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LECOM MS1 Embryology > Development of the Reproductive System (Exam 2) > Flashcards

Development of the Reproductive System (Exam 2) Flashcards

1
Q

When does the development of the reproductive system begin

A

5th week of gestation

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2
Q

What are the 4 stages of development of the reproductive system

A

Development of sexually indifferent gonads
Development of ovary/testis
Development of gonadal ducts
Development of the external genitalia

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3
Q

What does the intermediate mesoderm give rise to

A

Urogenital system

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4
Q

What is the urogenital ridge derived from

A

intermediate mesoderm

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5
Q

Where is the urogenital ridge found

A

cranial to caudal regions of the embryo lateral to somites

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6
Q

What are the two components of the urogenital ridge

A

Nephrogenic cord

Gonadal ridge

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7
Q

What does the nephrogenic cord give rise to

A

urinary system

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8
Q

What does the gonadal ridge give rise to

A

genital system

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9
Q

In relation to the nephrogenic cord, where is the gonadal ridge

A

ventral and inferior

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10
Q

Where is the gonadal ridge found

A

posterior body wall

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11
Q

When and where does the sexually indifferent gonad begin to develop

A

along the dorsal body wall during week 5

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12
Q

What are the outcomes of the sexually indifferent gonad

A

formation of gonadal ridge
migration of primordial germ cells to the ridge
primitive sex cord formation from primordial germ cells

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13
Q

What are the 3 sources from which gonads are derived from

A

mesenchyme
coelemic epithelium
germ cells

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14
Q

What do primordial germ cells contribute to the genital system

A

spermatogonia and oocytes

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15
Q

How do primordial germ cells migrate to the gonadal ridge

A

dorsal mesentery

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16
Q

When will primordial germ cells invade the gonadal ridge

A

during the 6th week

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17
Q

How are the primitive sex cords formed

A

proliferation of epithelial cells into the underlying mesenchyme

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18
Q

What will the cortex and medulla of the gonadal ridge differentiate into in males and females

A

females: cortex is the ovary
males: medulla is the testes

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19
Q

When and where will the sexually different gonad begin to form

A

along the dorsal body wall beginning week 7

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20
Q

What are the outcomes of the gonad

A

testis and ovary

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21
Q

What induces male gonadal development

A

Testis dermining factor

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22
Q

What gene is responsible for the production of TDF

A

SRY gene

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23
Q

What does SRY gene stand for

A

sex determining region of Y chromosome

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24
Q

How will TDF affect gonadal cords

A

TDF causes gonadal cords to condense and extend into the medulla of the gonad to form seminiferous cords

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25
Q

When will gonadal cords lose connection to the epithelium

A

when the tunica albuginea forms

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26
Q

What will the seminiferous cords develop into

A

seminiferous tubules
rete tesis
tubuli recti

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27
Q

How will TDF affect surface epithelium

A

causes it to thick and form tunica albuginea and primitive sex cords to form rete testes

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28
Q

How are rete testes formed

A

seminiferous cord under the influence of TDF condenses and branches into rete testes

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29
Q

How are Leydig cells formed

A

seminiferous tubules are separated by mesenchyme that give rise to interstitial cells

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30
Q

When will Leydig cells start secreting hormone

A

10th week

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31
Q

What are sertoli cells derived from

A

epithelium

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32
Q

What do Sertoli cells secrete

A

Mullerian inhibiting factor

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33
Q

What are sertoli cells

A

supporting cells

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34
Q

What gives rise to Leydig cells

A

Mesenchymal cells

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35
Q

What do Leydig cells secrete

A

Testosterone

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36
Q

When do Leydig cells start secreting Testosterone

A

week 8

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37
Q

What induces female gonad development

A

No TDF

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38
Q

What hormones are required for primary female sexual differentiation

A

none

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39
Q

When will the ovary be visible

A

around week 10

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40
Q

What gives rise to cortical cords

A

proliferation of epithelium

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41
Q

Where do cortical cords extend in the female

A

epithelium of the developing ovary into the mesenchyme

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42
Q

As cortical cords grow in size, what occurs

A

primordial germ cells are incorporated

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43
Q

When and how are primordial follicles formed

A

cortical cords break into clusters around primordial germ cells at week 16

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44
Q

What do primordial follicles consist of

A

oogonium

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45
Q

What surrounds priordial follicles

A

follicular cells

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46
Q

How does the surface of the ovary change after birth

A

flattens to a single layer that is continuous with mesothelium of peritoneum and epithelium is separated from the follicle by the tunica albuginea

