MIDTERMS Flashcards by Lili Popp

The child initially showed no fear of a white rat, but after the rat was paired repeatedly with loud, scary sounds, the child would cry when the rat was present. The child’s fear also generalized to other fuzzy white objects. What is the conditioned response?
a. Child would cry when loud, scary sounds were played.
b. Child would cry when rat was present.
c. Child had no fear of white rat.
d. Child would cry when rat was present while loud, scary sounds were being played.

b. Child would cry when rat was present.

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According to Piaget’s theory, what are the limits of his theory of cognitive development? Select one:

a. Underestimation of cognitive competence in adolescents, clear processes of change, accounting for variability in children’s performance, recognition of the sociocultural environment.

b. Overestimation of cognitive competence in adolescents, vague processes of change, failure to account for variability in children’s performance, undervaluation of the sociocultural environment.

c. Underestimation of cognitive competence in children, vague processes of change, failure to account for variability in children’s performance, undervaluation of the sociocultural environment.

b. Overestimation of cognitive competence in adolescents, vague processes of change, failure to account for variability in children’s performance, undervaluation of the sociocultural environment.

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What are some memory strategies that children use? Select one:
a. Reversibility, attention, elaboration
b. Rehearsal, organization, elaboration
c. Organization, attention, elaboration
d. Rehearsal, attention, elaboration

b. Rehearsal, organization, elaboration

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Ava is passionate about art and has been taking drawing and painting classes for a few years. She’s dedicated to improving her skills and spends a lot of time creating artwork. Ava regularly participates in school art projects and often wins awards for her creativity and talent. Which of the following Erikson’s stages is the individual currently overcoming?
Select one:
a. Identity vs Identity Confusion
b. Integrity vs Despair
c. Industry vs Inferiority

c. Industry vs Inferiority

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It is the time when a person is particularly open to experiences.
Select one:
a. Sensitive period
b. Normative aspect
c. Critical period
d. Non-normative aspect

a. Sensitive period

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What does the term “mental operations” refer to?

Actions that can be performed on objects or ideas and consistently yield a result

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A toddler weighing 6.6 lbs should consume how many calories?
Select one:
a. 330 cal b. 300 kcal
c. 330 kcal d. 300 cal

c. 330 kcal

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In a normal development, a child currently struggling to develop a lasting, integrated sense of self is at what psychosocial stage? Select one:
a. Intimacy vs Isolation
b. Industry vs Inferiority
c. Identity vs Identity Confusion

c. Identity vs Identity Confusion

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What is the purpose of make-believe play?
Select one:
a. To explore topics that frighten children
b. To promote cognitive development
c. To entertain children
d. All of the options.

d. All of the options.

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What are the consequences of secure attachment in infancy? Select one:
a. Greater self-knowledge and self-esteem.
b. Behavior problems involving anxiety, anger, and aggression.

a. Greater self-knowledge and self-esteem.

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The child initially showed no fear of a white rat, but after the rat was paired repeatedly with loud, scary sounds, the child would cry when the rat was present. The child’s fear also generalized to other fuzzy white objects. Based on the given case, which of the following is the neutral stimulus?
Select one:
a. Child b. White rat
c. Fuzzy white objects d. Loud, scary sounds

White rat

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What is the main limitation of concrete-operational thinking? Select one:
a. Limited ability to understand others’ perspectives
b. Limited ability to reverse thinking
c. Limited ability to think abstractly and hypothetically
d. Limited ability to perform mental operations

c. Limited ability to think abstractly and hypothetically

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This reflex helps the baby cling to its mother.
Select one:
a. Sucking
b. Palmar
c. Rooting
d. Moro

d. Moro

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Difficulty in seeing the world from another’s point of view.
Select one:
a. Egocentrism
b. Exocentric
c. Centration

a. Egocentrism

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All of the following skills are possessed by a 10-month old child except:
Select one:
a. Drinks from cup neatly
b. Cruises
c. Head midline
d. Turns to supine

a. Drinks from cup neatly

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The microsystem consists of people closest to a person such as immediate family members. On the other hand, mesosystem is the connection across microsystems because what happen in one microsystem is likely to affect the others. Select one:
a. First statement is true.
b. Both statements are false.
c. Second statement is true.
d. Both statements are true.

a. First statement is true.

