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medical terminology > Chapter 3: The Skeletal System > Flashcards

Chapter 3: The Skeletal System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

ankyl/o

A

crooked, bent, stiff

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2
Q

arthr/o

A

joint

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3
Q

burs/o

A

bursa

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4
Q

chondr/i , chondr/o

A

cartilage

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5
Q

cost/o

A

rib

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6
Q

crani/o

A

skull

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7
Q

-desis

A

to bind, tie together

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8
Q

kyph/o

A

bent, hump

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9
Q

lord/o

A

curve, swayback, bent

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10
Q

-lysis

A

loosening, or setting free

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11
Q

myel/o

A

spinal cord, bone marrow

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12
Q

oss/e, oss/i, ost/o, oste/o

A

bone

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13
Q

scoli/o

A

curved, bent

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14
Q

spondyl/o

A

vertebrae, vertebral column, backbone

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15
Q

synovi/o, synov/o

A

synovial membrane, synovial fluid

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16
Q

cartilage

A

is the smooth, rubbery, blues-white connective tissue that acts as a shock absorber between bones.

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17
Q

articular cartilage

A

covers the surfaces of bones where they articulate, or come together, to form joint
(protects the bones from rubbing against each other).

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18
Q

meniscus

A

the curved, fibrous cartilage found in some joint, such as the knee and the temporomandibular joint of the jaw.

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19
Q

diaphysis

A

the shaft of a long bone

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20
Q

epiphysis

A

are the wider ends of long bones such as the femurs of the legs

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21
Q

proximal epiphysis

A

the end of the bone located nearest to the midline of the body.

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22
Q

distal epiphysis

A

the end of the bone located farthest away from the midline of the body.

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23
Q

foramen

A

is an opening in a bone through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass.

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24
Q

foramen magnum

A

the spinal cord passes through, the occipital bone at the base of the skull.

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25
Q

process

A

a normal projection on the surface of the bone that most commonly serves as an attachment for a muscle or tendon.

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26
Q

mastoid process

A

is the bony projection located on the temporal bones just behind the ears.

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27
Q

fibrous joints

A

consisting of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue, hold the bones tightly together.

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28
Q

fontanelles

A

also known as the soft spots, are normally present on the skull of a newborn.

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29
Q

cartilaginous joints

A

allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage.

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30
Q

public symphysis

A

allows some movement to facilitate child birth. this joint is located between the pubic bones in the anterior (front) of the pelvis

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31
Q

synovial joint

A

is created where two bones articulate to permit a variety of motions

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32
Q

ball-and-socket joints

A

such as the hips and shoulders, allow a wide range of movement in many directions

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33
Q

hinge joints

A

such as the knees and elbows, are synovial joints that allow movement primarily in one direction or plane

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34
Q

synovial capsule

A

is the outermost layer of strong fibrous tissue that resembles a sleeve as it surrounds the joint.

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35
Q

synovial membrane

A

lines the capsule and secretes synovial fluid

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36
Q

synovial fluid

A

which flows within the synovial cavity, acts as a lubricant to make the smooth movement of the joint possible.

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37
Q

ligaments

A

are bands of fibrous tissue that form joints by connecting one bone to another bone or by joining a bone to cartilage.

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38
Q

bursa

A

is a fibrous sac that acts as a cushion to ease movement in areas that are subject to friction, such as in the shoulder, elbow, and knee joints where a tendon passes over a bone.

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39
Q

periosteum

A

fibrous membrane that covers the surface of long bones

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40
Q

cranium

A

made up of eight bones, cranial bones are joined by jagged fibrous joints that are often referred to as sutures.

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41
Q

frontal bone

A

the interior portion of the cranium that forms the forehead.

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42
Q

parietal bones

A

are two of the largest bones of the skull, roof and upper sides of cranium.

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43
Q

occipital bone

A

forms the back part of the skull and the base of the cranium.

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44
Q

temporal bones

A

two, forms the sides and base of the cranium.

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45
Q

external auditory meatus

A

the opening of the external auditory canal of the outer ear.

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46
Q

sphenoid bone

A

is an irregular, wedge-shaped bone at the base of the skull. connection to all other bones.

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47
Q

ethmoid bones

A

is light, spongy bone located at the roof and sides of the nose.

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48
Q

orbit

A

bony socket that surrounds and protects each eyeball.

