The Chapter 8: Digestive system Flashcards
1
Q
an/o
A
anus, ring
2
Q
chol/e
A
bile, gall
3
Q
cholecyst/o
A
gallbladder
4
Q
col/o , colon/o
A
colon, large intestine
5
Q
-emesis
A
vomiting
6
Q
enter/o
A
small intestine
7
Q
esophag/o
A
esophagus
8
Q
gastr/o
A
stomach, belly
9
Q
hepat/o
A
liver
10
Q
-lithiasis
A
presence of stones
11
Q
-pepsia
A
digest, digestion
12
Q
-phagia
A
eating, swallowing
13
Q
proct/o
A
anus and rectum
14
Q
rect/o
A
rectum, straight
15
Q
sigmoid/o
A
sigmoid colon
16
Q
gastrointestinal tract
A
known as GI tract, digestive system, organs work in cooperation with accessory organs
17
Q
upper GI tract
A
consists of the mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus, and stomach
18
Q
lower GI tract
A
referred to as bowels, made up of the small and large intestines plus rectum and anus
19
Q
oral cavity
A
known as mouth, are lips, hard and soft palates, salivary glands, tongue, teeth, and periodontium
20
Q
lips
A
known as the labia, surround the opening to the oral cavity
21
Q
palate
A
which forms the roof of the mouth, consists of three major parts
22
Q
hard palate
A
anterior portion of the plate, area covered with specialized mucous membrane
23
Q
soft palate
A
flexible posterior portion of the palate, important role of closing nasal passage to prevent food and liquid from moving upward in nasal cavity
24
Q
uvula
A
third part, hangs from the free edge of the soft palate, important role in snoring and in the formation of some speech sounds
25
tongue
very strong, flexible, and muscular; posterior portion of the tongue is attached, anterior end of the tongue moves freely and is flexible
26
papillae
upper surface of the tongue as dorsum, surface has a tough protective covering and in some areas, small bumps
27
sublingual surface
of the tongue and the tissues that lie under the tongue are covered with delicate highly vascular tissues
28
lingual frenum
a band of tissue that attaches the tongue tot he floor of the mouth
29
periodontium
describes the structures that surround, support and are attached to the teeth, consists of the bone of the dental arches and soft tissues
30
gingiva
known as masticatory mucosa or the gums, specialized mucous membrane that covers the bone of the dental arches and surrounds the neck of teeth
31
sulcus
an area of space between a tooth and the surrounding gingiva
32
dental arches
are bony structures of the oral cavity, arches hold the teeth firmly in position to facilitate chewing and speaking
33
maxillary arch
commonly known as the upper jaw and consists of bones of the lower surface of the skull; the arch does not move
34
mandibular arch
commonly known as the lower jaw, is a separate bone and is the only movable component of the joint
35
temporomandibular joint
known as TMJ, is formed at the back of the mouth where the maxillary and mandibular arches come together
36
dentition
refers to the natural teeth arranged in the upper and lower jaws
37
primary dentition
known as deciduous dentition or baby teeth, 20 teeth erupt during early childhood, normally lost during late childhood, replaced by permanent
38
occlusion
used in dentistry, describes any contact between the chewing surfaces of the upper and lower teeth
39
roots
of a tooth hold it securely in place within the dental arch
40
cementum
protects roots, hard substance, but it is not as strong as enamel
41
cervix
known as the neck of the tooth, where crown and root meet
42
dentin
make up the bulk of the tooth, portion that is above the gum line is covered with enamel
43
pulp cavity
area within the crown and roots of the tooth that is surrounded by the dentin to protect the delicate pulp of the tooth (pulp is space known as root canals)
44
pulp
consists of a rich supply of blood vessels and nerves that provide nutrients and innervation to the tooth
45
saliva
colorless liquid that maintains the moisture in the mouth (mechanical digestion) helps maintain health of the teeth
46
salivary glands
3 pairs, secrete saliva that is carried by ducts into the mouth
47
parotid glands
located on the face, slightly in front of each ear; inside of the cheek near the upper molars
48
sublingual glands
and their ducts are located on the floor of the mouth near the mandible
49
submandibular glands
and their ducts are located on the floor of the mouth near the mandible
50
pharynx
which is common passageway for both respiration and digestion
51
epiglottis
a lid-like structure that closes off the entrance to the trachea (windpipe) to prevent food and liquids from moving from the pharynx during swallowing