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What is the most effective parenting style?
Select one:
a. Authoritarian
b. Authoritative
c. Uninvolved
d. Permissive

Authoritative

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When does parallel play typically emerge?
Select one:
a. Middle and late elementary school years (7-11 years)
b. Infancy (0-2 years)
c. Preschool and early elementary school years (2-7 years)
d. Adolescence and adulthood (11 years and up)

c. Preschool and early elementary school years (2-7 years)

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A baby was born but appears centrally cyanotic with 70 bpm detected, and minimal facial reaction to stimulation. However, the baby moves all his limbs vigorously while crying out loud. Upon assessment of the newborn baby, you assessed that the head circumference was 35 cm. What is the implication of the measurement?
Select one:
a. The head is abnormally small.
b. None of the options.
c. The head circumference is normal.
d. The head is abnormally larger for his age.

c. The head circumference is normal.

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A 3-month-old baby named Liam lying on his back in a crib. As Liam’s head is gently turned to the right, his right arm will extend straight out in the direction of the turned head, as if he were reaching for something on that side. This is normal until ______.
Select one:
a. 8-12 months
b. 4-8 months
c. 10-12 months
d. 4-6 months old

d. 4-6 months old

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Infants prefer ______________ by smiling, sucking and licking their lips. Select one:
a. sweet and salty b. salty and sour
c. bitter and sweet d. sour and sweet

a. sweet and salty

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What is the difference between secure and insecure attachment?
Select one:
a. Secure attachment is characterized by seeking comfort from the mother, while insecure attachment is characterized by avoiding the mother.
b. Secure attachment is characterized by trusting the mother, while insecure attachment is characterized by mistrust.
c. Secure attachment is characterized by being upset when the mother leaves, while insecure attachment is characterized by being unaffected by the mother’s absence.
d. Secure attachment is characterized by a strong emotional bond, while insecure attachment is characterized by a weak emotional bond.

d. Secure attachment is characterized by a strong emotional bond, while insecure attachment is characterized by a weak emotional bond.

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A 4-month old baby throws his arms out and then inward when you suddenly lowered his head and body. You saw that the mother seemed anxious when she saw what happened, your response would be?
Select one:
a. “I’m sorry the baby almost fell.”
b. Ignore the mother’s response and go on with the evaluation to avoid any biased response from the mother.
c. “I was evaluating your baby’s response, and this is an abnormal response.”
d. “It was not a careless act, but this was part of the evaluation. The baby’s response is normal.”

d. “It was not a careless act, but this was part of the evaluation. The baby’s response is normal.”

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Operant conditioning focuses on the relation between the consequences of behavior and the likelihood that the behavior will recur. When a child’s behavior leads to pleasant consequences, the child will probably behave differently in the future.
Select one:
a. Second statement is true.
b. Both statements are false.
c. Both statements are true.
d. First statement is true.

a. Second statement is true.

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Operant conditioning focuses on the relation between the consequences of behavior and the likelihood that the behavior will recur. When a child’s behavior leads to pleasant consequences, the child will probably behave differently in the future. Select one: a. Both statements are false. b. Both statements are true. c. Firsts statement is true. d. Second statement is true.

d. Second statement is true.

A 3-yr old child was with her parents for consult and you saw that she can only stand momentarily. You expect that most likely she cannot ________________. Select one: a. Creep on all fours b. Seats self in chair c. Pivot in sitting

b. Seats self in chair

Low levels of fitness in children can be attributed to the following, except: Select one: a. Once a week sports activities b. Physical education held thrice a week c. Sedentary lifestyle d. Dependence on electronic gadgets

b. Physical education held thrice a week

d. Her hippocampus is still underdeveloped which is responsible for retrieving stored memories.

