Face, Skull, Palate (Exam 3) Flashcards
What is positional plagiocephaly
positioned in the same position for long periods of time result in mis-shaped skulls of infants
flattening of the occiput by mechanical factors acting on the head in utero or during early infancy
What are the two different parts of skull developmentally
neurocranium
viscerocranium
Where is the neurocranium found
around the brain
Where is the viscerocranium found
around the face
What are the two parts of the chondocranium
prechordal
chordal
What is prechordal chondrocranium formed from
neural crest cells
What is chordal chondrocranium formed from
paraxial mesoderm
What is the mechanism by which the chondrocranium is formed by
endochondral ossification
How is the membranous neurocranium formed
intramembranous ossification
How is the cartilaginous neurocranium formed
endochondral ossification
What arch is the vescerocranium mainly derived from
arch 1
Arch 1 deficits will affect what
facial aspect of the skeleton
What are fontanelles
fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones; soft spots on developing skulls
How the fontanel significant clinically
dehydrated if fontanelle is sunken in
ballooned if increased cranial pressure
What is craniosynostosis
premature closure of cranial sutures;
What does premature closure of cranial sutures lead to
asymmetrical skull development
What is scaphocephaly
Premature of the sagittal suture
What is brachycephaly
a short head
What does brachycephaly result from
premature closure of bilateral coronal sutures
What is brachycephaly found in
Crouzon syndrome
What is plagiocephaly
premature closure of a suture on just one side of the head
What does plagiocephaly result in
flat head
What is unilamboid synostosis
premature fusion of the lamboid suture unilaterally
What does does unilamboid synostosis lead to
contralateral frontal bossing
What may cause ipsilateral frontal bossing
positional head deformity
What is metopic synostosis
premature fusion of the metopic suture
What does metopic synostosis lead to
triangle shaped frontal bone
What is the treatment for plagiocephaly
helmets and OMM
What is acrania
failure of the skull to develop
What happens to the brain in acrania
it is exposed to amniotic fluid
What is anencephaly
brain does not develop due to acrania
What is microcephaly
small neurocranium compared to viscerocranium
What causes microcephaly
brain does not grow or multiple sutures fusing prematurely
What are the 5 facial primordia
1 frontonasal prominent
2 maxillary prominences
2 mandibular prominences
Where are the maxillary and mandibular prominences derived from
arch 1
What does the frontonasal prominence give rise to
medial and lateral promenences
What will be formed from the fusing of the medial nasal prominences
central part of upper lip and medial aspect of the nose
What will the nasolacrimal groove form from
lateral side of lateral nasal prominence merging with maxillary
What does the nasolacrimal groove develop into
nasolacrimal duct
What is the function of the nasolacrimal duct
empties lacrimal fluid into the nasal cavity
What forms the intermaxillary segment of the palate
medial nasal prominences as they fuse together
What is the alveolus
bony socket, a cavity in the alveolar bone that houses the root of a tooth
What is the hard palate composed of
primary palate
secondary palate
What makes up the secondary palate
maxillary prominences
How can the tongue affect development of the palate
if the tongue does not move down the palatine shelves won’t be able to fuse properly
What will the nasal septum fuse with as it moves inferiorly
palatine shelves
What is the dividing line between anterior (primary) and posterior (secondary) palates
incisive foramen
What are anterior and posterior clefts named in relation to
incisive foramen
What are the different types of clefts
anterior cleft posterior cleft cleft lip median cleft median cleft of lower lip facial cleft microstomia
What failed to fuse in a median cleft
median nasal prominences
What failed to fuse in an oblique fascial cleft
lateral nasal prominence and maxillary prominence
What is macrostomia
wide mouth
What causes macrostomia
maxillary and mandibular prominences did not fuse properly
What causes posterior cleft
left and right palatal shelves did not fuse properly
What does the prechordal cartilage fuse with
olfactory capsule
What does the prechordal cartilage contribute to
ethmoid bone
Where does the parachordal cartilage form
cranial end of notocord and fuses with cartilage from occipital somites
Wht does parachordal cartilage form
occipital bone
Where is the hypophysial cartilage found
around developing pituitary gland
what does hypophysial cartilage form
body of sphenoid
What are the capsules around the special sensory structures of the head
olfactory
otic
optic
What does the olfactory capsule do
fuses with prechordal and form ethmoid, nasal, lacrimal and inferior concha
What does the otic capsule do
forms around the primordium of the middle and internal ear and gives rise to the petrous and mastoid parts of the temporal bone
What does the optic capsule do
surrounds the eye and gives rise to the greater and lesser wings of the sphenoid
What is the membranous neurocranium derived from
neural crest cells
paraxial mesoderm
What does the membranous viscerocranium arise from
first arch and NCC
What bones does the membranous viscerocranium contribute to
squamous temporal
maxillary
zygomatic bones
most of mandible
What will the pharyngeal arches contribute to the cartilaginous viscerocranium
malleus and incus stapes, lesser horn and superior part of hyoid greater horns and inferior hyoid epiglottis laryngeal cartilages
When does the face begin to develop
week 4
When will nasal placodes begin forming
week 4
WHen will the medial nasal prominences fuse
7-10 weeks
When will the maxillary prominences begin to fuse wiht the lateral nasal prominence
week 6
What will the intermaxillary segment give rise to
philtrum
premaxillary part of maxilla
primary palate
What are the 5 ectodermal placodes that form on each side of the head
hypophyseal olfactory ventrolateral dorsolateral intermediate
What does the olfactory placode give rise to
epithelium of nasal cavity
What does the ventrolateral placode give rise to
ganglia of CN VII, IX, and X
What does the dorsolateral placode give rise to
otic placodes
What does the intermediate placode give rise to
profundal and trigeminal placodes–trigeminal ganglia
What does the hypophyseal placode give rise to
Rathke’s pouch
What are cranial senosry ganglia derived from
neural crest and ectodermal placodes
When will the primary palate form
weeks 5-12
When will the secondary palate begin to develop
week 6
What is oxycephaly
premature closure of the coronal suture
What shape of the skull in oxycephaly
high tower like crnaium
What is choanal atresia
Incomplete canalizaiton of the nasal passage during development
What are the signs of coanal atresia
CHARGE Coloboma of iris, choroid Heart defect Atresia of Choanae Retarded growth GU anomaly Ear defect
What is microstomia
small mouth
What causes microstomia
excessive merging of maxillary and mandibular prominences
What does a cleft lip involve
only the lip; can be bilateral, occurs in various degrees, more common in males
What is an anterior cleft
cleft lip that may involve the alveolar part of the maxilla, anterior to the incisive foramen
What is deficit in an anterior cleft
maxillary prominence and intermaxillary segment
What is posterior cleft
secondary palate and extends through the soft and hard palate
What is the mild case of posterior cleft involve
only the uvula
What causes posterior cleft
defective development of secondary palate
What is median cleft
failure of medial nasal prominences to merge and form intermaxillary segment
What is median cleft a characteristic of
Mohr syndrome
What doesnt form properly in a median cleft of lower lip
failure of mandibular prominence to fuse
What is an oblique facial cleft
cleft from upper lip to medial margin of orbit