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47
Q

What will result from the cortical cord breaking up in females

A

primordial follicles

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48
Q

How will testes descend

A

guided by gubernaculum and descend due to differential growth

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49
Q

What genital ducts will persist in males

A

mesonephric duct

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50
Q

What genital duct will persist in females

A

paramesonephric duct

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51
Q

How will testosterone affect ducts in males

A

allow mesonephric duct to continue

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52
Q

What stimulates testosterone production in males

A

human chorionic gonadotropin

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53
Q

What causes paramesonephric ducts to arrest in males

A

MIF from sertoli cells

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54
Q

Where are the paramesonephric ducts found

A

behind genital region, anterior and lateral to mesonephric duct

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55
Q

What will mesonephric ducts form in males

A

epididymis
ductus deferens
ejaculatory duct

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56
Q

Where do rete testis drain

A

efferent ductules into mesonephric duct

57
Q

What are remnants of the paramesonephric duct in males

A

appendix of testis

prostatic utricle

58
Q

What are the derivatives of the UG sinus in males

A

prostate and bulbourethral glands

59
Q

What is the gonad of the male genital system

A

testis

60
Q

What is the primordial germ cell of the male genital system

A

spermatogonia

61
Q

What is the primary sex cord of the male genital system

A

seminiferous cords

62
Q

What is the seminiferous cord give rise to in the male genital system

A

seminiferous tubules
rete testis
tubuli rect

63
Q

What does the mesonephric tubules give rise to in the male genital system

A

efferent ductules

64
Q

What does the mesonephric ducts give rise to in the male genital system

A

epididymis
vas deferens
ejaculatory duct
seminal vesicles

65
Q

What duct will regresss in females

A

mesonephric duct

66
Q

Why does the mesonephric duct regress in females

A

no testosterone

67
Q

What duct will persist in females

A

paramesonephric duct

68
Q

Why does the paramesonephric duct persist in females

A

no MIF

69
Q

What occurs to the paramesonephric duct in the absence of MIF

A

enlarge and fuse on caudal end

70
Q

How is the broad ligament of the uterus formed

A

paramesonephric duct grows anterior and medial and pulls with it a fold of peritoneum

71
Q

What pouches are formed from the broad ligament

A

rectovesical posteriorly and uterovesical anteriorly

72
Q

How are the uterine tubes, formed

A

uterine tubes develop from unfused parts of the cranial paramesonephric ducts

73
Q

How are the uterus and vagina superiorly formed

A

caudal fused portions form the uterovaginal primordium which gives rise to uterus and superior vagina

74
Q

How will urethral and paraurethral glands develop in females

A

buds from the surrounding urethra into the mesenchyme

75
Q

What do greater vestibular glands in females develop from

A

outgrowths of UG sinus

76
Q

How is the lumen of the vagina formed

A

fusion of UG sinus and UV primordium induces growth of sinovaginal bulbs to form a plate that breaks down later