An infant weighing 7 lbs should consume how many calories? Select one: a. 300 calories b. 500 calories c. 700 calories d. 350 calories

d. 350 calories

A professor tells students that if they have perfect attendance all semester, then they do not have to take the final comprehensive exam. What the professor did can be identified as? Select one: a. Positive punishment b. Positive reinforcement c. Negative reinforcement d. Negative punishment

c. Negative reinforcement

Which of the following is a limitation of Piaget's theory? Select one: a. States that children greatly learn from experience only. b. Disregards the influence of sociocultural environment on cognitive development. c. Undervalues the innate cognitive development of each child.

b. Disregards the influence of sociocultural environment on cognitive development.

Which of the following would disintegrate last in a synaptic pruning event? Select one: a. Positioning sense of holding a crayon at full length. b. A simple dance step taught in a nursery class. c. Planning of constructing her own house play. d. An expression of I love you taught in Japanese language.

c. Planning of constructing her own house play.

What is the relationship between heredity and intelligence? Select one: a. Environment is the sole determiner of intelligence. b. Heredity has no influence on intelligence. c. Heredity is the sole determiner of intelligence. d. Both heredity and environment contribute to intelligence.

d. Both heredity and environment contribute to intelligence.

At what age do infants have a full understanding of object permanence, according to Piaget? Select one: a. Approximately 12 months b. Approximately 24 months c. Approximately 8 months

c. Approximately 8 months

Which of the following Selman stages knows that there is difference in perspective because others have different information? Select one: a. Social-informational b. Undifferentiated c. Societal d. Self-reflective

a. Social-informational

Accommodation occurs when schemes are ___________ based on experience. Select one: a. incorporated b. modified c. rejected d. Ignored

b. modified

You just finished your exam and you noticed that your other classmates stack separately their exam questionnaire and scantron. Even without verbal instruction, you followed the same pattern. Which theory of behaviorism does this apply? Select one: a. Operant conditioning b. Bandura's theory c. Classical conditioning

a. Operant conditioning

In early childhood, hippocampus matures by (howold)

2nd year of age

During infancy, most schemes are based on ____________. Select one: a. functional relationships b. abstract properties c. physical activity

a. functional relationships

The mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience and the senses is called? Select one: a. Psychosocial b. None of these c. Cognitive d. Physical

Cognitive

What are three important limits of preoperational thinking? Select one: a. Egocentrism, confusion of reality with appearances, inability to understand others' perspectives b. Egocentrism, confusion of appearances with reality, inability to reverse thinking c. Egocentrism, confusion of appearances with reality, inability to understand others' perspectives d. Egocentrism, confusion of reality with appearances, inability to reverse thinking

c. Egocentrism, confusion of appearances with reality, inability to understand others' perspectives

The child initially showed no fear of a white rat, but after the rat was paired repeatedly with loud, scary sounds, the child would cry when the rat was present. The child's fear also generalized to other fuzzy white objects. What type of behaviorism was used? Select one: a. Observational learning b. Social learning c. Classical conditioning d. Operant conditioning

c. Classical conditioning

What type of play involves children playing together with a common theme and taking on special roles? Select one: a. Cooperative play b. Solitary play

a. Cooperative play

What is the recommended amount of physical activity for children each day? Select one: a. 90 minutes b. 30 minutes c. 120 minutes d. 60 minutes

d. 60 minutes

All of the following skills are possessed by a 4-years old child except: Select one: a. Sits up from supine position without rotating b. Walks upstairs with alternating feet c. Bangs objects d. Throws with diagonal arm and body rotation

b. Walks upstairs with alternating feet

According to Piaget, what do children create to understand the world? Select one: a. Theories b. Experiments c. Schemes d. Ideas

b. Experiments

At about ________, infants can successfully reach objects. Select one: a. 12 months b. 10 months c. 8 months d. 4 months

c. 8 months

A teen girl does not clean up her room as she was asked, so her parents take away her phone for the rest of the day. What her parents did can be identified as? a. Negative punishment b. Positive punishment c. Positive reinforcement d. Negative reinforcement

a. Negative punishment

Which of the following describes "broad retrieval ability"? Select one: a. Rate of test taking b. Spatial relations c. Ideational fluency

c. Ideational fluency

What is metacognition?