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49
Q

auditory ossicles

A

are the three tiny bones located in each middle ear.

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50
Q

nasal bones

A

two, form the upper part of the bridge of the nose.

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51
Q

zygomatic bones

A

also known as the cheekbones, articulate with the frontal bones that makes up the forehead.

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52
Q

maxillary bones

A

two, form most of the upper jaw, also known as the maxillae

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53
Q

palatine bones

A

two, form the anterior (front) part of the hard palate of the mouth and the floor of the nose.

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54
Q

lacrimal bones

A

two, make up part of the orbit (socket of the eye) at the inner angle.

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55
Q

inferior conchae

A

two, are the thin, scroll-like bones that form part of the interior of the nose

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56
Q

vomer bones

A

forms the base for the nasal septum.

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57
Q

nasal septum

A

the cartilage wall that divides the two nasal cavities.

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58
Q

mandible

A

also known as the jawbone, the only movable bones of the skull.

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59
Q

thoracic cavity

A

also known as rib cage, the bony structure that protects the heart and lungs.

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60
Q

sternum

A

also known as the breast bone, flat, dagger-shaped bone located in the middle of the chest.

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61
Q

manubrium

A

the bony structure that forms the upper portion of the sternum

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62
Q

body of the sternum

A

is the structure made of cartilage that forms the lower portion of there sternum.

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63
Q

pectoral girdle

A

which supports the arms and hands.

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64
Q

clavicle

A

also known as the collar bone, is a slender bone that connects the manubrium of the sternum to the scapula.

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65
Q

scapula

A

also known as the shoulder blade.

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66
Q

acromion

A

is an extension of the scapula that forms the high point of the shoulder.

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67
Q

humerus

A

is the bone of the upper arm

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68
Q

radius

A

is smaller and shorter bone in the forearm, runs up the thumb side

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69
Q

ulna

A

is the larger bone of the forearm. proximal end of ulna and distal end of the humerus form elbow.

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70
Q

olecranon process

A

knows as funny bone, large projection on the upper end of the ulna. forms the point of an elbow.

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71
Q

carpals

A

are the bones that form the wrist

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72
Q

metacarpals

A

are the five bones than form the palms of the hand.

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73
Q

phalanges

A

are the 14 bones of the fingers, also for toes.

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74
Q

spinal column

A

also known as the vertebral column, protects the spinal cord and supports the head and body.

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75
Q

lamina

A

as known as posterior portion of a vertebra, serves as attachments for muscles and tendons.

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76
Q

intervertebral disks

A

are made of cartilage, separate and cushion the vertebrae from each other.

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77
Q

cervical vertebrae

A

are the first set of seven vertrebrae, and they form the neck.

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78
Q

thoracic vertebrae

A

has a pair of ribs attached, together form the outward curve of the spine.

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79
Q

lumbar vertebrae

A

form the inward curve of the lower spine. part of back and sides between the ribs and the pelvis.

80
Q

sacrum

A

is the slightly curved, triangular-shaped bone near the base of the spine that forms the lower portion of the back.

81
Q

coccyx

A

known as the tailbone, forms the end of spine, made up of four small vertebrae that are fused together.

82
Q

pelvis

A

known as the bony pelvis, protects internal organs and supports the lower extremities.

83
Q

ilium

A

is the broad, blade-shaped bone that forms the back and sides of the pubic bone.

84
Q

sacroiliac

A

is the slightly movable articulation between the sacrum and posterior portion of the ilium.

85
Q

ischium

A

forms the lower posterior portion of the pubic bone bears the weight of the body when sitting.

86
Q

pubis

A

forms anterior portion of the pubic bone, located just below the bladder.

87
Q

pubic bones

A

symphysis, place where two bones are closely joined.

88
Q

pubic symphysis

A

is the cartilaginous joint that unites the left and right pubic bones.

89
Q

acetabulum

A

known as the hip socket, is the large circular cavity in each side of the pelvis

90
Q

femurs

A

largest bones on the body

91
Q

patella

A

known as the kneecap, the bony anterior portion of the knee

92
Q

popliteal

A

describes posterior space behind knee, where ligaments, vessels and muscles related tot his joint

93
Q

cruciate ligaments

A

make possible the movements of the knee.

94
Q

tibia

A

known as shinbone, is the larger anterior weight-bearing bone of the lower leg.

95
Q

fibula

A

is the smaller of the two bones of the lower leg.

