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Human Growth and Development and Embryology > The Fetus and Placenta > Flashcards

The Fetus and Placenta Flashcards

1
Q

Period from 9th week of gestation to birth

A

Fetal Period

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1
Q

Length of Pregnancy is?

A

280 days or 40 weeks after the onset of last menstrual period

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2
Q

T or F
During the 3rd month the Face becomes more human looking

A

TRUE

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3
Q

Primary ossification centers are present in the
long bones and skull by the ___ mont

A

Primary ossification centers are present in the
long bones and skull by the 12th week

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4
Q

T or F
During the 4th month the external genitalia develops, but not yet the final or distinguishable

A

TRUE

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5
Q

T or F
during the 3rd month, Reflex activity cannot be evoked

A

FALSE
Reflex activity can be evoked

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6
Q

Fetus is covered with fine hair called “_____”, it
will shed off later

A

Fetus is covered with fine hair called “Lanugo”, it
will shed off later

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7
Q

T or F
During the 4th-5th month, Eyebrows and head hair are visible, and Movement of fetus can be felt by the father

A

FALSE
Eyebrows and head hair are visible, and Movement of fetus can be felt by the mother

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8
Q

During what month does the fetus’ Weight increases considerably?

A

6th month

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9
Q

What month?
Mother can develop long term back pain - not relieved even after delivery
➢ Skin of fetus is reddish and has wrinkled appearance

A

6th month

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10
Q

During the 6th month, Several organ systems are able to function, except ____ system and CNS

A

Several organ systems are able to function,
except respiratory system and CNS

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11
Q

T or F
Premature babies at 6th month have a high chance of survival because there is still breathing and CNS, since CNS is responsible for breathing

A

FALSE
Premature babies at 6th month have a low
chance of survival because there is still no
breathing and CNS, since CNS is responsible for
breathing

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12
Q

What happens during 7th and 8th month?

A

7th and 8th month, no rapid changes occurs

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13
Q

T or F
At the end of 8th month
➢ Skull of the fetus has the largest circumference

A

FALSE
At the end of 9th month
➢ Skull of the fetus has the largest circumference

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14
Q

Sexual characteristics are pronounced, and testes should be in the scrotum during what month?

A

9th month

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15
Q

Normal birth time is at __ to __weeks

A

Normal birth time is at 37 to 41 weeks

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16
Q

If the length of the pregnancy is less than 37 weeks it is considered as?

A

Premature

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16
Q

If the length of the pregnancy is more than 41 weeks it is considered as?

A

Postmature

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17
Q

T or F
The patient can poop and can be eaten by the baby - poop is considered as a poison for the baby that will cause a birth defect

A

TRUE

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18
Q

by what month does a placenta have the fetal and maternal portion?

A

By the beginning of 4th month, it has components

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19
Q

Define
Fetal portion -
Maternal Portion -

A

Fetal portion - Chorion Frondosum, true placenta
Maternal Portion - Decidua Basalis, embedded on uterus

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20
Q

T or F
Placenta also enlarges at the third month of pregnancy

A

TRUE

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21
Q

Function of Placenta

A

Exchange of metabolic and gaseous products
Production of hormones

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22
Q

Production of hormones in the placenta:

A

➢ Amino acids - main protein
➢ Free fatty acids
➢ Carbohydrates
➢ Vitamins
➢ The exchange of nutrients progresses as the pregnancy advances

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23
Q

At term, fetus extract about ___mL of O2/min, which means even a short interruption of O2 supply can be fatal to the patient

A

At term, fetus extract about 20-30mL of O2/min,
which means even a short interruption of O2
supply can be fatal to the patient

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24
Q

diameter and weight of a placenta is ?

A

15cm to 25cm is the diameter of the placenta, and it weighs around 500g to 600g

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25
Q

T or F
directly after birth, placenta is expelled from the uterus

A

FALSE
30 minutes after birth, placenta is expelled from the uterus

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26
Q

Immunological competence begins to develop late in what trimester?

A

Immunological competence begins to develop late in the first trimester

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27
Q

immunity from the mother due to its immunological competence

A

Passive Immunity

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28
Q

T or F
Immunoglobulins consist almost entirely of maternal IgG at 14 weeks of gestation
➢ IgG has the capability to pass through the placenta

A

TRUE

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29
Q

T or F
Newborns does not begin to produce their own IgG but adult levels are attained by 3y/o

A

FALSE
Newborns begin to produce their own IgG but adult
levels are attained by 3y/o

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30
Q

Progesterone, propregnancy hormone produced at the ___ month to maintain pregnancy

A

Progesterone, propregnancy hormone produced at
the 4th month to maintain pregnancy

31
Q

What hormone predominantly estriol, stimulates uterine growth and mammary glands?

A

Estrogen

32
Q

What maintains corpus luteum, secreted by mother through urine?

A

Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (hCG)

33
Q

What hormone gives the fetus priority on maternal blood glucose and promotes breast development for milk production. It makes the mother anti-diabetogenic?