Children's understanding of memory and cognitive processes.

Infants and toddlers are capable of classical conditioning when the stimuli are associated with feeding or other pleasant events. It is more difficult to demonstrate classical conditioning in infants and toddlers when the stimuli are aversive. Select one: a. Both statements are true. b. Both statements are false. c. Firsts statement is true. d. Second statement is true. (?)

d. Second statement is true. (?)

A 6 month-old child was presented with a shapeshift toy. She was assisted by her mother where to fit the shape blocks to its corresponding holes. The next day, the child seem to not remember how to play the shapeshift toy. What could be the reason for this certain observation? Select one: a. Her hippocampus is still underdeveloped which is responsible for retrieving stored memories. b. The child may have a visual impairment. c. The child has a cognitive developmental delay. d. Her frontal cortex is still underdeveloped which is responsible for retrieving stored memories.

d. Her frontal cortex is still underdeveloped which is responsible for retrieving stored memories.

You were facilitating a group pediatric therapy session when you noticed a 3 year-old child lively and happily participating in the activity. When asked to arrange wood block toys according to shape, length, and color, she was eager and paid much attention in finishing the task. Although she was not able to arrange it all correctly. What could be the pattern of her temperament from your observation? Select one: a. High negative affect and high surgency b. Low negative affect and low effortful control c. Low negative affect and high effortful control

c. Low negative affect and high effortful control

This reflex permits the baby for breastfeeding.

b. Sucking

What is the primary reason for early segregation of playmates by sex? Select one: a. Cultural norms that discourage mixed-gender play. b. Different play styles between boys and girls. c. Lack of interest in playing with the opposite sex. d. All of the options.

b. Different play styles between boys and girls.

Which of the following is true about infancy period? Select one: a. Clearly defined biological boundaries b. Develops self-control c. Dependent to adults until they become self-reliant d. Birth to five years old

c. Dependent to adults until they become self-reliant

All of the following skills are possessed by a 7-month old child except: Select one: a. Increased lumbar lordosis b. head held when pulled to sit c. Hands mostly open d. Cervical lordosis

a. Increased lumbar lordosis

What is object permanence? Select one: a. The understanding that objects can be lifted with one hand. b. The ability to anticipate the consequence of closing a door. c. The understanding that objects exist independently of our actions and thoughts toward them. d. The ability to use symbols.

c. The understanding that objects exist independently of our actions and thoughts toward them.

One afternoon, while Alex is playing in the backyard, a sudden, loud clap of thunder occurs just as a dark cloud covers the sun. Alex becomes frightened by the loud noise and associates it with the dark cloud. According to classical conditioning concept, which of the following is the neutral stimulus? Select one: a. Thunderstorm b. Fear c. Loud noise d. Dark clouds

d. Dark clouds

All of the following skills are possessed by a 3-years old child except: Select one: a. Cuts with scissors b. Runs well c. Pedals tricycle d. Can walk backward

a. Cuts with scissors

Apparently, children are first self-aware at age three. Self-aware is when they first recognize themselves in a mirror and in photographs. Select one: a. Both statements are true. b. Second statement is true. c. Firsts statement is true. d. Both statements are false.

b. Second statement is true.

According to the information-processing approach, how does cognitive development occur?

Through increases in the efficiency of processing information.

