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Human Growth and Development and Embryology > The Fetus and Placenta > Flashcards

The Fetus and Placenta Flashcards

1
Q

Period from 9th week of gestation to birth

A

Fetal Period

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1
Q

Length of Pregnancy is?

A

280 days or 40 weeks after the onset of last menstrual period

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2
Q

T or F
During the 3rd month the Face becomes more human looking

A

TRUE

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3
Q

Primary ossification centers are present in the
long bones and skull by the ___ mont

A

Primary ossification centers are present in the
long bones and skull by the 12th week

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4
Q

T or F
During the 4th month the external genitalia develops, but not yet the final or distinguishable

A

TRUE

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5
Q

T or F
during the 3rd month, Reflex activity cannot be evoked

A

FALSE
Reflex activity can be evoked

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6
Q

Fetus is covered with fine hair called “_____”, it
will shed off later

A

Fetus is covered with fine hair called “Lanugo”, it
will shed off later

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7
Q

T or F
During the 4th-5th month, Eyebrows and head hair are visible, and Movement of fetus can be felt by the father

A

FALSE
Eyebrows and head hair are visible, and Movement of fetus can be felt by the mother

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8
Q

During what month does the fetus’ Weight increases considerably?

A

6th month

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9
Q

What month?
Mother can develop long term back pain - not relieved even after delivery
➢ Skin of fetus is reddish and has wrinkled appearance

A

6th month

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10
Q

During the 6th month, Several organ systems are able to function, except ____ system and CNS

A

Several organ systems are able to function,
except respiratory system and CNS

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11
Q

T or F
Premature babies at 6th month have a high chance of survival because there is still breathing and CNS, since CNS is responsible for breathing

A

FALSE
Premature babies at 6th month have a low
chance of survival because there is still no
breathing and CNS, since CNS is responsible for
breathing

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12
Q

What happens during 7th and 8th month?

A

7th and 8th month, no rapid changes occurs

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13
Q

T or F
At the end of 8th month
➢ Skull of the fetus has the largest circumference

A

FALSE
At the end of 9th month
➢ Skull of the fetus has the largest circumference

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14
Q

Sexual characteristics are pronounced, and testes should be in the scrotum during what month?

A

9th month

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15
Q

Normal birth time is at __ to __weeks

A

Normal birth time is at 37 to 41 weeks

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16
Q

If the length of the pregnancy is less than 37 weeks it is considered as?

A

Premature

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16
Q

If the length of the pregnancy is more than 41 weeks it is considered as?

A

Postmature

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17
Q

T or F
The patient can poop and can be eaten by the baby - poop is considered as a poison for the baby that will cause a birth defect

A

TRUE

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18
Q

by what month does a placenta have the fetal and maternal portion?

A

By the beginning of 4th month, it has components

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19
Q

Define
Fetal portion -
Maternal Portion -

A

Fetal portion - Chorion Frondosum, true placenta
Maternal Portion - Decidua Basalis, embedded on uterus

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20
Q

T or F
Placenta also enlarges at the third month of pregnancy

A

TRUE

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21
Q

Function of Placenta

A

Exchange of metabolic and gaseous products
Production of hormones

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22
Q

Production of hormones in the placenta:

A

➢ Amino acids - main protein
➢ Free fatty acids
➢ Carbohydrates
➢ Vitamins
➢ The exchange of nutrients progresses as the pregnancy advances

