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Appendicular anatomy > Introduction to joints and muscles > Flashcards

Introduction to joints and muscles Flashcards

1
Q

What are joints

A

A site where 2 or more bones join together, whether or not a movement occurs between them. Joints may be classified according to the structure (the tissue that lies between the bones).

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2
Q

What are the 3 basic joints

A

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

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3
Q

what are fibrous joints

A

bones held together by fibrous connective tissue (strong), with no joint cavity

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4
Q

examples of fibrous joints- sutures

A

sutures- unmovable junction: only in skull- coronal suture

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5
Q

examples of fibrous joints- syndesmosis

A

tough band of tissue that bonds 2 bones together, this limits movement and supports the 2 bones, for example between radius and ulnar of forearm

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6
Q

examples of fibrous joints- gomphosis

A

teeth roots

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7
Q

2 types of cartilaginous joints

A

synchondrosis, symphysis

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8
Q

2 types of cartilaginous joints- synchondrosis

A

bones are held together by hyaline or fibrocartilage, with no joint cavity. Primary cartilaginous joint- temporary in immature bones

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9
Q

2 types of cartilaginous joints- symphysis

A

bones are held together by fibrocartilaginous fusion, with no joint cavity. Secondary cartilaginous joint- flat disc of fibrocartilage between bones, in the body midline

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10
Q

what are synovial joints

A

bones are held together by a fibrous capsule and accessory ligaments Has a synovial joint capsule

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11
Q

features of a typical synovial joint

A

articular cartilage/ capsule, synovial membrane, ligaments, articular discs, synovial sheaths and bursa, ,fat pads, muscle and tendons

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12
Q

features of a typical synovial joint- joint junction

A

this is the middle of each bone, with articular cartilage on either end. The shape of the joint is important, each bone needs to be complimentary to the other

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13
Q

features of a typical synovial joint- joint space

A

the joint space inside the junction is filled with synovial fluid, this provides nutrition and allows smooth movement (lubricates the joint between 2 articular surfaces)

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14
Q

features of a typical synovial joint- fibrous joint capsule

A

this provides inherent stability; the inner aspect is coated with synovial membrane- which produces and excretes synovial fluid

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15
Q

features of a typical synovial joint- ligaments

A

tough bands of fibrous tissue that go from one side to the other, and controls physiological movements.

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16
Q

how might ligaments be limiting

A

may be limiting by putting the end to normal physiological movement and preventing unwanted movement

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17
Q

features of a typical synovial joint- muscle

A

create movement

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18
Q

how are tendons formed

A

the muscle belly forms a tendon which inserts into a bone. the musculotendinois junction is where the muscle goes from being muscle and turns into a tendon. This then goes into tenoperiosteal junction- which is where tendon joins to bone. The insertion tends to mark bone

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19
Q

features of a typical synovial joint- bursa

A

a bursa is a fluid filled bag (filled with synovial fluid) it has a lighter capsular material around it. this helps to prevent friction

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20
Q

what is a bakers cyst

A

this is where synovial fluid escapes the joint and becomes a fluid filled sack on the surface of skin

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21
Q

When can a lump on outside of joint be dangerous

A

when it is pulsating as this could indicate an aneurism of one of the large vessels, this would require a physio to refer to whoever is going to look after patient

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22
Q

when can a bakers cyst become damaging

A

if it ruptures- due to gravity the fluid will drop down into the posterior aspect of the knee. this is into the muscles and the tissues and it sets up a fierce inflammatory reaction. this can lead to deep vein thrombosis

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23
Q

features of a typical synovial joint- ligaments

A

ligaments on either side of the joint are co lateral ligaments

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24
Q

classification of synovial joints- ball and socket joint

A

ball is always convex and the joint is always concave. This joint can move in 3 degrees of freedom (all 3 planes and axis)

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25
Q

example of ball and socket joint

A

the hip joint is a synovial ball and socket or multiaxial joint with3 freedoms with 3 degrees of freedom

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26
Q

classification of synovial joints- ellipsoid joint

A

has a convex surface being received by a concave surface but there will be more constrain. only 2 degrees of freedom

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27
Q

example of ellipsoid joint

A

the wrist joint can be classified as an synovial ellipsoid with 2 degrees of freedom.