Determination of the baby’s gender depends on _________. Select one: a. Sperm’s chromosome set b. Zygote’s division c. Egg’s chromosome set d. Blastocyst formation

a. Sperm’s chromosome set

You were facilitating a group pediatric therapy session when you noticed a 3 year-old child lively and happily participating in the activity. When asked to arrange wood block toys according to shape, length, and color, she was eager and paid much attention in finishing the task. Although she was not able to arrange it all correctly. What could be the pattern of her temperament from your observation? Select one: a. Low negative affect and low effortful control b. Low negative affect and high effortful control c. High negative affect and high effortful control d. Low surgency and high effortful control

b. Low negative affect and high effortful control

In this period, an individual starts to cope with responsibilities of acquiring job skills. Select one: a. Late adulthood b. Middle adulthood c. Young adulthood d. Adolescence

d. Adolescence

What are the four stages of cognitive development according to Piaget? Select one: a. Basic trust versus mistrust, autonomy versus shame and doubt, initiative versus guilt, industry versus inferiority b. Infancy, preschool and early elementary school years, middle and late elementary school years, adolescence and adulthood c. Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational d. Preattachment, attachment in the making, true attachment, reciprocal relationships

c. Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

How do gender differences manifest in motor skills?

Girls excel in fine motor skills, while boys excel in gross motor skills.

What is assimilation?

When new experiences are incorporated into existing schemes.

How does socioeconomic status impact parenting style? Select one: a. Parents of higher socioeconomic status are more controlling and punitive. b. Parents of lower socioeconomic status are more warm and responsive. c. Parenting style is not influenced by socioeconomic status. d. Parents of lower socioeconomic status are more controlling and less warm.

a. Parents of higher socioeconomic status are more controlling and punitive

A child with corrected age of 10 months old was assigned to you for physical therapy evaluation. Upon history taking you noted that the child was born prematurely at 35 weeks old. What could be the chronological age of the child? Select one: a. 35 weeks old b. 45 weeks old c. 40 weeks old d. 50 weeks old

b. 45 weeks old

A baby was born but appears centrally cyanotic with 70 bpm detected, and minimal facial reaction to stimulation. However, the baby moves all his limbs vigorously while crying weakly. What is the significance of his APGAR score? Select one: a. None of the choices. b. The newborn needs special attention and care. c. It signals a life-threatening situation requiring emergency care. d. The baby is in good physical condition.

b. The newborn needs special attention and care.

What are schemes? Select one: a. Actions that infants can perform on objects. b. Psychological structures that organize experience. c. Mental categories of related events, objects, and knowledge. d. Theories about how the world works.

b. Psychological structures that organize experience.

Participating in sports may give benefit such as the following, except: Select one: a. Enhance self-esteem b. Learn to be initiative c. Depress strategic thinking skills d. Improve motor skills

Depress strategic thinking skills

hich of the following falls under development? Select one: a. Skills b. Height c. Weight d. Head circumference

a. Skills

A 7-month old child born premature (34 weeks) was scheduled for pediatric consultation. What could be the adjusted age of the child? Select one: a. 22 weeks old b. 26 weeks old c. 34 weeks old d. 38 weeks old

c. 34 weeks old

What type of play involves children playing alone but maintaining a keen interest in what another child is doing? Select one: a. Cooperative play b. Solitary play c. Make-believe play d. Parallel play

d. Parallel play

What is the hierarchical theory of intelligence? Select one: a. The idea that intelligence is influenced by both genetics and environment. b. The idea that intelligence is determined by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. c. The idea that intelligence is a single, general factor that influences performance on all mental tests. d. The idea that intelligence consists of distinct abilities that are separate from general intelligence.

d. The idea that intelligence consists of distinct abilities that are separate from general intelligence.

How does parenting style vary across cultures? Select one: a. Cultural values have no impact on parenting style. b. The emphasis on warmth and control varies across cultures. c. There are no cultural differences in parenting style. d. Authoritative parenting is universally preferred.

. The emphasis on warmth and control varies across cultures.

d. Parallel play

At what age do children begin to prefer playing with same-sex peers? Select one: a. 4-5 years old b. 8-9 years old c. 2-3 years old d. 6-7 years old

c. 2-3 years old

Infants respond to pleasant and smell only. They also tend to look in a direction saturated with their own amniotic fluid. Select one: a. Both statements are true. b. Both statements are false. c. First statement is true. d. Second statement is true.