77
Q

What does the hymen separate

A

vagina from the UG sinus

78
Q

What is a Gardner’s cyst

A

cyst in the remnant of the mesonephric duct

79
Q

What are the remnants of the mesonephric duct

A

Gartners cyst

parapoophoron and epoophorons

80
Q

What structures form the vagina

A

paramesonephric duct

UG sinus

81
Q

What is the gonad of the female genital system

A

ovaries

82
Q

What are the primitive sex cords of teh female genital system

A

degenerate

83
Q

What are the primordial germ cells of the female genital system

A

oocyte

84
Q

What are the mesonephric ducts of teh female genital system

A

degenerate

85
Q

What are the paramesonephric ducts of the female genital system

A

uterine tubes
uterus
superior vagina

86
Q

What are the cortical cords of the female genital system

A

primordial follicles and follicular cells

87
Q

What is the UG sinus of the female genital system

A

inferior vagina, greater vestibular glands

88
Q

What causes double/bicornate uterus

A

paramesonephric ducts never fused properly

89
Q

What are possible uterine defects from failure of paramesonephric ducts to fuse

A

double uterus
bicornate uterus
uterus arcuatus

90
Q

What causes double uterus

A

failure of fusion of the inferior parts of the paramesonephric ducts

91
Q

What causes bicornate uterus

A

duplication only involves superior part of uterus

92
Q

What causes uterus arcuatus

A

develops when one paramesonephric duct does not develop

93
Q

When do distinguishing sexual characteristics begin to appear

A

week 9

94
Q

When are sex characteristics fully differentiated

A

week 12

95
Q

When do the external genitalia develop

A

weeks 9-12

96
Q

What are the key outcomes of external genitalia formatiion

A

penis/scrotum

clitoris/labia majora

97
Q

What will the cloacal folds become once the cloaca is partitioned

A

urethral folds

98
Q

When will the genital tubercle form

A

4th week

99
Q

How does the genital tubercle form

A

from mesenchyme

100
Q

What is the primordial phallus

A

elongation of the genital tubercle

101
Q

What does the fusion of the urorectal septum with the cloacal membrane form

A

dorsal anal membrane and ventral urogenital membrane

102
Q

What hormone is necessary for male genitalia development

A

testosterone

103
Q

How is the penis formed

A

primordial phallus enlarges and elongates to form penis

104
Q

How is the spongy urethra formed

A

urethral folds fuse and is covered in ectoderm

105
Q

How is the glans of the penis formed

A

ectodermal ingrowth

106
Q

What do the corpus cavernosa and corpus spongiosum develop from

A

mesenchyme in the phallus

107
Q

How is the scrotum formed

A

labioscrotal swellings fuse to form scrotum

108
Q

What is hypospadias

A

fusion of the urethral folds are incomplete

109
Q

What are the 4 types of hypospadias

A

glanular
penile
penoscrotal
perineal

110
Q

How is the external urethral opening formed

A

epithelial cord lined with endoderm that then recanalizes

111
Q

How is the clitoris formed

A

primordial phallus decreases in size

112
Q

How is the frenulum formed

A

urogenital folds fuse posteriorly to form frenulum

113
Q

How is the labia minor formed

A

unfused portion of urogenital folds

114
Q

What will be formed by the anterior and posterior fusing of the labioscrotal folds

A

posterior and anterior labial commissure

115
Q

What will be formed from posterior fusion of the urethral folds

A

frenulum of labia minora

116
Q

What forms the labia majora

A

unfused portions of the labioscrotal swellings

117
Q

How is the mons pubis formed

A

labioscrotal swellings fusing anteriorly

118
Q

What is Turner’s Syndrome

A

chromosomal anomaly (46 X0)

119
Q

What occurs to the genitalia in Turner’s syndrome

A

germ cells degenerate after reaching gonadal ridge; ovaries do not form, but rather “ovarian” streaks; external genitalia are female

120
Q

What are hermaphrodites

A

intersex, discrepancy between the morphology of the gonads and the appearance of the external genitalia

121
Q

What are the 3 types of hermaphrodites

A

True
Male
Female

122
Q

What is True hermaphrodite

A

both testicular and ovarian tissue. External genitalia are ambiguous

123
Q

What is the chromosome make up for most true hermaphrodites

A

70% 46, XX

124
Q

What is male hermaphrodite

A

internal and external morphology varies on the development of the paramesonephric ducts.

125
Q

What are the defects of a male hermaphrodite caused by

A

inadequate production of testosterone and MIF

126
Q

What is the genetic make up of male hermaphrodite

A

46, XY

127
Q

What is a female hermaphrodite

A

exposure of a female fetus to excessive levels of androgens

128
Q

What is the most common outcome of a female hermaphrodite

A

masculinization of the external genitalia

129
Q

What is the most common cause of female hermaphrodit

A

congenital adrenal hyperplasia

130
Q

What is the genetic make up of a female hermaphrodite

A

46, XX

131
Q

What is the genetic make up of Klinefelter syndrome

A

47, XXY

132
Q

What is Klinefelter syndrome

A

males have small testes, tall stature, long lower limbs, gynecomastia, intelligence effected

133
Q

What is Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome

A

46, XY appear as normal females

134
Q

What are the results of androgen insensitivity syndrome

A

vagina ends in a blind pouch
uterine tubes absent or rudimentary
testes in abdomen

135
Q

What causes androgen insensitivity syndrome

A

resistance to the action of testosterone due to a defect in the androgen receptor

136
Q

What is a hydrocele

A

processus vaginalis doesn’t close and fluid accumulates

137
Q

What is cryptochidism

A

undescended testes

138
Q

What is congeintal (indirect) inguinal hernia

A

intestinal loops protrude through a persistent processus vaginalis

139
Q

What is epispadias

A

external urethral opening is on the dorsal aspect of the penis

LECOM MS1 Embryology (19 decks)

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