The Fetus and Placenta Flashcards
Period from 9th week of gestation to birth
Fetal Period
Length of Pregnancy is?
280 days or 40 weeks after the onset of last menstrual period
T or F
During the 3rd month the Face becomes more human looking
TRUE
Primary ossification centers are present in the
long bones and skull by the ___ mont
Primary ossification centers are present in the
long bones and skull by the 12th week
T or F
During the 4th month the external genitalia develops, but not yet the final or distinguishable
TRUE
T or F
during the 3rd month, Reflex activity cannot be evoked
FALSE
Reflex activity can be evoked
Fetus is covered with fine hair called “_____”, it
will shed off later
Fetus is covered with fine hair called “Lanugo”, it
will shed off later
T or F
During the 4th-5th month, Eyebrows and head hair are visible, and Movement of fetus can be felt by the father
FALSE
Eyebrows and head hair are visible, and Movement of fetus can be felt by the mother
During what month does the fetus’ Weight increases considerably?
6th month
What month?
Mother can develop long term back pain - not relieved even after delivery
➢ Skin of fetus is reddish and has wrinkled appearance
6th month
During the 6th month, Several organ systems are able to function, except ____ system and CNS
Several organ systems are able to function,
except respiratory system and CNS
T or F
Premature babies at 6th month have a high chance of survival because there is still breathing and CNS, since CNS is responsible for breathing
FALSE
Premature babies at 6th month have a low
chance of survival because there is still no
breathing and CNS, since CNS is responsible for
breathing
What happens during 7th and 8th month?
7th and 8th month, no rapid changes occurs
T or F
At the end of 8th month
➢ Skull of the fetus has the largest circumference
FALSE
At the end of 9th month
➢ Skull of the fetus has the largest circumference
Sexual characteristics are pronounced, and testes should be in the scrotum during what month?
9th month
Normal birth time is at __ to __weeks
Normal birth time is at 37 to 41 weeks
If the length of the pregnancy is less than 37 weeks it is considered as?
Premature
If the length of the pregnancy is more than 41 weeks it is considered as?
Postmature
T or F
The patient can poop and can be eaten by the baby - poop is considered as a poison for the baby that will cause a birth defect
TRUE
by what month does a placenta have the fetal and maternal portion?
By the beginning of 4th month, it has components
Define
Fetal portion -
Maternal Portion -
Fetal portion - Chorion Frondosum, true placenta
Maternal Portion - Decidua Basalis, embedded on uterus
T or F
Placenta also enlarges at the third month of pregnancy
TRUE
Function of Placenta
Exchange of metabolic and gaseous products
Production of hormones
Production of hormones in the placenta:
➢ Amino acids - main protein
➢ Free fatty acids
➢ Carbohydrates
➢ Vitamins
➢ The exchange of nutrients progresses as the pregnancy advances
At term, fetus extract about ___mL of O2/min, which means even a short interruption of O2 supply can be fatal to the patient
At term, fetus extract about 20-30mL of O2/min,
which means even a short interruption of O2
supply can be fatal to the patient
diameter and weight of a placenta is ?
15cm to 25cm is the diameter of the placenta, and it weighs around 500g to 600g
T or F
directly after birth, placenta is expelled from the uterus
FALSE
30 minutes after birth, placenta is expelled from the uterus
Immunological competence begins to develop late in what trimester?
Immunological competence begins to develop late in the first trimester
immunity from the mother due to its immunological competence
Passive Immunity
T or F
Immunoglobulins consist almost entirely of maternal IgG at 14 weeks of gestation
➢ IgG has the capability to pass through the placenta
TRUE
T or F
Newborns does not begin to produce their own IgG but adult levels are attained by 3y/o
FALSE
Newborns begin to produce their own IgG but adult
levels are attained by 3y/o
Progesterone, propregnancy hormone produced at the ___ month to maintain pregnancy
Progesterone, propregnancy hormone produced at
the 4th month to maintain pregnancy
What hormone predominantly estriol, stimulates uterine growth and mammary glands?
Estrogen
What maintains corpus luteum, secreted by mother through urine?
Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (hCG)
What hormone gives the fetus priority on maternal blood glucose and promotes breast development for milk production. It makes the mother anti-diabetogenic?
Somatomammotropin
Prevents adherence of the embryo to the amnion
Amniotic Fluid
Fluid that allows for fetal movement
Amniotic Fluid
Replaced every 3 hours
Amniotic Fluid
T or F
Fetus swallows its own amniotic fluid - not poisonous
TRUE
These are characteristics of?
o Same gender, doesn’t look the same
o Different gender, looks the same
Dizygotic Twins or Fraternal Twins
These are characteristics of?