52
esophagus
the muscular tube through which ingested food passes from the pharynx to the stomach
53
lower esophageal sphincter
known as cardiac sphincter, a muscular ring between the esophagus and stomach; during swallowing it relaxes to allow food to enter the stomach
54
stomach
a sac-like organ composed of the fundus(upper, rounded part), body(main portion), and antrum(lower part)
55
rugae
are the folds in the mucosa lining of the stomach, allows stomach to decrease and increase in size, glands produce gastric juices
56
gastric juices
made up of enzymes and hydrochloric acid in the beginning of food digestion
57
pyloric sphincter
the ring-like muscles at the base of the stomach that controls the flow of partially digested food from the stomach to the duodenum of the small intestine
58
pylorus
the narrow passage that connects the stomach with the small intestine
59
small intestine
extends from he pyloric sphincter to the first part of the large intestine, consists of 3 sections where food is digested and nutrients are absorbed in bloodstream
60
duodenum
first portion f the small intestine, extends from pylorus of the stomach to the jejunum
61
jejunum
middle portion of small intestine, extends from duodenum to the ileum
62
ileum
which is the last longest portion of small intestine, extends from jejunum to the cecum of the large intestine
63
larges intestine
extends from the end of the small intestine to the anus
64
cecum
a pouch that lies on the right side of the abdomen, extends from the end of the ileum to the beginning of the colon
65
ileocecal sphincter
ring-like muscles that controls the flow from the ileum of the small intestine into the cecum of the large intestine
66
vermiform appendix
known as appendix, hangs from he lower portion of the cecum, consists of lymphoid tissue
67
colon
longest portion of the large intestine, subdivided into four parts
68
ascending colon
travels upward from the cecum to the undersurface of the liver
69
transverse colon
passes horizontally across the abdominal cavity from right to left toward the spleen
70
descending colon
travels down the left side of the abdominal cavity to the sigmoid colon
71
sigmoid colon
an S-shaped structure that continues from the descending colon above and joins the rectum below
72
rectum
the widest division of the large intestine, makes up the last 4 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus
73
anus
lower opening of the digestive tract, flow of waste through the anus is controlled by the internal anal sphincter and the external anal sphincter
74
anorectal
refers to the anus and rectum as a single unit
75
accessory organs
digestive system are so named because they play a key role in the digestive process but are not part of the gastrointestinal tract
76
liver
largest organ in the body, several important functions related to removing toxins from the blood and turning into fuel and nutrients the body needs
77
hepatic
means pertaining to liver
78
glycogen
form of glucose that is stored in the liver and muscles
79
bilirubin
a pigment excreted into the digestive fluid called bile, giving it a yellow to green color
80
bile
aids in the digestion of fats, a juice secreted by the liver that is necessary for the digestion of fat, travels from the liver to the gallbladder where it is stored
81
biliary
tree provides the channels through which is transported from the liver to the small intestine
82
gallbladder
a pear-shaped organ about the size of an egg located under the liver
83
cholecystic
pertaining to the gallbladder
84
pancreas
a soft, 6-inch long, oblong gland that is located behind the stomach
85
digestion
process by which complex foods are broken down into nutrients in a form the body can use
86
digestive enzymes
are responsible for the chemical changes that break foods down into simpler forms of nutrients for use by the body
87
nutrient
a substance, usually from food, that is necessary for normal functioning of the body
88
metabolism
includes all of the processes involved in the body's use of nutrients
89
anabolism
the building up of body cells and substances from nutrients
90
catabolism
the breaking down of body cells or substances, releasing energy and carbon dioxide
91
absorption
the process by which completely digested nutrients are transported to the cells throughout the body
92
villi
mucosa the lines the small intestine is covered with finger-like projections, containing blood vessels and lacteals
93
lacteals
specialized structures of the lymphatic system, absorb fats and fat-soluble vitamins that cannot be transported directly by the bloodstream