Second statement is true.

Participating in sports may give benefit such as the following, except: Select one: a. Enhance self-esteem b. Depress strategic thinking skills c. Learn initiative

b. Depress strategic thinking skills

John, a young and idealistic politician, enters public office with a strong commitment to serve his community honestly and ethically. He genuinely believes in the power of government to make positive changes in people's lives. However, as he becomes more deeply involved in the political system, he encounters a society and political environment that can be corrupting. Over time, John witnesses his colleagues engaging in various unethical practices, such as accepting bribes, manipulating the media, and making false promises to constituents to gain votes. He realizes that those who are involved in these practices often achieve more power and influence. In this environment, John begins to feel immense pressure to compromise his principles in order to advance his own political career. This is in line with which of the following's theory? Select one: a. Locke b. Rosseau c. Skinner d. Vygotzsky

. Rosseau

What is the term for the process of adapting to and exploring the environment? Select one: a. Schemes b. Assimilation c. Accomodation d. Equilibration

d. Equilibration

Which of the following is NOT an example of seriation? Select one: a. Arranging wooden blocks from shortest to longest. b. Falling in line by height c. Arranging the wooden blocks following the ROYGBIV color pattern. d. Stacking of same type of chairs.

d. Stacking of same type of chairs.

How do formal-operational adolescents approach problem-solving differently from concrete-operational children? Select one: a. They understand the abstract nature of problems and use combinatorial reasoning b. They rely on their experience rather than logical necessity c. They focus on concrete acts rather than abstract reasoning

a. They understand the abstract nature of problems and use combinatorial reasoning

What is one important element of metamemory? Select one: a. Children's ability to monitor the effectiveness of their memory strategies. b. Children's ability to diagnose memory problems accurately. c. Children's ability to evaluate their own knowledge and understanding. d. Children's ability to set goals and select appropriate strategies.

a. Children's ability to monitor the effectiveness of their memory strategies.

What is one key characteristic of concrete-operational thinking? Select one: a. Abstract thinking b. Hypothetical reasoning c. Reversibility of thinking d. Egocentrism

c. Reversibility of thinking

Low levels of fitness in children can be attributed to the following, except: Select one: a. Physical education held thrice a week b. Dependence on electronic gadgets c. Once a week sports activities d. Sedentary lifestyle

a. Physical education held thrice a week

A 2-year-old child was left alone momentarily by her mother. She stayed calm but when the mother came back, she ignores her by looking or turning away. What form of attachment is this? Select one: a. Disorganized b. Resistant c. Secure d. Avoidant

d. Avoidant

If you fail to hand in a project on time, your boss becomes angry and berates your performance in front of your co-workers. How do you call the boss’ reaction? Select one: a. Positive punishment b. Positive reinforcement c. Negative reinforcement d. Negative punishment

a. Positive punishment

Fetus can hear by _________ gestation age and may respond to sounds

3 months

At about ________, infants can successfully reach objects. (age)

4 months

All of the following are recognized as "mental hardware" except: Select one: a. Midbrain b. Axons c. Frontal lobe d. Leadership skill

d. Leadership skill

Infants and toddlers are capable of classical conditioning when the stimuli are associated with feeding or other pleasant events. It is more difficult to demonstrate classical conditioning in infants and toddlers when the stimuli are aversive. Select one: a. Both statements are false. b. Both statements are true. c. Second statement is true. d. First statement is true.

d. First statement is true.

What is the term for the process of establishing a sense of trust in oneself and others? Select one: a. Basic trust versus mistrust b. Initiative versus guilt c. Industry versus inferiority

a. Basic trust versus mistrust

A lab rat presses a blue button, he receives a food pellet, but when he presses the red button he receives a mild electric shock. As a result, he learns to press the blue button but avoid the red button. What is the food pellet? Select one: a. Negative reinforcement b. Negative punishment c. Positive reinforcement d. Positive punishment

c. Positive reinforcement

At what age does one need to develop a sense that the world is safe?

Birth to 1 year