Fundamentals of anatomy Flashcards
Body divisions
The body can be divided into segments (e.g. head, neck, thorax)
What are the 2 skeletal divisions
Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton
What is axial skeleton
The axial skeleton forms the vertical, central axis of the body and includes all bones of the head, neck, chest
What is the purpose of the axial skeleton
it serves to protect the brain, spinal cord, heart and lungs. It also serves as the attachment site for muscles that move the head neck and back, and for muscles that act across the shoulder and hip joint to move their corresponding limbs.
What is appendicular skeleton
This includes all bones of the upper and lower limbs, plus the bones of the pectoral and pelvic girdles that attach each limb to the axial skeleton.
What is the lower and upper sections of the appendicular skeleton specialised for
the lower section is specialised for stability during walking/ running. The upper half has greater mobility and ranges of motion features that allow you to carry and lift objects
What is the anatomical position
The anatomical position is used as a reference point when describing parts if the body in relation to each other. It allows a standard way of documenting where one part of the body is in relation to another regardless of the position of the body
What does the standard anatomical position look like
The standard anatomical position is where a person stands with legs shoulder with apart, and arms by their sides with palms facing outwards
Anterior/ ventral
In front off, or the front surface off
Posterior/ dorsal
Towards the back off, on the back surface
Medial/ internal
Towards the midline
Lateral
Away from the centre/ midline
Superior
above/ towards the head
Inferior
Towards the feet, or below
Cephalad
towards the head/brain
Caudal
towards the feet
Proximal
nearer the centre/ nearer the midline
Distal
further away from the centre/midline
What are anatomical planes
The relative positions of sections of the body is referred to in terms of axis and planes. A plane is an imaginary surface, drawn through the body in the anatomical position
What is the sagittal plane
The sagittal plane is a vertical plane, from front to back that divides the body or any of its parts into left and right portions.
What is the other name for the sagittal plane
Median plane- this divides the body into equal halves
What is the frontal plane
A vertical plane from side to side that divides the body or any parts into anterior and posterior portions (front and back)
What is the other name for the frontal plane
The coronal plane
What is the transverse plane
the transverse plane is a horizontal plane, from front to back and side to side, that divides the body, or any parts of the body into superior and inferior portions
What is the other name for the transverse plane
Horizonttal plane
How are axis and planes related
They are paired, the always work perpendicular to each other
What axis is paired with the sagittal/ median plane
Frontal/ coronal plane
What axis is paired with the frontal/ coronal plane
Sagittal axis
What axis is paired with the transverse plane
the vertical axis
What is an axis of movement
an imaginary point, or line, on the surface around which movement occurs
What plane and axis is flexion/ extension in
Sagittal/ median plane, frontal/coronal axis
What plane and axis is abduction/adduction in
Frontal/coronal plane, Sagittal axis
What plane and axis is medial rotation/ lateral rotation
Horizontal/ transverse plane and vertical axis
What is hip rotation
inward rotation femur turns 40’, external rotation femur rotates laterally, patella faces laterally (45’)
What is elevation/depression of the shoulder girdle
Elevation- shoulders and torso go up, depression- shoulders and torso pushed down
What is protraction and retraction
protraction- neck pushed forward, retraction- neck pulled back
What is radial and ulna deviation
radial-hand moves from wrist away from the body, ulnar- hand moves from wrist towards the body- in anatomical position
What is lateral flexion
side bending of neck and torso
What is opposition movement
movement that brings the tip of the thumb in contact with the finger
what is horizontal flexion
angle between 2 joints decreases in the horizontal plane
What is horizontal extension
angle between 2 joints increases in the horizontal plane
What is dorsi flexion
flexing the ankle joint with the foot facing up
What is plantar flexion
Flexing the ankle joint with the foot facing down
What is pronation/ eversion of ankle joint
turning the sole of the the food medially this combines plantar flexion, abduction and eversion in the ankle and foot joint (combination movement)
What is inversion/ supination of ankle joint
turning the sole of the foot laterally, this combines ankle plantar flexion, adduction of foot and inversion
What is pronation
rotation of the forearm with the palm turning medially (inward)
What is supination
Rotation of arm with palm turning laterally (outward)
What are long bones
Long bones are hard, dense bones that provide strength, structure, and mobility, typically found in the upper and lower extremities
Examples of long bones
humorous, radius, ulna, clavicle, metacarpals, phalanges, femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsus
what are short bones
they are bones that are as wide as they are long. Their primary function is to provide support and stability with no movement
Example of short bones
carpus and Tarsus
What are flat bones
They are bones whose principle function is either extensive protection or the provision of broad surfaces for muscular attachment
example of flat bones
lacrimal, nasal, vomer, hip, parietal, frontal, occipital, scapula, sternum, rib
What are irregular bones
they serve various purposes such as protection of nerve tissue (such as vertebrae that protect spinal cord), affording multiple anchor points for skeletal muscle attachment, and maintaining pharynx and trachea support, and tongue attachment
What are sesamoid bones
A sesamoid bone is a bone embedded within a tendon or a muscle.
What do sesamoid bones act as
they act like pulleys, providing a smooth surface for tendons to slide over, increasing the tendons ability to transmit muscular forces
What are articular surfaces
where 2 bones meet
Surfaces features- spine
sharp process (e.g. ischial spine)
Surfaces features- head
prominent rounded surface (e.g. head of femur)
Surfaces features- neck
segment between the head and the shaft
Surfaces features- condyle
rounded surface
Surfaces features- epicondyle
a prominence that sits atop of a condyle
Surfaces features- tubercle
small rounded process (e.g. tubercle of humerus)
Surfaces features- foramen
hole through bone (e.g. foramen magnum in the occipital bone)
Surfaces features- crest
ridge (illiac crest)
Surfaces features- process
prominence feature (e.g. transverse process of vertebra)
Surfaces features- line
slight, elongated ridge (e.g. temporal bones of the [parietal bones)
Surfaces features- groove
a furrow in the bone surface which runs along the length of a vessel or nerve
Surfaces features- angles
sharp bony angulations which may serve as bony or soft tissue attachments
Surfaces features- trochanter
a large prominence on the side of the bone
Surfaces features- tuberosity
rough surfaces (e.g. deltoid tuberosity)
Surfaces features- fossa
elongated basin (e.g. mandibular fossa)
Surfaces features- fovea
small pit (e.g. fovea captis on the head of the femur
Surfaces features- ramus
the curved part of a bone that gives structural support to the rest of the bone
Surfaces features- sulcus
groove (sigmoid sulcus of the temporal bone)
Surface features- ramus
a bony projection with a shape likened to a hammer head