94
mastication
known as chewing, breaks food down into smaller pieces, mixes it with saliva, and prepares it to be swallowed
95
bolus
a mass of food that has been chewed and is ready to be swallowed
96
peristalsis
a series of wave-like contractions of the smooth muscles in a single direction that moves the food forward into the digestive system
97
chyme(KYM)
the semifluid mass of partly digested food that passes out of the stomach, though the pyloric sphincter, and into the small intestine
98
emulsification
must be completed before the nutrients can be absorbed into the body
99
feces
known as solid boy wastes, expelled though the rectum and anus
100
defecation
known as bowel movement (BM), is the evacuation or emptying of the large intestine
101
gut microflora
refers to the billions of normal bacteria present in the large intestine to protect against infection and help maintain the immune system
102
borborygmus
is the rumbling noise caused by the movements of gas un the intestine
103
flatulence
known as flatus, the passage of gas of gas out of the body through the rectum
104
bariatrics
the branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of obesity and associated diseases
105
dentist
holds a doctor of dental surgery (DDS) or doctor of medical dentistry (DMD) degree and specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of teeth and tissues of the oral cavity
106
gastroenterologist
physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the stomach and intestines
107
oral or maxillofacial surgeon
specializes in surgery of the face and jaws to correct deformities, treat diseases, and repair injuries
108
orthodontist
a dental specialist who prevents or corrects malocclusion of the teeth and related facial structures
109
periodontist
is a dental specialist who prevents or treats disorders of the tissues surrounding the teeth
110
proctologist
a physician who specializes in disorders of the colon, rectum, and anus
111
registered dietitian (RD)
a specialist in food and nutrition who practices medical nutrition therapy and counsels patients on improving their dietary intake
112
aphthous ulcers
known as canker sores or mouth ulcers, are gray-white pits with a red border border in the soft tissues lining the mouth
113
ulcer
is an open lesion of the skin or mucous membrane resulting in tissue loss around the edges
114
cheilosis
known as cheilitis, is a disorder of the lips characterized by crack-like sores at the corners of the mouth
115
herpes labials
known as cold sores or fever blisters, are blister-like sores on the lips and adjacent facial tissue that are caused by the oral herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)
116
leukoplakia
an abnormal white, usually benign lesion (sore) that develops on the tongue or the inside of the cheek
117
stomatomycosis
any disease of the mouth due to a fungus
118
oral thrush
a type of stomatomycosis that develops when the fungus Candida albicans grows out of control
119
trismus
describes any restriction to the opening of the mouth caused by trauma, surgery, or radiation associated with the treatment of oral cancer
120
xerostomia
known as dry mouth, is the lack of adequate saliva due to diminished secretions by the salivary glands
121
cleft palate
the failure of the palate to close during the early development of the fetus
122
bruxism
is the involuntary grinding or clenching of the teeth that usually occurs during sleep and is associated with tension or stress
123
dental caries
known as tooth decay or a cavity, is an infectious disease caused by bacteria that destroy the enamel and dentin of the tooth
124
dental plaque
a major cause of dental caries and periodontal disease, forms as soft deposits in sheltered areas near the gums and between the teeth
125
edentulous
means without teeth, describes the situation after the natural permanent teeth have been lost
126
halitosis
known as bad breath, an unpleasant odor coming from the mouth that can be caused by dental diseases or respiratory or gastric disorders
127
malocclusion
any deviation from the normal positioning of the upper teeth against the lower teeth
128
periodontal disease
known as periodontitis, an inflammation of the tissues that surround and support the teeth
129
dental calculus
known as tartar, is dental plaque that has calcified (hardened) on the teeth
130
gingivitis
is the earliest stage of periodontal disease, and the inflammation affects only the gums
131
acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG)