96
Q

ankles

A

joints that connect the lower leg and foot and make the necessary movements possible.

97
Q

tarsal bones

A

ankle made up of seven short

98
Q

malleolus

A

is a rounded bony projection on the tibia and fibula on the sides of each ankle joint.

99
Q

talus

A

the ankle bone that articulates with the tibia and fibula.

100
Q

calcaneus

A

known as heel bone, largest of the tarsal bones

101
Q

metatarsals

A

form that part of the foot to which the toes are attached.

102
Q

chiropractor

A

specialist in manipulative treatment of disorders originating from misalignment of the spine.

103
Q

orthopedic surgeon

A

physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders involving the bones, joints, and muscles.

104
Q

osteopath

A

meaning of any bone disease

105
Q

podiatrist

A

foot specialist

106
Q

rheumatologist

A

physician who specializes in in treatment of arthritis, characterized by inflammation of joints.

107
Q

ankylosis

A

is the loss or absence of mobility in a joint due to disease, injury, or surgical procedure

108
Q

adhesive capsulitis

A

known as frozen shoulder, painful ankylosis of the shoulder, synovial capsule formed, making the joint thicker and tighter.

109
Q

arthrosclerosis

A

is stiffness of the joints, especially in elderly

110
Q

baker’s cyst

A

known as popliteal cyst, a fluid-filled sac behind knee

111
Q

bursitis

A

inflammation of a bursa

112
Q

chondromalacia

A

abnormal softening of cartilage

113
Q

costochondritis

A

an inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to the sternum.

114
Q

hallux valgus

A

known as bunion, abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the great toe.

115
Q

hemarthrosis

A

is blood within a joint

116
Q

polymyalgia rheumatica

A

an inflammatory disorder of muscles and joints characterized by pain and stiffness in the neck, shoulders, upper arms, and hips, and thighs

117
Q

sprain

A

when a ligament that connects to a joint is wrenched or torn.

118
Q

synovitis

A

inflammation of the synovial membrane that results in swelling and pain of the affected joint

119
Q

dislocation

A

known as luxation, the total displacement of a bone from its joint

120
Q

subluxation

A

the partial displacement of a bone from its joint

121
Q

arthritis

A

inflammatory condition of one or more joints

122
Q

osteoarthritis

A

known as wear-and-tear arthritis, most commonly associated with aging

123
Q

osteophytes

A

formation of the hypertrophy of bone

124
Q

spondylosis

A

known as spinal osteoarthritis, degenerative disorder can cause loss of normal spinal structure and function.

125
Q

gout

A

known as gouty arthritis, type that deposits of uric acid crystals in the joints, typically warm, red, and severely sensitive

126
Q

rheumatoid arthritis

A

chronic autoimmune disorder in which the joints and some organs of other body systems are attacked

127
Q

ankylosing spondylitis

A

form of rheumatoid arthritis primarily causes inflammation. of joints between vertebrae

128
Q

herniated disk

A

known as a slipped or ruptured disk, breaking apart of an intervertebral disk that results in pressure on spinal nerve roots

129
Q

lumbago

A

known as low back pain, in lumbar region of spine

130
Q

spondylolisthesis

A

the forward slipping movement of the body of one of lower lumbar vertebrae on the vertebra or sacrum below it

131
Q

spina bifida

A

a congenital defect that occurs during early pregnancy when spinal canal fails to close completely around spinal cord for protection

132
Q

kyphosis

A

abnormal increase in outward curvature of thoracic spine as view from side

133
Q

lordosis

A

abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lumbar spine, swayback

134
Q

scoliosis

A

abnormal lateral curvature of the spine, sideways

135
Q

avascular necrosis

A

area for bone tissue death caused by insufficient blood flow, common in hip joint

136
Q

craniostenosis

A

malformation of the skull due to premature closure of the cranial sutures

137
Q

osteitis

A

inflammation of bone

138
Q

osteomalacia

A

adult rickets, abnormal softening of bones in adults

139
Q

osteomyelitis

A

inflammation of the bone marrow and adjacent bone

140
Q

paget’s disease

A

chronic bone disease, abnormal break down of bone

141
Q

periostitis

A

inflammation of the periosteum, shin splints

142
Q

rickets

A

deficiency disease occurring in children, lack of bone growth

143
Q

short stature

A

dwarfism, failure of bones of the limbs to grown to appropriate length, compared to size of head and trunk

144
Q

talipes

A

clubfoot, any deformity of the foot involving the talus(ankle bones)

145
Q

primary bone cancer

A

rare malignant tumor that originates in a bone.

