Core study 3- Piliavin (S)

Question 1

Background

Who’s murder kickstarted the inspiration for Piliavin’s research and what happened?

Answer 1

Kitty Genovese- she was brutally stabbed, 38 witnesses were present but none chose to intervene/ get help

Question 2

Background

What were the dispositional factors?

-based off behaviour

Answer 2

-fear
-gender

Question 3

Background

What were the situational factors?

based off influence

Answer 3

-other people
-time

Question 4

Background

What is bystander apathy?

Answer 4

the likelihood of helping decreases when passive bystanders are present in an emergency situation

Question 5

Background

What is diffusion of responsibility?

Answer 5

responsibility of helping is shared when ina group among all bystanders- each person feels individually less responsible, so in the end, no one helps

Question 6

Background

What is cost- benefit model/ analysis?

Answer 6

When a person weighs up rewards of helping/ intervening

whether helping is actually worth it

Question 7

Background

What is empathy?

Answer 7

We put ourselves in the position of somebody else and imagine what they feel like

Question 8

Aim

What was the main aim of the study?

Answer 8

To investigate bystander behaviour outside of labatory environment/ conditions (in a field type environment)

Question 9

Aims

What four variables did they want to see if they were affected by bystander behaviour?

Answer 9

-victims’ responsibility
-race of the victim
-effect of modelling helping behaviour
-size of the group

Question 10

Method

What were the dependent variables?

recorded by 2 female observers

Answer 10

-frequency of help
-speed of help
-race of helper
-sex of helper
-movement out of critical area
-verbal bystander comments

Question 11

Sample

What did the sample consist of?

quantity, gender, location

Answer 11

-4,450 participants
-men and women
-from New York Subway inbetween working hours

Question 12

Procedure

What is the critical area?

Answer 12

The area in which victim collapses in

Question 13

Procedure

What is the adjacent area?

Answer 13

The area next to where victim collapses

Question 14

Procedure

Who did the 4 teams of the 4 researchers consist of?

sex, race, quantity

Answer 14

-2 female observers
-1 male model (all white)
-1 male victim (3 black, 1 white, dressed alike)

Question 15

Procedure

How did the two victims differentiate from each other to create conditions?

Answer 15

• They either smelled of alcohol and appeared drunk
• Or carried a cane (ill)

They acted identically in both conditions

Question 16

Procedure

What were the 4 model conditions?

Answer 16

-critical early (70 secs)
-critical late (150 secs)
-adjacent early (70 secs)
-adjacent late (150 secs)

Question 17

Procedure

How did the victim carry out the investigation?

Answer 17

Victim collapsed after about 70 seconds and remianed on the floor until he recieved help

The model helped if no help was given by time the train had stopped

Question 18

Procedure

Why was the study ecologically valid in terms of what the team did?

Answer 18

They all disembarked and waited seperately until other passengers had left the station at the stop.

Question 19

Procedure

What did observer 1 observe?

Critical area?

Answer 19

-Race, sex, location of every rider seated or standing in ciritcal area
-Race, sex, location of every helper that came to victim’s assistance
-Recorded verbal comments made by bystanders/ passengers

Question 20

Procedure

What did observer 2 observe?

Adjacent area?

Answer 20

Race, sex, location of people in adjacent area
-latency of first helper’s arrival after programmed model had arrived
-Recorded verbal comments made my bystanders/ passengers

Question 21

Results

What was the result of help for a drunk person vs an ill person?

Answer 21

Spontaneous help: ill- 95%, drunk- 50%
Modelled help: ill- 100%, drunk- 81%

Help was offered quickly to cane victim

Question 22

Result

What was the result of race and helping behaviours?

Answer 22

Cane/ ill: both black and white victims= equally likely to be helped
Drunk: black victims less likely to be helped

Question 23

Result

What was the result of effect of modelling in terms of the time intervals (seconds)?

Answer 23

Model intervening after 70 seconds was more likely to lead to help from other passengers than after 150 seconds

Question 24

Results

How did number of bystanders affect helping behaviours?

Answer 24

No evidence of diffusion of responsibilty

Question 25

Conclusions

What was concluded about help for ill people in comparison to drunk people in general?

Answer 25

Ill people more likely to recieve help than drunk people

Question 26

Conclusions

What was concluded about genders and helping?

Answer 26

Men are more likely to help men than women are

Evidence of same-sex helping

Question 27

Conclusions

What was concluded about race and helping?

Answer 27

Same-race helping was evident (black individuals were more likely to help black people in need/ vice versa for white people)

Question 28

Conclusions

What was concluded about the cost-reward analysis?

Answer 28

Cost-reward analysis is often conducted efore deciding whether to help or not