28
Q

classification of synovial joints- plane

A

can only perform gliding and sliding. (no degrees of freedom as they can only slide)

29
Q

example of plane synovial joint

A

the tarsal joint is classified as a plane synovial joint

30
Q

classification of synovial joints- saddle

A

this is a biconcave, this is where the joint is concave on both sides. this joint has 2 degrees of freedom

31
Q

example of saddle joint

A

the first carpal metacarpal joint is a saddle joint with 2 degrees of freedom

32
Q

classification of synovial joints- hinge

A

only capable of flexion and extension

33
Q

example of hinge synovial joint

A

the elbow joint is classified as a synovial hinge joint with one degree of freedom

34
Q

classification of synovial joints- pivot

A

one in neck, this is only capable of rotation and there one degree of freedom

35
Q

example of pivot joint

A

the superior and inferior radius ulna joints are classified as synovial pivot joints with one degree of freedom

36
Q

types of joint movement- physiological movement

A

voluntary, sweeping movement of one bony segment in relation to another. Often a change in angle between 2 bones, this can be measured. For example flexion/ extension, abduction/ adduction

37
Q

types of joint movement- accessory

A

involuntary, small gliding, adjustments between joint surfaces to facilitate smooth and full movement (without accessory movement you can’t have full physiological movement). this is where parts of the joints spin, roll, glide/slide

38
Q

Factors limiting joint movement- tension

A

tension in ligaments- helps to prevent unsafe movement

tension in antagonistic muscle

39
Q

Factors limiting joint movement- approximation

A

approximation of soft tissue

approximation of bony parts

40
Q

What is the close pack position

A

as joint surfaces approach a position of full congruent (best fit), the joint is said to be in close pack position. Joint structures are tensioned, all structures are at the most stable. at the close pack position there will be no accessory movement, and the joint is stable

41
Q

what is the loose pack position

A

in any position when the joint surfaces are not congruent, and structures are not under tension the joint is described as loose packed

42
Q

3 types of muscle

A

cardiac, smooth, skeletal (1/3 of body weight)

43
Q

3 types of muscle fibres

A

slo oxidative- type 1, fast oxidative- type IIa, fast glycolytic type- IIb

44
Q

functions of skeletal muscle

A

produce movement and locomotion, stabilise the joint and limit movement, maintain posture against gravity, help produce body heat, store carbohydrates as glycogen, give contour to the body

45
Q

how are muscles classified

A

muscles are classified according to their fibre arrangement

46
Q

muscle classified- multiepennate

A

this provide a lot of power in a relatively small space, e.g. deltoid

47
Q

muscle classified- fusiform

A

bicep brachii is fusiform- multiple insertions/ origins, wider in centre than at either end

48
Q

muscle classified- bipennate

A

rectus femoris is bipennate- 2 lots of striation in one muscle with a tendon at either end

49
Q

muscle classified- unipennate

A

unipennate muscles- only striations in one direction e.g. extensor digitorum

50
Q

muscle classified- parallel

A

long fibres parallel over a long distance

51
Q

muscle classified- convergent muscle

A

muscle fibres from multiple origins narrowing into a single small tendon, e.g. pectorallis major

52
Q

muscle classified- circular muscle

A

arranged concentrically around an opening or recess. As the muscle contracts, the opening it circumvents gets smaller

53
Q

how many points of attachment do skeletal muscle have

A

it has 2 or more points of attachment, these attach by tendons. Proximal (origin), distal (insertion), shape of tendon reflects shape of muscle

54
Q

what do tendons allow

A

concentration of muscle pull, attachment to a small bony area, alteration of direction of muscle

55
Q

example of muscle attachment- coracobrachiallis

A

proximal attachment- tip of the coracoid process to distal attachment: mid shift of humorous, action- adduction and weak flexion of arm, nerve supply- musculocutaneous (C5,6,7)

56
Q

Muscle roles- agonist/ prime mover

A

responsible for movement

57
Q

Muscle roles- antagonist

A

responsible for the movement opposing that of the agonist

58
Q

Muscle roles- fixator

A

steadies the base; stabilise the proximal attachment of the agonist

59
Q

Muscle roles- synergist

A

improves quality and control, by preventing unwanted movement in adjacent joints

60
Q

what are isometric (static muscle work)

A

an increase in tension with no changes to the muscle length so no movement is produced

61
Q

what are isotonic (dynamic muscle work

A

an increase in tension which changes muscle length, so movement is produced

62
Q

isotonic- concentric

A

muscle shortens (origin gets closer to insertion)- internal muscle force } external

63
Q

isotonic eccentric

A

muscle lengthens- internal muscle force { externeral

64
Q

what is active insufficiency (agonist)

A

a muscle, which passes over 2 joints cannot actively shorten sufficiently to produce full range of movement at both joints

65
Q

passive insufficiency- antagonist

A

a muscle, which passes over 2 joints, cannot be passively lengthened enough to allow full range of movement at both joints

Appendicular anatomy (20 decks)

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