known as trench mouth, caused by the abnormal growth of bacteria in the mouth
132
dysphagia
difficulty in swallowing
133
eosinophilic esophagitis
is a chronic immune system disease in which a type of white blood cell called an eosinophil builds up in the esophagus, usually as the result of an allergy to certain foods
134
gastroesophegeal reflux disease
known as GERD, is the upward flow of acid from the stomach into the esophagus
135
barret's esophagus
condition that occurs when the cells in the epithelial tissue of the esophagus are damaged by chronic acid exposure
136
stricture
of the esophagus result ing from scar tissue or other damage can cause swallowing difficulties, abnormal narrowing of a bodily passage
137
pyrosis
known as heartburn, the burning sensation caused by the return of acidic stomach contents into the esophagus
138
esophageal varices
enlarged and swollen veins at the lower end of the esophagus
139
hiatal hernia
is an anatomical abnormality in which a portion of stomach protrudes upward into the chest, through an opening in the diaphragm
140
gastritis
a common inflammation of the stomach lining that is often caused by the bacterium helicobacter pylori
141
gastroenteritis
a condition in which the muscles in the stomach slow down and work poorly or not at all, preventing the stomach and intestines
142
gastroparesis
a condition in which the muscles in the stomach slow down and work poorly or not at all, preventing the stomach from emptying normally
143
gastrorrhea
is the excessive secretion of gastric juice or mucus in the stomach
144
peptic ulcers
are sores that affect the mucous membranes of the digestive system
145
perforating ulcer
complication of a peptic ulcer in which the ulcer erodes through the entire thickness of the organ wall
146
anorexi
the loss of appetite for food, especially when caused by disease
147
cachexia
a condition of physical wasting away due to the loss of weight and muscle mass that occurs in patients with diseases such as advanced cancer or AIDS
148
dehydration
a condition in which fluid loss exceeds fluid intake and disrupts the body's normal electrolyte balance
149
malnutrition
a lack of proper food or nutrients in the body due to a shortage of food, poor eating habits, or the inability of the body to digest,, absorb, and distribute these nutrients
150
malabsorption
a condition in which the small intestine cannot absorb nutrients from food that passes through it
151
obesity
an excessive accumulation of fat in the body
152
morbid obesity
known as severe obesity , the condition of weighing two times or more than the ideal weight or having a body mass index value greater than 40
153
body mass index (BMI)
is a number that shows body weight adjusted for height
154
comorbidity
describes the presence of more than one disease or health condition in an individual at a given time
155
aerophagia
the excessive swallowing of air while eating or drinking and is a common cause of gas in the stomach
156
dyspepsia
known as indigestion, is pain or discomfort in digestion
157
emesis
known as vomiting, is the reflex ejection of the stomach contents outward through the mouth
158
eructation
is the act of belching or raising gas orally from the stomach
159
hematemesis
is the vomiting of blood
160
hyperemesis
is extreme, persistent vomiting that can cause dehydration
161
nausea
is the urge to vomit
162
regurgitation
is the return of swallowed food into the mouth
163
celiac disease
is a heredity autoimmune disorder characterized by a severe reaction to foods containing gluten
164
gluten intolerance
known as non-celiac gluten sensitivity, is a response to gluten involving digestive distress but not causing the intestinal tissue damage to celiac disease
165
food allergy
an immune system reaction that occurs after eating a certain food
166
lactose intolerance
the inability to digest dairy products due to the absence of the enzyme lactase, which is needed to process sugar (lactose) found in milk and other dairy products
167
colorectal carcinoma
known as colon cancer, often first manifests itself in polyps in the colon
168
polyp
a mushroom-like growth from the surface of a mucous membrane, not all polyps polyps are malignant
169
diverticulosis
the chronic presence of an abnormal number of diverticula in the colon
170
diverticulum
a small pouch, or sac, found in the lining or wall of a tubular organ such as the colon
171
diverticulitis
which sometimes develops as a result of diverticulosis, is the inflammation or infection of one or more diverticulum in the colon
