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LECOM MS1 Embryology > Placenta (Exam 2) > Flashcards

Placenta (Exam 2) Flashcards

1
Q

What does the fetal part of the placenta separate

A

fetus from endometrium

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2
Q

What are the fetal membranes

A

amnion
chorion
yolk sac
allantois

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3
Q

What are the functions of the placenta

A 
nutrition
protection
excretion
hormone production
respiration
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4
Q

What is the function of the fetal suprarenal gland

A

produces hormonal precursors

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5
Q

What part of the fetus is the fetal suprarenal gland involved in

A

fetal-placenta circulation

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6
Q

How are the hormone precursors from the fetal suprarenal gland distrubuted

A

back and forth between the adrenal and placenta

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7
Q

What are the two parts of the placenta

A

fetal

maternal

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8
Q

Where does the fetal portion of the placenta arise from

A

chorion

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9
Q

Where does the maternal portion of the placenta arise from

A

endometrium

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10
Q

What is the decidua

A

maternal part of the placenta

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11
Q

What occurs to the decidua after birth

A

falls away from the rest of the uterus

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12
Q

What are the 3 parts of the decidua

A

decidua basalis
decidua parietalis
decidua capsularis

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13
Q

What is the decidua basalis

A

deep to the fetus (base of impantation

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14
Q

What is the decidua capsularis

A

overlying the fetus (covers the implantation site)

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15
Q

What is the decidua parietalis

A

everything else

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16
Q

What is the decidua reaction

A

the CT (decidua cells) enlarge in response to increased progesterone preventing the syncytiotrophoblast from extending too far into endometrium

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17
Q

What are the components of the fetal part of the placenta

A

primary chorionic villi
secondary villi
tertiary villi

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18
Q

How are primary chorionic villi formed

A

cytotrophoblast cells extend into syncytiotrophoblast

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19
Q

What does trophoblast layer give rise to

A

cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast

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20
Q

What does extraembryonic endoderm layer give rise to

A

somatic and splanchnic mesoderm

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21
Q

What is placental abruption

A

When the placenta detaches from the wall prematurely

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22
Q

What are the functions of the yolk sac

A

transfer nutrients
blood development
primordial gut
germ cells

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23
Q

What layers form the chorion

A

somatic extraembryonic mesoderm and trophoblast

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24
Q

What are the functions of the allantois

A

blood formation
vessels persist
bladder development

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25
Q

How are secondary villi formed

A

when mesenchyme invades primary chorionic villi

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26
Q

How are tertiary villi formed

A

when mesenchyme give rise to blood vessels and blood cells

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27
Q

What do terteiary villi vessels fuse to form

A

capillary beds that connect to embryonic heart

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28
Q

When will blood start flowing through the embryonic capillaries

A

week 3

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29
Q

What is twin transfusion syndrome

A

identical twins share a placenta but get uneven blood dispersion so one is smaller

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30
Q

How is a cytotrophoblastic shell formed

A

cytotrophoblast extends through the syncytiotrophoblast and proliferates forming a cytotrophoblastic shell

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31
Q

What are vestigial twins

A

conjoined twins

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32
Q

How will villi of the decidua capsularis change as the sac grows

A

will degenerate to produce a smooth region on the chorion

33
Q

What is fetus in fetu

A

when a fetus (conjoined twin) grows compeltely inside the viable fetus

34
Q

How is the villus chorion formed

A

villi on the decidua rapidly increase in number and branch to form the villus chorion

35
Q

What is the villous chorion

A

fetal placenta

36
Q

Is the decidua basalis related to fetus or maternal

A

maternal

37
Q

By the 4th month what occurs

A

almost all of the placenta is replaced by fetal

38
Q

How is the chorionic sac anchored

A

chorionic villi attach to decidua basalis via the cytotrophoblast

39
Q

What are placental septa

A

projections of decidua basalis towards the chorionic plate

40
Q

What is the chorionic plate

A

amniochorionic membrane and fetal vessels

41
Q

What is the function of the placental septa

A

divide the fetal placenta into cotyledons

42
Q

What are cotyledons

A

stem villi and its branches that are attached to decidua basalis

43
Q

What is the intervillous space filled with

A

maternal blood

44
Q

What is an intervillous space

A

lacunar networks that formed in the syncytiotrophoblast

45
Q

What occurs in the intervillous space

A

maternal blood is discharged into the intervillous space and chorionic villi are bathed in maternal blood