146
Q

secondary bone cancer

A

tumors that have spread to bones from other organs such as breast and lungs

147
Q

myeloma

A

type of cancer, occurs in blood-making cells found in the red bone marrow

148
Q

osteochrondroma`

A

benign bony projection covered with cartilage

149
Q

osteoporosis

A

marked loss of bone density and an increase in bone porosity, with aging

150
Q

osteopenia

A

thinner-than-average bone density

151
Q

compression fracture

A

occurs when bone is pressed together, on itself.

152
Q

colles’ fracture

A

fractured wrist, lower end of the radius

153
Q

osteoporotic hip fracture

A

broken hip,

154
Q

comminuted fracture

A

bone is splintered or crushed

155
Q

greenstick fracture

A

bone is bent and only partially broken

156
Q

oblique fracture

A

occurs at an angle across the bone

157
Q

pathologic fracture

A

weakened bone breaks under normal strain

158
Q

spiral fracture

A

twisted apart

159
Q

fat embolus

A

when a long bone is fractured and fat cells from yellow bone marrow are released into he blood

160
Q

crepitation

A

grating sound heard when the ends of a broken bone move together

161
Q

callus

A

forms as a bulging deposit, thickening of the skin caused by rubbing

162
Q

radiograph

A

x-ray, the use of x-radiation to visualize born fractures and abnormalities

163
Q

arthroscopy

A

the visual examination of an internal structure of a joint

164
Q

bone marrow biopsy

A

diagnostic test after abnormal numbers of red, white blood cells

165
Q

magnetic resonance imaging

A

used to image soft tissue structures such as the interior of complex joints.

166
Q

bone density testing

A

determine losses or changes in bone density

167
Q

ultrasonic bone density testing

A

screening for osteoporosis or conditions that shows loss of bone mass

168
Q

dual x-ray absorptiometry

A

low-exposure radiographic measurement of the spine and hips to measure bone density

169
Q

bone marrow transplant

A

used to treat certain types of cancers

170
Q

allogenic bone marrow transplant

A

uses healthy bone marrow cells from a compatible donor, usually sibling

171
Q

allogenic

A

means origination within another

172
Q

autologous bone marrow transplant

A

patient receives his or hers on bone marrow cells

173
Q

autologous

A

means originating within an individual

174
Q

orthotic

A

mechanical appliance, to compensate for impaired limb function

175
Q

prosthesis

A

substitute for a missing body part, amputation

176
Q

arthrodesis

A

surgical fusion, two bones to stiffen a joint

177
Q

arthrolysis

A

surgical loosening of an ankylosed joint

178
Q

arthroscopic surgery

A

minimally invasive procedure for treatment on interior of joint

179
Q

chondroplasty

A

surgical repair of damaged cartilage

180
Q

synovectomy

A

surgical removal of synovial membrane from a joint

181
Q

arthroplasty

A

surgical repair of damaged joint

182
Q

revision surgery

A

replacement of a worn or failed implant

183
Q

percutaneous diskectomy

A

thin tube through skin of back, to suction out disk or vapor with laser

184
Q

percutaneous vertebroplasty

A

performed to treat osteoporosis-related compression fractures

185
Q

laminectomy

A

surgical removal of a lamina or posterior portion of vertebrae

186
Q

spinal fusion

A

technique to mobilize part of the spine by joining together to or more vertebrae

187
Q

craniotomy

A

surgical incision of skull

188
Q

craniectomy

A

surgical removal of portion of skull

189
Q

cranioplasty

A

surgical repair of skull

190
Q

osteoclasis

A

surgical fracture of a bone to correct a deformity

191
Q

ostectomy

A

surgical removal of bone

192
Q

osteorrhaphy

A

surgical suturing, or wiring together of bones

193
Q

osteotomy

A

surgical cutting of a bone

194
Q

perioteotomy

A

incision through the periosteum to the bone

195
Q

immobilization

A

act of holding, suturing, the bone in fixed position with strap of cast

196
Q

traction

A

pulling force exerted on a limb in a distal direction in effort to return bone to joint of normal alignment

medical terminology (12 decks)

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