172
enteritis
is an inflammation of the small intestine caused by eating or drinking substances contaminated with viral or bacterial pathogens
173
ischemic colitis
occurs when part of the large intestine is partially or completely deprived of blood
174
ileus
the partial or complete blockage of the small or large intestine, also known as paralytic ileus
175
postoperative ileus
a temporary impairment (stoppage) of bowel action that is considered to be a normal response to abdominal surgery
176
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
common condition of unknown cause with symptoms that can include intermittent cramping and abdominal pain, accompanied by constipation or diarrhea
177
inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
the general name for diseases that cause inflammation and swelling in the intestines
178
ulcerative colitis
chronic condition of unknown cause in which repeated episodes of inflammation in the rectum and large intestine cause ulcers
179
crohn's disease (KROHNZ)
(CD) chronic autoimmune disorder that can occur anywhere in the digestive tract; however, it is most often found in the ileum and in the colon
180
intestinal obstruction
the partial or complete blockage of the small or large intestine caused by a physical obstruction
181
volvulus
the twisting of the intestine on itself, causing an obstruction
182
intussusception
the telescoping of one part of the small intestine into the opening of an immediately adjacent part
183
inguinal hernia
is the protrusion of a small loop of bowel through a weak place in the lower abdominal wall or groin
184
strangulated hernia
occurs when a portion of the intestine is constricted inside the hernia, causing ischemia (insufficient oxygen) in this tissue by cutting off its blood supply
185
clostridium difficile
known as C. diff, is a bacterial infection common to older adults in hospitals or long-term facilities, typically following the use of antibiotics that wipe out competing bacteria
186
dysentery
which is bacterial infection, occurs most frequently in tropical countries where it is spread through food or water contaminated by human feces
187
E. coli
which is caused by the bacterium escherichia coli, is transmitted through contaminated foods that have not been adequately cooked
188
salmonellosis
referred to as salmonella, is tramitted by feces, either through direct contact with animals, or by eating contaminated raw or undercooked meats and eggs or unpasteurized milk and cheese products
189
anal fissure
a small crack-like sore in the skin of the anus that can cause severe pain during a bowel movement
190
bowel incontinence
is the inability to control the exertion of feces
191
constipation
defined as having a bowel movement fewer than three times per week, stools are hard, dry, small in size and difficult to eliminate
192
diarrhea
is an abnormally frequent flow of loose or watery stools and can lead to dehydration
193
hemorrhoids
occur when a cluster of veins, muscles, and tissues slip near or through the anal opening
194
rectocele
is a bulging of the front wall of the rectum into the vagina, usually as the result of childbirth or pregnancy
195
hematochezia
the presence of bring red blood in the stool
196
melena
in contrast to hematochezia, is the black, tarry, foul-smelling stools
197
steatorrhea
is the presence of excess fat in the stool
198
ascites
an abnormal accumulation of serous
199
hepatomegaly
is the abnormal enlargement of the liver
200
jaundice
is a yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and eyes
201
hepatitis
is an inflammation of the liver usually caused by a viral infection
202
cirrhosis
a chronic degenerative disease the liver characterized by scarring
203
nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
describes the accumulation of fat in the liver of people who drink little or no alcohol
204
nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)
is a more serious form of this condition because it consists of fatty accumulations plus liver-damaging inflammation
205
cholangitis
an acute inflammation of the bile duct characterized by pain in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen, fever, and jaundice
206
cholecystitis
inflammation of the gallbladder, usually associated with gallstones blocking the flow of bile
207
gallstone
known as cholelith, is a hard deposit formed in the gallbladder and bile ducts due to the concretion of bile components
208
cholelithiasis
presence of gallstones in the gallbladder or bile ducts
209
abdominal computed tomography (CT)
