the elbow and forearm

Question 1

joints and movements

Answer 1

flexion/extension- elbow joint,

pronation/ supination- proximal/ superior radioulnar joint, middle radio ulnar joint, distal/inferior radioulnar joint

Question 2

what does the elbow joint consist off

Answer 2

humero-ulnar joint- synovial hinge
humero-radial joint- modified ball and socket joint
superior radio-ulnar joint- synovial pivot joint

Question 3

bony points- distal humerus

Answer 3

distal humerus, medial + lateral supracondylar ridge, medial + lateral condyle/ epicondyle of humerus, trochlea, coronoid fossa, capitulum

Question 4

bony points- radius and ulnar

Answer 4

proximal radius and ulnar, trochlea notch of ulna, coronoid process, ulnar tuberosity, proximal neck and head of radius, shaft of radius, radial tuberosity

Question 5

posterior bony points

Answer 5

olecranon fossa, olecranon, proximal shaft of radius and ulna

Question 6

elbow joint type

Answer 6

synovial hinge joint multiaxal

Question 7

elbow joint- carry angle + joint line

Answer 7

joint line 2cm below and medial epicondyle and 1cm below lateral epicondyle
men- 10-15° and 20-25°

Question 8

articulations of elbow joint

Answer 8

humeri-ulnar joint- trochlea of distal humerus and trochlea notch of Proximal ulna
humero-radial joint- capitulum and distal humerus and proximal head of radius

Question 9

carry angle

Answer 9

medially edge of trochlear projecting distally
carry angle 10-15° in men and 20-25° in women
disappears on- full flexion, pronation to full extension

Question 10

synovial capsule and membrane of elbow joint

Answer 10

synovial capsule- encompasses the elbow joint and superior radio ulnar joints. it attaches around the edge of the ulnar articular surfaces including the radial notch
synovial membrane- enveloping all of the elbow joint and superior radialulnar joint

Question 11

ulnar collateral ligament

Answer 11

this is a thick triangular band which fans out from the medial epicondyle and has anterior, posterior and intermediate portions inserting onto the medial aspect of the coronoid process and olecranon
prevents valgus strain of elbow

Question 12

radial collateral ligament

Answer 12

prevents varus strain of elbow
single triangular thickened band from the lateral epicondyle to the annular ligament
it cannot attach to the radius as it has a pivot

Question 13

movement of elbow joint- flexion

Answer 13

flexion 140-150°- biceps, brachialis, brachioradialis

Question 14

movements at elbow joint extension

Answer 14

0-5°- triceps, anconeus

this is the closed pack position

Question 15

olecranon bursa

Answer 15

facilitates smooth movement of the skin over olecranon process during flexion/ extension. can suffer from bursitis

Question 16

superior radio-ulnar joint

Answer 16

synovial pivot joint, head or radius and radial notch of ulna, supported by annular ligament, articulation included within elbow capsule

Question 17

annular ligament

Answer 17

stabilises proximal RUJI, inferior diameter smaller, inner surface lined with fibrocartilage

Question 18

quadrate ligament

Answer 18

small ligament arising from the inferior border of the radial notch to the neck of radius, tested by full pronation and supination- prevents too much

Question 19

middle radio-ulnar joint interosseous membrane

Answer 19

fibrous joint (syndesmosis)- no joint capsule, 2 layers in opposite directions- run at 90°
severs as an attachment for deep muscles, stabilises radius and ulnar

Question 20

inferior radioulnar joint

Answer 20

uniaxial pivot joint, Conner lower head of ulna notch and head of ulna, supported by capsule

Question 21

inferior radioulnar joint- articulations

Answer 21

triangular fibrocartilaginous disc attaches to inner aspect of ulna styloid process and laterally to ulna aspect of radius

Question 22

inferior radioulnar joint movements

Answer 22

pronation- 80-90° supination 90°

Question 23

radioulnar joint accessory movements- superior

Answer 23

AP, PA, longitudinal caudad/ cephalad

Question 24

radioulnar joint accessory movements- inferior

Answer 24

AP, PA