46
Q

What drains the intervillous space

A

endometrial veins

47
Q

What is the amniochorionic membrane

A

amniotic sac enlarges faster than chorionic sac and they eventually fuse

48
Q

What does the fusion of the amniochorionic and decidua capsularis and decidua parietalis do

A

obliterate the uterine lumen

49
Q

How does exchange between fetal and maternal blood occur

A

normally no contact unless breakdown in placental membrane

50
Q

What is the fetal circulation

A

umbillical arteries
chorionic arteries
capillary bed
umbilical vein

51
Q

How does the blood in the intervillous space relate to the mother’s circulatory system

A

outside the circulatory system of her

52
Q

What does the placental membrane contain in layers up until 20 weeks of development

A

syncytiotrophoblast
cytotrophoblast
CT: Wharton’s jelly
endothelium of vessels

53
Q

How will the placental membrane change after 20 weeks of development

A

layers condense even further as thin as syncytiotrophoblast and endothelium

54
Q

What is exchanged in placental transger

A 
nutrients
gases
steroid hormones
electrolytes
maternal antibodies
fetal waste products
55
Q

What are the beneficial things that cross the placental membrane

A 
fetal waste products
water, glucose, amino acids, vitamins
RBC
serum proteins, AFP
nutrients
oxygen, electrolytes
maternal antibodies (igG and igA)
56
Q

What are the things that cross the placental membrane and are harmful to the fetus

A 
CO
drugs
Taxoplasmosis Gandii
other viruses (Parvovirus, Listeria, Varicella Zoster, HIV)
Rubella
Cytomegalovirus
Herpes Simplex Virus 2
Syphillis
57
Q

What may result from a long umbilical cord

A

prolapse or coil around fetus

58
Q

How long is the umbilical cord

A

22 inches

59
Q

What percentage of pregnancies have knots in the umbilical cord

A

1%

60
Q

What is the umbilical cord composed of

A

2 umbilical arteries

1 umbilical vein

61
Q

What is the use of umbilical vessel catheterization

A

administer of fluids or for arterial blood gas/pressure monitoring; can be cannulated up to 6 days after birth

62
Q

Where is amniotic fluid derived from

A

fetus and maternal tissue

63
Q

How does maternal tissue contribute to amniotic fluid

A

diffusion of fluid from the intervillous space

64
Q

How does the fetus contribute towards amniotic fluid

A

urine

65
Q

What are the functions of amniotic fluid

A 
prevent amnion from adhering to fetus
protection
development of lungs
movement
body temperature regulation
homeostasis fo fluid and electrolytes
66
Q

What can be determined by the size of the chorionic sac

A

gestational age

67
Q

What are other ways to move across the placenta

A

breaks in the membrane
lesions and then crawl
crawl across

68
Q

What is placenta accreta

A

placental villi attach to myometrium

69
Q

What is placenta percreta

A

placenta perforates through myometrium and fails to separate from the uterine wall

70
Q

What is erythroblastosis

A

occurs when there is Rh incompatibility between mother and fetus–mom has to be exposed to fetal blood and mo m makes antibodies against the fetal antigen

antibodies can cross the placenta in future pregnancy and attack fetal RBC causing anemia and edema

71
Q

What is polyhydraminos

A

too much amniotic fluid

72
Q

What is oligohydraminos

A

too little amniotic fluid

73
Q

What are the two different types of twins

A

dizygotic (fraternal)

monozygotic (identical)

74
Q

How are dizygotic twins formed

A

two eggs and two sperm

75
Q

What causes increased ovulation

A

increased FSH levels

76
Q

How are monozygotic twins formed

A

one egg and one sperm split

77
Q

What are commonly shared spaces and things for monozygotic twins

A

1 chorion

1 placenta

78
Q

What do each monozygotic twin have separate

A

amniotic cavities

LECOM MS1 Embryology (19 decks)

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