radiographic procedure that produces a detailed cross-section of the tissue structure within the abdomen, showing, for example, the presence of a tumor or obstruction
210
abdominal ultrasound
a noninvasive test used to visualized internal organs by using very high-frequency sound waves
211
cholangiography
radiographic examination of the bile ducts with the use of. contrast medium
212
enema
the placement of a solution into the rectum and colon to empty the lower intestine through bowel activity
213
esophagogastroduodenoscopy
an endoscopic procedure that allows direct visualization of the upper GI tract
214
upper GI series and a lower GI series
radiographic studies to examine the digestive system
215
stool samples
specimens of feces that are examined for content and characteristics...fatty stools might indicate the presence of pancreatic disease
216
endoscope
an instrument used for visual internal structures (endoscopy)
217
anoscopy
visual examination of at the anal canal and lower rectum
218
capsule endoscopy
the use of a tiny video camera in a capsule that the patient swallows
219
colonoscopy
the direct visual examination of the inner surface of the entire colon from the rectum to the cecum using a colonoscope
220
sigmoidscopy
the endoscopic examination of the interior of the rectum, sigmoid colon, and possibly a portion of the descending colon
221
hemoccult test
known as the fecal occult blood test, is the laboratory test for hidden blood in stool
222
antioxidants
chemicals such as vitamins A, C, and E; carotene; and lutein that may prevent or delay cell damage by blocking the activity of potentially harmful chemicals called free radicals
223
antacids
neutralize the acids in the stomach, are taken to relieve the discomfort of conditions such as pyrosis or to help peptic ulcers heal
224
proton pump inhibitors
decrease the amount acid produced by the stomach
225
antiemetic
medication that is administered to prevent or relieve nausea and vomiting
226
laxatives
medications or foods given to stimulate bowel movements
227
intravenous fluids
administered to combat the effects of dehydration
228
oral rehydration therapy (ORT)
a treatment In which a solution of electrolytes is administered in a liquid preparation to counteract the dehydration that can accompany diarrhea, especially in young children
229
dental prophylaxis
professional cleaning of the teeth to remove plaque and calculus
230
dental implant
the anchoring of a crown, bridge, or denture to the bone of the jaw
231
root canal
both tot he pulp cavity in the root of the tooth and to a procedure, which diseased or damaged pulp in the root canal is removed in order to save the tooth
232
gingivectomy
surgical removal of diseased gingival tissue
233
maxillofacial surgery
specialized surgery of the face and jaws to correct deformities, treat diseases, and repair injuries
234
palatoplasty
surgical repair of a cleft palate, also used to refer to the repair of a cleft lip
235
gastrectomy
surgical removal of all or part of the stomach
236
nasogastric intubation
placement of a feeding tube through the nose and into the stomach
237
gastrostomy tube
surgically placed feeding tube from eh exterior of the body directly into the stomach , known as G-tube
238
total parenteral nutrition
to patients who cannot or should not get their nutrition through eating
239
bariatric surgery
performed to treat morbid obesity by restriction the amount of food that can enter the stomach and be digested
240
colectomy
surgical removal of all or part of the colon
241
colotomy
surgical incision into the colon
242
diverticulectomy
surgical removal of a diverticulum
243
gastroduodenostomy
establishment of an anastomosis between the upper portion of the stomach and the duodenum
244
anastomosis
surgical connection between two hollow, or tubular, structures
245
ileectomy
surgical removal of the ileum
246
ostomy
surgical procedure to create an artificial opening between an organ and the body surface, known as stoma
247
ileostomy
surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening between the colon and the body surface
248
hemorrhoidectomy
surgical removal of hemorrhoids
249
proctopexy
surgical fixation of a prolapsed rectum to an adjacent tissue or organ
250
hepatectomy
surgical removal of all or part of the liver
251
liver transplant
an option whose over has failed for a reason other than liver cancer
252
choledocholithotomy
an incision into the common bile duct for the removal of a gallstone
253
cholecystectomy
surgical removal of the gallbladder