A

Somatomammotropin

34
Q

Prevents adherence of the embryo to the amnion

A

Amniotic Fluid

35
Q

Fluid that allows for fetal movement

A

Amniotic Fluid

36
Q

Replaced every 3 hours

A

Amniotic Fluid

37
Q

T or F
Fetus swallows its own amniotic fluid - not poisonous

A

TRUE

38
Q

These are characteristics of?
o Same gender, doesn’t look the same
o Different gender, looks the same

A

Dizygotic Twins or Fraternal Twins

39
Q

These are characteristics of?
Result from simultaneous shedding of 2 oocytes
and fertilization by different spermatozoa
o It is hereditary

A

Dizygotic Twins or Fraternal Twins

40
Q

Same gender, same appearance

A

Monozygotic Twins or Identical Twins

41
Q

Result from splitting of zygote at various stages
of development

A

Monozygotic Twins or Identical Twins

42
Q

T or F
Identical twins It only happen by chance, not hereditary

A

TRUE

43
Q

strong uterine contraction

A

Labor

44
Q

T or F
Between 24-48 weeks, the preparation to expect labor

A

FALSE
Between 34-38 weeks, the preparation to expect labor

45
Q

3 stages of labor

A

Effacement
Delivery of the fetus
Delivery of the placenta

46
Q

Delivery of the placenta is aided by?

A

Aided by the intra abdominal pressure

47
Q

What stage of labor does these occur?
➢ Contraction strengthens due to intra- abdominal pressure
➢ Contractions is less than 1 minute apart - continuous contraction, per contraction lasts for 30-90 seconds
➢ PTs increases the stamina of mothers for this stage

A

Delivery of the fetus

48
Q

What stage of labor does these occur?
➢ Thinning, shortening and dilation of cervix, ends when its fully dilated
➢ Produced by uterine contraction
➢ The amniotic sac is pushed against the canal
➢ Contraction is 10 minutes apart

A

Effacement

49
Q

Noninvasive technique that used high-frequency
sound waves reflected from tissue to create
images

A

Ultrasonography

50
Q

o Alpha-fetoprotein - AFP is produced by fetal liver
and peaks at 14th week and leaks into maternal
circulation via placenta
o Thus, AFP concentration increases during 2nd
trimester and the steady decline after 30 weeks
of gestation

A

Maternal Serum Screening

51
Q

A needle is inserted transabdominal into the
amniotic cavity and approximately 20-30mL of
amniotic fluid is withdrawn

A

Amniocentesis

52
Q

T or F
Amniocentesis can be done at 7th week

A

FALSE
Cannot be done before 14 weeks due to its little
amount

53
Q

T or F
Amniocentesis is not invasive to the fetus

A

FALSE
This is invasive to the fetus

54
Q
  • blood transfusion to fetus in cases of fetal anemia
A

Fetal Transfusion

55
Q

uses hematopoietic stem cells for treatment of immunodeficiency and hematologic disorders

A

Stem Cell Transplantation

56
Q

for inherited metabolic diseases, but are still under investigation

A

Gene Therapy

57
Q

Rickets are a birth defect in what body system?

A

Skeletal System

58
Q

Achondroplasia Dwarfism is a birth defect of what body system?

A

Musculoskeletal

59
Q

➢ Lack of Vitamin D, calcium of phosphorus in infants
➢ Causes soft and weak bones
➢ Bowed legs and curvature of spine
➢ This is why newborns babies basks under sun

A

Rickets

60
Q

A group of over 20 muscular diseases that have genetic causes which produce progressive weakness and wasting of muscular tissue

A

Muscular Dystrophy

61
Q

➢ Long bones of appendicular failed to grow
➢ Normal trunk growth

A

Achondroplastic Dwarfism

62
Q

Meromelia is ?

A

partial absence of limb

63
Q

Amelia is ?

A

complete absence of limb

64
Q

proximal part is shortened and the hand or foot is attached to torso by a shortened limb

A

Phocomelia

65
Q

Define:
➢ Polydactyly -
➢ Ectrodactyly -

A

➢ Polydactyly - extra digit
➢ Ectrodactyly - missing digit

66
Q

Define:
➢ Brachydactyly -
➢ Syndactyly -

A

➢ Brachydactyly - shortened digit
➢ Syndactyly - webbed digits

67
Q

➢ Heart lies on the right
➢ Apex is towards the right side

A

Dextrocardia

68
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot may include:

A

➢ Hypertrophy of the right ventricle
➢ Ventricular Septal Defect
➢ Pulmonic Stenosis
➢ Overriding of Aorta

69
Q

Aorta narrowed at the distal part

A

Coarctation of Aorta

70
Q

Well oxygenated blood is mixed with deoxygenate
blood
■ More likely to develop in premature infants
■ Patients gets tired easily due to the mixture
■ Ductus Arteriosus in fetus, Ligamentum Arteriosum in birth

A

Patent Ductus Arteriosus PDA

71
Q

Excess CSF from blockage of a flow, failure
to reabsorb or increased production of CSF

A

Hydrocephalus

72
Q

Increased head circumference
They receive ventricular shunt or empty
towards the heart and decrease the size of
the head

A

Hydrocephalus

73
Q
A
73
Q

➢ Both of which aided in discovering that environmental factors play an important role during early pregnancy
➢ Used before to decrease the morning sickness so many used it before
➢ Causes an absence of limb

A

Thalidomide

74
Q

Environmental Factors that may cause birth defects

A

Rubella Virus
Thalidomide
Teratogens
SToRCH

75
Q

➢ Viral agents
➢ Syphilis, Toxoplasmosis, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus (CMO), Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)
➢ CMV can come from the sponge in cleaning dishes

A

SToRCH

76
Q
A

Human Growth and Development and Embryology (17 decks)

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