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23
At term, fetus extract about ___mL of O2/min, which means even a short interruption of O2 supply can be fatal to the patient
At term, fetus extract about 20-30mL of O2/min, which means even a short interruption of O2 supply can be fatal to the patient
24
diameter and weight of a placenta is ?
15cm to 25cm is the diameter of the placenta, and it weighs around 500g to 600g
25
T or F directly after birth, placenta is expelled from the uterus
FALSE 30 minutes after birth, placenta is expelled from the uterus
26
Immunological competence begins to develop late in what trimester?
Immunological competence begins to develop late in the first trimester
27
immunity from the mother due to its immunological competence
Passive Immunity
28
T or F Immunoglobulins consist almost entirely of maternal IgG at 14 weeks of gestation ➢ IgG has the capability to pass through the placenta
TRUE
29
T or F Newborns does not begin to produce their own IgG but adult levels are attained by 3y/o
FALSE Newborns begin to produce their own IgG but adult levels are attained by 3y/o
30
Progesterone, propregnancy hormone produced at the ___ month to maintain pregnancy
Progesterone, propregnancy hormone produced at the 4th month to maintain pregnancy
31
What hormone predominantly estriol, stimulates uterine growth and mammary glands?
Estrogen
32
What maintains corpus luteum, secreted by mother through urine?
Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (hCG)
33
What hormone gives the fetus priority on maternal blood glucose and promotes breast development for milk production. It makes the mother anti-diabetogenic?
Somatomammotropin
34
Prevents adherence of the embryo to the amnion
Amniotic Fluid
35
Fluid that allows for fetal movement
Amniotic Fluid
36
Replaced every 3 hours
Amniotic Fluid
37
T or F Fetus swallows its own amniotic fluid - not poisonous
TRUE
38
These are characteristics of? o Same gender, doesn’t look the same o Different gender, looks the same
Dizygotic Twins or Fraternal Twins
39
These are characteristics of? Result from simultaneous shedding of 2 oocytes and fertilization by different spermatozoa o It is hereditary
Dizygotic Twins or Fraternal Twins
40
Same gender, same appearance
Monozygotic Twins or Identical Twins
41
Result from splitting of zygote at various stages of development
Monozygotic Twins or Identical Twins
42
T or F Identical twins It only happen by chance, not hereditary
TRUE
43
strong uterine contraction
Labor
44
T or F Between 24-48 weeks, the preparation to expect labor
FALSE Between 34-38 weeks, the preparation to expect labor
45
3 stages of labor
Effacement Delivery of the fetus Delivery of the placenta
46
Delivery of the placenta is aided by?
Aided by the intra abdominal pressure
47
What stage of labor does these occur? ➢ Contraction strengthens due to intra- abdominal pressure ➢ Contractions is less than 1 minute apart - continuous contraction, per contraction lasts for 30-90 seconds ➢ PTs increases the stamina of mothers for this stage
Delivery of the fetus
48
What stage of labor does these occur? ➢ Thinning, shortening and dilation of cervix, ends when its fully dilated ➢ Produced by uterine contraction ➢ The amniotic sac is pushed against the canal ➢ Contraction is 10 minutes apart
Effacement
49
Noninvasive technique that used high-frequency sound waves reflected from tissue to create images
Ultrasonography
50
o Alpha-fetoprotein - AFP is produced by fetal liver and peaks at 14th week and leaks into maternal circulation via placenta o Thus, AFP concentration increases during 2nd trimester and the steady decline after 30 weeks of gestation
Maternal Serum Screening
51
A needle is inserted transabdominal into the amniotic cavity and approximately 20-30mL of amniotic fluid is withdrawn
Amniocentesis
52
T or F Amniocentesis can be done at 7th week
FALSE Cannot be done before 14 weeks due to its little amount
53
T or F Amniocentesis is not invasive to the fetus
FALSE This is invasive to the fetus
54
- blood transfusion to fetus in cases of fetal anemia
Fetal Transfusion
55
uses hematopoietic stem cells for treatment of immunodeficiency and hematologic disorders
Stem Cell Transplantation
56
for inherited metabolic diseases, but are still under investigation
Gene Therapy
57
Rickets are a birth defect in what body system?
Skeletal System
58
Achondroplasia Dwarfism is a birth defect of what body system?
Musculoskeletal
59
➢ Lack of Vitamin D, calcium of phosphorus in infants ➢ Causes soft and weak bones ➢ Bowed legs and curvature of spine ➢ This is why newborns babies basks under sun
Rickets
60
A group of over 20 muscular diseases that have genetic causes which produce progressive weakness and wasting of muscular tissue
Muscular Dystrophy
61
➢ Long bones of appendicular failed to grow ➢ Normal trunk growth
Achondroplastic Dwarfism
62
Meromelia is ?
partial absence of limb
63
Amelia is ?
complete absence of limb
64
proximal part is shortened and the hand or foot is attached to torso by a shortened limb
Phocomelia
65
Define: ➢ Polydactyly - ➢ Ectrodactyly -
➢ Polydactyly - extra digit ➢ Ectrodactyly - missing digit
66
Define: ➢ Brachydactyly - ➢ Syndactyly -
➢ Brachydactyly - shortened digit ➢ Syndactyly - webbed digits
67
➢ Heart lies on the right ➢ Apex is towards the right side
Dextrocardia
68
Tetralogy of Fallot may include:
➢ Hypertrophy of the right ventricle ➢ Ventricular Septal Defect ➢ Pulmonic Stenosis ➢ Overriding of Aorta
69
Aorta narrowed at the distal part
Coarctation of Aorta
70
Well oxygenated blood is mixed with deoxygenate blood ■ More likely to develop in premature infants ■ Patients gets tired easily due to the mixture ■ Ductus Arteriosus in fetus, Ligamentum Arteriosum in birth
Patent Ductus Arteriosus PDA
71
Excess CSF from blockage of a flow, failure to reabsorb or increased production of CSF
Hydrocephalus
72
Increased head circumference They receive ventricular shunt or empty towards the heart and decrease the size of the head
Hydrocephalus
73
73
➢ Both of which aided in discovering that environmental factors play an important role during early pregnancy ➢ Used before to decrease the morning sickness so many used it before ➢ Causes an absence of limb
Thalidomide
74
Environmental Factors that may cause birth defects
Rubella Virus Thalidomide Teratogens SToRCH
75
➢ Viral agents ➢ Syphilis, Toxoplasmosis, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus (CMO), Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) ➢ CMV can come from the sponge in cleaning dishes
SToRCH
76

Human Growth and Development and Embryology (17 decks)

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