due to accessory renal arteries
obstruct ureter and cause hydroneprhosis
What is polycystic kidney
numerous cysts form on kidney and kidney becomes very large and renal failure occurs
What is the cause of renal agenesis
ureteric bud fails to reach the metanephric mesoderm
What is renal agenesis associated with
oligohydraminos
If renal agenesis is bilateral what occurs
incompatible with life
What is the cause of pelvic kidney
as kidney ascends towards the abdomen, they pass between the two umbilical arteries. Occasionally one gets blocked and remains in the pelvis
What causes a horseshoe kidney
metanephric mesoderm fuses while in the pelvis. Normal ascent is stopped due to inferior emsenteric artery
What is the clinical correlation of horseshoe kidney
susceptible to injury with abdominal trauma
renal calculi and transition cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis
What causes a bifid ureter
ureteric bud divides prematurely
What is an ectopic ureter
ureter inserts anywhere but the bladder
What is megaloureter
enlarged ureter with no motility
What does megaloureter increase the risk of
infection
What is a psotcaval ureter
right ureter passes behind the IVC; can be obstructed
What is an obstructive genitourinary defect
stenosis or atresia of the urinary tract at any level
What is extrophy of the bladder
ventral body wall defect where the mucosa of the bladder is exposed to the exterior
What causes extrophy of the bladder
lack of mesodermal migration into the region between the genital tubercle and the umbilicus
