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LECOM MS1 Embryology > Embryology Introduction (Exam 1) > Flashcards

Embryology Introduction (Exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three main developmental stages of an embryo

A

early development
embryonic
fetal

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2
Q

When does the early developmental stage occur

A

day 0-2 weeks

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3
Q

When does the embryonic period occr

A

3-8 weeks

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4
Q

When does the fetal period occur

A

9 weeks- birth (38 weeks)

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5
Q

What stage of development is an embryo at highest risk of malformation

A

embryonic

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6
Q

What typically occurs to malformations that occur during the early developmental period

A

results in spontaneous abortion

prevents implantation and will not be viable

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7
Q

What events will occur during early development

A
  • fertilization
  • implantation
  • proliferation
  • formation of trilaminar embryo
  • formation of placenta
  • determination of body axes
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8
Q

What is the trilaminar embryo

A

When the embryo has formed its 3 primary layers from which all cells will divide from

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9
Q

What stage of development is this seen in

A

early stage of development

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10
Q

During which stage of development will all organs and body parts form

A

embryonic stage

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11
Q

What makes the embryonic stage at increased risk for injury

A

due to a lot of organ formation and cell division there is increased risk for injury

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12
Q

How will an embryo enter the embryonic period

A

as a trilaminar embryo

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13
Q

What occurs during the fetal period of development

A
  • finalization and maturation of organ development

- increase in length and weight

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14
Q

How does weight development in a fetus

A

not uniform, greatest prior to birth

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15
Q

How does length development in a fetus occur

A

uniformly

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16
Q

What organs are susceptible to injury during the fetal period

A 
brain
ears
teeth
palate
external genitalia
eyes
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17
Q

What is NOT included in external genitalia

A

gonads, these develop inside then come down closer to birth

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18
Q

What is a congenital anomaly

A

abnormalities that are present at birth

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19
Q

What determines what undifferentiated cells will become

A

cell signaling

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20
Q

What is induction

A

two tissues communicating with each other, one will induce the other to perform an action

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21
Q

How does induction occur between notocord and ectoderm

A

notochord causes the ectoderm to thicken and form the neural plate, where the neural tube will ultimately form from

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22
Q

What differentiates the different levels of the spinal chord

A

gene expression

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23
Q

What are the stages of the cell cycle

A 
G1
S
G2
M
G0
GTD
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24
Q

What occurs during G1 phase

A

gap phase

DNA damage checkpoint prior to S phase

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25
Q

What occurs during S Phase

A

Dna Synthesis

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26
Q

What occurs during G2 phase

A

Gap phase 2, DNA checkpoint, unreplicated

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27
Q

What is the M phase

A

Mitosis

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28
Q

What is G0 phase

A

cells that are not actively dividing

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29
Q

What is produced by mitosis and what will the products contain

A

2 daughter cells that have diploid genomes with identical DNA as the parent cell

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30
Q

What is the DNA content of a diploid cell

A

46 chromosomes

-22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes

31
Q

What are the different terms of ploidy

A

Haploid

Diploid

32
Q

What is Haploid

A

cell has just one copy of maternal or paternal strands of DNA
- just one strand of each chromosome

33
Q

What is Diploid

A

cell has both maternal and paternal strands

-2 chromosomes

34
Q

What is produced from meiosis

A

4 haploid cells that are genetically unique

35
Q

What are the steps of meiosis

A 
Prophase I
Metaphase I
Telophase I
Anaphase I
Metaphase II
Telophase II
Anaphase II
36
Q

What occurs during Prophase I

A

the doubled DNA condenses into chromosomes, and crossing over occurs

37
Q

What is the process of crossing over called

A

pachytene

38
Q

What occurs during Metaphase I

A

chromosomes align at random in the center, mitotic spindle forms

39
Q

What occurs during Anaphase 1

A

The chromosomes are pulled apart to opposite poles

40
Q

What occurs during Telophase I produce

A

2 daughter cells that are haploid with unique genomes

41
Q

What occurs during Metaphase II

A

the chromosomes again line up inside the cells

42
Q

What occurs during Anaphase II

A

the chromosomes are pulled apart

43
Q

What is the results of Telophase II

A

4 haploid daughter cells with unique genomes

44
Q

What does meiosis result in males

A

4 spermatids

45
Q

What does meiosis result in females

A

one ovum and three polar bodies

46
Q

Why do polar bodies occur

A

during division, the ovum gets majority of the cytoplasm

47
Q

What are the 4 clinically significant types of congenital anomalis:

A

malformations
dysplasia
deformation
disruptions

48
Q

What are malformations

A

occur during organogenesis; results in abnormal structure

49
Q

There can be “deleterious” malformations called what

A

anatomical variations

50
Q

What are disruptions

A

result from external influences that cause alterations of completely formed structures or organs

51
Q

What are deformations

A

abnormal structure resulting from mechanical forces

52
Q

What is dysplasia

A

abnormal organization of cells into tissue

53
Q

What is an example of anatomical variation

A

three headed biceps

54
Q

What is an example of disruptions

A

strangulation by an amniotic band

55
Q

What is an example of deformation

A

club feet

56
Q

What is an example of dysplasia

A

sacrococcygeal teratoma

57
Q

What are the three main causes of congenital anomalies

A

Genetics
Environmental factors
Unknown/Multifactorial

58
Q

How much does genetics contribute to congenital anomalies

A

30%

59
Q

How much does environmental factors contribute to congenital anomalies

A

15%

60
Q

How much does unknown/multifactorial factors contribute to congenital anomalies

A

55%

61
Q

In North America, how many infant deaths are attributed to congenital malformations

A

20%

62
Q

What is agenesis

A

absence of an organ

63
Q

What is aplasia

A

cells to form an organ never formed

64
Q

What is association

A

anomalies occurring together without a determined cause

65
Q

What is atresia

A

absence of an opening or lumen

66
Q

What is hyperplasia

A

overgrowth of an organ

67
Q

What is hypoplasia

A

underdevelopment of an organ

68
Q

What is syndrome

A

a group of anomalies, occurring together with a common cause

69
Q

What is teratogen

A

substance affecting migration, proliferation, or interaction of cells; results in congenital anomalies

70
Q

What cells is meiosis limited to

A

gamete forming cells

71
Q

What are the two significant stages of meiosis I

A

Pachytene

Metaphase

72
Q

What occurs during Pachytene

A

crossing over event that results in unique genetic combinations

73
Q

What occurs during Metaphase I

A

maternal and paternal chromosomes align randomly

LECOM MS1 Embryology (19 decks)

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