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Appendicular anatomy > Fundamentals of anatomy > Flashcards

Fundamentals of anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Body divisions

A

The body can be divided into segments (e.g. head, neck, thorax)

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2
Q

What are the 2 skeletal divisions

A

Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton

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3
Q

What is axial skeleton

A

The axial skeleton forms the vertical, central axis of the body and includes all bones of the head, neck, chest

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4
Q

What is the purpose of the axial skeleton

A

it serves to protect the brain, spinal cord, heart and lungs. It also serves as the attachment site for muscles that move the head neck and back, and for muscles that act across the shoulder and hip joint to move their corresponding limbs.

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5
Q

What is appendicular skeleton

A

This includes all bones of the upper and lower limbs, plus the bones of the pectoral and pelvic girdles that attach each limb to the axial skeleton.

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6
Q

What is the lower and upper sections of the appendicular skeleton specialised for

A

the lower section is specialised for stability during walking/ running. The upper half has greater mobility and ranges of motion features that allow you to carry and lift objects

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7
Q

What is the anatomical position

A

The anatomical position is used as a reference point when describing parts if the body in relation to each other. It allows a standard way of documenting where one part of the body is in relation to another regardless of the position of the body

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8
Q

What does the standard anatomical position look like

A

The standard anatomical position is where a person stands with legs shoulder with apart, and arms by their sides with palms facing outwards

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9
Q

Anterior/ ventral

A

In front off, or the front surface off

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10
Q

Posterior/ dorsal

A

Towards the back off, on the back surface

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11
Q

Medial/ internal

A

Towards the midline

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12
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the centre/ midline

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13
Q

Superior

A

above/ towards the head

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14
Q

Inferior

A

Towards the feet, or below

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15
Q

Cephalad

A

towards the head/brain

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16
Q

Caudal

A

towards the feet

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17
Q

Proximal

A

nearer the centre/ nearer the midline

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18
Q

Distal

A

further away from the centre/midline

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19
Q

What are anatomical planes

A

The relative positions of sections of the body is referred to in terms of axis and planes. A plane is an imaginary surface, drawn through the body in the anatomical position

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20
Q

What is the sagittal plane

A

The sagittal plane is a vertical plane, from front to back that divides the body or any of its parts into left and right portions.

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21
Q

What is the other name for the sagittal plane

A

Median plane- this divides the body into equal halves

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22
Q

What is the frontal plane

A

A vertical plane from side to side that divides the body or any parts into anterior and posterior portions (front and back)

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23
Q

What is the other name for the frontal plane

A

The coronal plane

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24
Q

What is the transverse plane

A

the transverse plane is a horizontal plane, from front to back and side to side, that divides the body, or any parts of the body into superior and inferior portions

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25
Q

What is the other name for the transverse plane

A

Horizonttal plane

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26
Q

How are axis and planes related

A

They are paired, the always work perpendicular to each other

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27
Q

What axis is paired with the sagittal/ median plane

A

Frontal/ coronal plane

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28
Q

What axis is paired with the frontal/ coronal plane

A

Sagittal axis

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29
Q

What axis is paired with the transverse plane

A

the vertical axis

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30
Q

What is an axis of movement

A

an imaginary point, or line, on the surface around which movement occurs

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31
Q

What plane and axis is flexion/ extension in

A

Sagittal/ median plane, frontal/coronal axis

32
Q

What plane and axis is abduction/adduction in

A

Frontal/coronal plane, Sagittal axis

33
Q

What plane and axis is medial rotation/ lateral rotation

A

Horizontal/ transverse plane and vertical axis

34
Q

What is hip rotation

A

inward rotation femur turns 40’, external rotation femur rotates laterally, patella faces laterally (45’)

35
Q

What is elevation/depression of the shoulder girdle

A

Elevation- shoulders and torso go up, depression- shoulders and torso pushed down

36
Q

What is protraction and retraction

A

protraction- neck pushed forward, retraction- neck pulled back

37
Q

What is radial and ulna deviation

A

radial-hand moves from wrist away from the body, ulnar- hand moves from wrist towards the body- in anatomical position