Result from simultaneous shedding of 2 oocytes
and fertilization by different spermatozoa
o It is hereditary
Dizygotic Twins or Fraternal Twins
Same gender, same appearance
Monozygotic Twins or Identical Twins
Result from splitting of zygote at various stages
of development
Monozygotic Twins or Identical Twins
T or F
Identical twins It only happen by chance, not hereditary
TRUE
strong uterine contraction
Labor
T or F
Between 24-48 weeks, the preparation to expect labor
FALSE
Between 34-38 weeks, the preparation to expect labor
3 stages of labor
Effacement
Delivery of the fetus
Delivery of the placenta
Delivery of the placenta is aided by?
Aided by the intra abdominal pressure
What stage of labor does these occur?
➢ Contraction strengthens due to intra- abdominal pressure
➢ Contractions is less than 1 minute apart - continuous contraction, per contraction lasts for 30-90 seconds
➢ PTs increases the stamina of mothers for this stage
Delivery of the fetus
What stage of labor does these occur?
➢ Thinning, shortening and dilation of cervix, ends when its fully dilated
➢ Produced by uterine contraction
➢ The amniotic sac is pushed against the canal
➢ Contraction is 10 minutes apart
Effacement
Noninvasive technique that used high-frequency
sound waves reflected from tissue to create
images
Ultrasonography
o Alpha-fetoprotein - AFP is produced by fetal liver
and peaks at 14th week and leaks into maternal
circulation via placenta
o Thus, AFP concentration increases during 2nd
trimester and the steady decline after 30 weeks
of gestation
Maternal Serum Screening
A needle is inserted transabdominal into the
amniotic cavity and approximately 20-30mL of
amniotic fluid is withdrawn
Amniocentesis
T or F
Amniocentesis can be done at 7th week
FALSE
Cannot be done before 14 weeks due to its little
amount
T or F
Amniocentesis is not invasive to the fetus
FALSE
This is invasive to the fetus
- blood transfusion to fetus in cases of fetal anemia
Fetal Transfusion
uses hematopoietic stem cells for treatment of immunodeficiency and hematologic disorders
Stem Cell Transplantation
for inherited metabolic diseases, but are still under investigation
Gene Therapy
Rickets are a birth defect in what body system?
Skeletal System
Achondroplasia Dwarfism is a birth defect of what body system?
Musculoskeletal
➢ Lack of Vitamin D, calcium of phosphorus in infants
➢ Causes soft and weak bones
➢ Bowed legs and curvature of spine
➢ This is why newborns babies basks under sun
Rickets
A group of over 20 muscular diseases that have genetic causes which produce progressive weakness and wasting of muscular tissue
Muscular Dystrophy
➢ Long bones of appendicular failed to grow
➢ Normal trunk growth
Achondroplastic Dwarfism
Meromelia is ?
partial absence of limb
Amelia is ?
complete absence of limb
proximal part is shortened and the hand or foot is attached to torso by a shortened limb
Phocomelia
Define:
➢ Polydactyly -
➢ Ectrodactyly -
➢ Polydactyly - extra digit
➢ Ectrodactyly - missing digit
Define:
➢ Brachydactyly -
➢ Syndactyly -
➢ Brachydactyly - shortened digit
➢ Syndactyly - webbed digits
➢ Heart lies on the right
➢ Apex is towards the right side
Dextrocardia
Tetralogy of Fallot may include:
➢ Hypertrophy of the right ventricle
➢ Ventricular Septal Defect
➢ Pulmonic Stenosis
➢ Overriding of Aorta
Aorta narrowed at the distal part
Coarctation of Aorta
Well oxygenated blood is mixed with deoxygenate
blood
■ More likely to develop in premature infants
■ Patients gets tired easily due to the mixture
■ Ductus Arteriosus in fetus, Ligamentum Arteriosum in birth
Patent Ductus Arteriosus PDA
Excess CSF from blockage of a flow, failure
to reabsorb or increased production of CSF
Hydrocephalus
Increased head circumference
They receive ventricular shunt or empty
towards the heart and decrease the size of
the head
Hydrocephalus
➢ Both of which aided in discovering that environmental factors play an important role during early pregnancy
➢ Used before to decrease the morning sickness so many used it before
➢ Causes an absence of limb
Thalidomide
Environmental Factors that may cause birth defects
Rubella Virus
Thalidomide
Teratogens
SToRCH
➢ Viral agents
➢ Syphilis, Toxoplasmosis, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus (CMO), Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)
➢ CMV can come from the sponge in cleaning dishes
SToRCH
