The Developmental Area- Paper 2 Flashcards
What are the 3 key assumptions of the developmental area?
Remember first 2 for exam
Include ‘behaviour’
- There are systematic pre-determined changes that occur in the development of human behaviour from conception to death.
- Early childhood experiences affect later development of behaviour in adulthood
- Behaviour may be learned (nurture) or innate (biological/ nature)
What is the social learning theory?
We observe role models and watch their actions and the consequences of them- if positive results are seen, behaviour is vicarously reinforced and is likely to be imitated
What is operant conditioning?
Resolves around positive and negative reinforcement and punishment to reinforce/ reduce behaviour
Behaviour is which is reinforced (rewarded) is likely to be repeated
What is positive reinforcement?
A response or behaviour is strengthened by rewards, leading to repetition of desired behaviour
Strengthens a behaviour by providing a rewarding consequence
e.g. your teacher gives you £5 every time you completed homework, you will be more likely to complete it in the future (strengthening behaviour of completing homework)
What is negative reinforcement?
The termination of an unpleasant state following a response
it strengthens behaviour (stops/ removes unpleasant experiences
Removes an adverse stimulus which is ‘rewarding’ e.g. removing a detention when you’ve done something good
What is punishment?
- The opposite of reinforcement- designed to weaken/ elminate a response
Giving something bad in order to stop an action being done
What is aggression arousal?
When you are influenced into aggression/ being aggressive and angry by the actions of someone else (e.g. Bandura- toys could only be played with by the better behaved children)
What is adherance/ compliance in terms of the developmental area/ Chaney?
(Medical) adherence- children will follow and comply to rules (in this case, they are complying to using Inhaler due to the positive reinforcement elements on it)
What is the Funhaler?
A ‘fun’ alternative to a standard spacer device for asthmatics- it has a spinner and whistle (these are the positive reinforcement elements)
What is a longitudinal study?
A study in which participants are watched and monitored over a period of time
What is a cross- sectional study?
A study which looks at more than just one culture and uses more than one culture within the sample (counteracts ethnocentrism)
What does preconventional mean?
Before typical
What does conventional mean?
Typical/ during typical
What does postconventional mean?
After typical
What is moral reasoning?
The reasoning behind your morals and values- e.g. culture and age
What is ethnocentrism?
The focus of just one culture/ culture centred
Which points of GREEDUM could be applied to the developmental area as a strength?
Usefulness
• Developmental psych- improved our understanding of different people at different ages/ stages of development
Ecological Validity
•Developmental psych- help us positively influence children’s behaviour
Which points of GREEDUM could be applied to the development as a weakness?
Reliability
•Some aspects can be hard to study scientifically (field experiments)
Ethics
•Many ethical issues involved with this area
How are Bandura and Chaney similar in terms of the sample used?
•They both used small samples when in practice
•Both had an age/ gender split
•Both ethnocentric
How are Bandura and Chaney different in terms of sample used?
•They used different sampling methods (B- opportunity sampling, C- random sampling)
How are Bandura and Chaney similar in terms of data collected?
•Both collected qualitative data
How are Bandura and Chaney different in terms of type of experiment?
•B- lab experiment (has controls present), C- field experiment (has no controls present)
How are Bandura and Chaney similar in terms of ecological validity?
•Both have practical applications/ effect on society
How are Bandura and Chaney different in terms of ethics?
Only one abided to protection from harm
•Bandura didn’t
•Chaney did (ethical)