38
Q

What is lateral flexion

A

side bending of neck and torso

39
Q

What is opposition movement

A

movement that brings the tip of the thumb in contact with the finger

40
Q

what is horizontal flexion

A

angle between 2 joints decreases in the horizontal plane

41
Q

What is horizontal extension

A

angle between 2 joints increases in the horizontal plane

42
Q

What is dorsi flexion

A

flexing the ankle joint with the foot facing up

43
Q

What is plantar flexion

A

Flexing the ankle joint with the foot facing down

44
Q

What is pronation/ eversion of ankle joint

A

turning the sole of the the food medially this combines plantar flexion, abduction and eversion in the ankle and foot joint (combination movement)

45
Q

What is inversion/ supination of ankle joint

A

turning the sole of the foot laterally, this combines ankle plantar flexion, adduction of foot and inversion

46
Q

What is pronation

A

rotation of the forearm with the palm turning medially (inward)

47
Q

What is supination

A

Rotation of arm with palm turning laterally (outward)

48
Q

What are long bones

A

Long bones are hard, dense bones that provide strength, structure, and mobility, typically found in the upper and lower extremities

49
Q

Examples of long bones

A

humorous, radius, ulna, clavicle, metacarpals, phalanges, femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsus

50
Q

what are short bones

A

they are bones that are as wide as they are long. Their primary function is to provide support and stability with no movement

51
Q

Example of short bones

A

carpus and Tarsus

52
Q

What are flat bones

A

They are bones whose principle function is either extensive protection or the provision of broad surfaces for muscular attachment

53
Q

example of flat bones

A

lacrimal, nasal, vomer, hip, parietal, frontal, occipital, scapula, sternum, rib

54
Q

What are irregular bones

A

they serve various purposes such as protection of nerve tissue (such as vertebrae that protect spinal cord), affording multiple anchor points for skeletal muscle attachment, and maintaining pharynx and trachea support, and tongue attachment

55
Q

What are sesamoid bones

A

A sesamoid bone is a bone embedded within a tendon or a muscle.

56
Q

What do sesamoid bones act as

A

they act like pulleys, providing a smooth surface for tendons to slide over, increasing the tendons ability to transmit muscular forces

57
Q

What are articular surfaces

A

where 2 bones meet

58
Q

Surfaces features- spine

A

sharp process (e.g. ischial spine)

59
Q

Surfaces features- head

A

prominent rounded surface (e.g. head of femur)

60
Q

Surfaces features- neck

A

segment between the head and the shaft

61
Q

Surfaces features- condyle

A

rounded surface

62
Q

Surfaces features- epicondyle

A

a prominence that sits atop of a condyle

63
Q

Surfaces features- tubercle

A

small rounded process (e.g. tubercle of humerus)

64
Q

Surfaces features- foramen

A

hole through bone (e.g. foramen magnum in the occipital bone)

65
Q

Surfaces features- crest

A

ridge (illiac crest)

66
Q

Surfaces features- process

A

prominence feature (e.g. transverse process of vertebra)

67
Q

Surfaces features- line

A

slight, elongated ridge (e.g. temporal bones of the [parietal bones)

68
Q

Surfaces features- groove

A

a furrow in the bone surface which runs along the length of a vessel or nerve

69
Q

Surfaces features- angles

A

sharp bony angulations which may serve as bony or soft tissue attachments

70
Q

Surfaces features- trochanter

A

a large prominence on the side of the bone

71
Q

Surfaces features- tuberosity

A

rough surfaces (e.g. deltoid tuberosity)

72
Q

Surfaces features- fossa

A

elongated basin (e.g. mandibular fossa)

73
Q

Surfaces features- fovea

A

small pit (e.g. fovea captis on the head of the femur

74
Q

Surfaces features- ramus

A

the curved part of a bone that gives structural support to the rest of the bone

75
Q

Surfaces features- sulcus

A

groove (sigmoid sulcus of the temporal bone)

76
Q

Surface features- ramus

A

a bony projection with a shape likened to a hammer head

Appendicular anatomy (20 decks)

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