Chapter 3: The Skeletal System Flashcards
1
Q
ankyl/o
A
crooked, bent, stiff
2
Q
arthr/o
A
joint
3
Q
burs/o
A
bursa
4
Q
chondr/i , chondr/o
A
cartilage
5
Q
cost/o
A
rib
6
Q
crani/o
A
skull
7
Q
-desis
A
to bind, tie together
8
Q
kyph/o
A
bent, hump
9
Q
lord/o
A
curve, swayback, bent
10
Q
-lysis
A
loosening, or setting free
11
Q
myel/o
A
spinal cord, bone marrow
12
Q
oss/e, oss/i, ost/o, oste/o
A
bone
13
Q
scoli/o
A
curved, bent
14
Q
spondyl/o
A
vertebrae, vertebral column, backbone
15
Q
synovi/o, synov/o
A
synovial membrane, synovial fluid
16
Q
cartilage
A
is the smooth, rubbery, blues-white connective tissue that acts as a shock absorber between bones.
17
Q
articular cartilage
A
covers the surfaces of bones where they articulate, or come together, to form joint
(protects the bones from rubbing against each other).
18
Q
meniscus
A
the curved, fibrous cartilage found in some joint, such as the knee and the temporomandibular joint of the jaw.
19
Q
diaphysis
A
the shaft of a long bone
20
Q
epiphysis
A
are the wider ends of long bones such as the femurs of the legs
21
Q
proximal epiphysis
A
the end of the bone located nearest to the midline of the body.
22
Q
distal epiphysis
A
the end of the bone located farthest away from the midline of the body.
23
Q
foramen
A
is an opening in a bone through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass.
24
Q
foramen magnum
A
the spinal cord passes through, the occipital bone at the base of the skull.
25
process
a normal projection on the surface of the bone that most commonly serves as an attachment for a muscle or tendon.
26
mastoid process
is the bony projection located on the temporal bones just behind the ears.
27
fibrous joints
consisting of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue, hold the bones tightly together.
28
fontanelles
also known as the soft spots, are normally present on the skull of a newborn.
29
cartilaginous joints
allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage.
30
public symphysis
allows some movement to facilitate child birth. this joint is located between the pubic bones in the anterior (front) of the pelvis
31
synovial joint
is created where two bones articulate to permit a variety of motions
32
ball-and-socket joints
such as the hips and shoulders, allow a wide range of movement in many directions
33
hinge joints
such as the knees and elbows, are synovial joints that allow movement primarily in one direction or plane
34
synovial capsule
is the outermost layer of strong fibrous tissue that resembles a sleeve as it surrounds the joint.
35
synovial membrane
lines the capsule and secretes synovial fluid
36
synovial fluid
which flows within the synovial cavity, acts as a lubricant to make the smooth movement of the joint possible.
37
ligaments
are bands of fibrous tissue that form joints by connecting one bone to another bone or by joining a bone to cartilage.
38
bursa
is a fibrous sac that acts as a cushion to ease movement in areas that are subject to friction, such as in the shoulder, elbow, and knee joints where a tendon passes over a bone.
39
periosteum
fibrous membrane that covers the surface of long bones
40
cranium
made up of eight bones, cranial bones are joined by jagged fibrous joints that are often referred to as sutures.
41
frontal bone
the interior portion of the cranium that forms the forehead.
42
parietal bones
are two of the largest bones of the skull, roof and upper sides of cranium.
43
occipital bone
forms the back part of the skull and the base of the cranium.
44
temporal bones
two, forms the sides and base of the cranium.
45
external auditory meatus
the opening of the external auditory canal of the outer ear.
46
sphenoid bone
is an irregular, wedge-shaped bone at the base of the skull. connection to all other bones.
47
ethmoid bones
is light, spongy bone located at the roof and sides of the nose.
48
orbit
bony socket that surrounds and protects each eyeball.
49
auditory ossicles
are the three tiny bones located in each middle ear.
50
nasal bones
two, form the upper part of the bridge of the nose.
51
zygomatic bones
also known as the cheekbones, articulate with the frontal bones that makes up the forehead.
52
maxillary bones
two, form most of the upper jaw, also known as the maxillae
53
palatine bones
two, form the anterior (front) part of the hard palate of the mouth and the floor of the nose.
54
lacrimal bones
two, make up part of the orbit (socket of the eye) at the inner angle.
55
inferior conchae
two, are the thin, scroll-like bones that form part of the interior of the nose
56
vomer bones
forms the base for the nasal septum.
57
nasal septum
the cartilage wall that divides the two nasal cavities.
58
mandible
also known as the jawbone, the only movable bones of the skull.
59
thoracic cavity
also known as rib cage, the bony structure that protects the heart and lungs.
60
sternum
also known as the breast bone, flat, dagger-shaped bone located in the middle of the chest.
61
manubrium
the bony structure that forms the upper portion of the sternum
62
body of the sternum
is the structure made of cartilage that forms the lower portion of there sternum.
63
pectoral girdle
which supports the arms and hands.
64
clavicle
also known as the collar bone, is a slender bone that connects the manubrium of the sternum to the scapula.
65
scapula
also known as the shoulder blade.
66
acromion
is an extension of the scapula that forms the high point of the shoulder.
67
humerus
is the bone of the upper arm
68
radius
is smaller and shorter bone in the forearm, runs up the thumb side
69
ulna
is the larger bone of the forearm. proximal end of ulna and distal end of the humerus form elbow.
70
olecranon process
knows as funny bone, large projection on the upper end of the ulna. forms the point of an elbow.
71
carpals
are the bones that form the wrist
72
metacarpals
are the five bones than form the palms of the hand.
73
phalanges
are the 14 bones of the fingers, also for toes.
74
spinal column
also known as the vertebral column, protects the spinal cord and supports the head and body.
75
lamina
as known as posterior portion of a vertebra, serves as attachments for muscles and tendons.
76
intervertebral disks
are made of cartilage, separate and cushion the vertebrae from each other.
77
cervical vertebrae
are the first set of seven vertrebrae, and they form the neck.
78
thoracic vertebrae
has a pair of ribs attached, together form the outward curve of the spine.
79
lumbar vertebrae
form the inward curve of the lower spine. part of back and sides between the ribs and the pelvis.
80
sacrum
is the slightly curved, triangular-shaped bone near the base of the spine that forms the lower portion of the back.
81
coccyx
known as the tailbone, forms the end of spine, made up of four small vertebrae that are fused together.
82
pelvis
known as the bony pelvis, protects internal organs and supports the lower extremities.
83
ilium
is the broad, blade-shaped bone that forms the back and sides of the pubic bone.
84
sacroiliac
is the slightly movable articulation between the sacrum and posterior portion of the ilium.
85
ischium
forms the lower posterior portion of the pubic bone bears the weight of the body when sitting.
86
pubis
forms anterior portion of the pubic bone, located just below the bladder.
87
pubic bones
symphysis, place where two bones are closely joined.
88
pubic symphysis
is the cartilaginous joint that unites the left and right pubic bones.
89
acetabulum
known as the hip socket, is the large circular cavity in each side of the pelvis
90
femurs
largest bones on the body
91
patella
known as the kneecap, the bony anterior portion of the knee
92
popliteal
describes posterior space behind knee, where ligaments, vessels and muscles related tot his joint
93
cruciate ligaments
make possible the movements of the knee.
94
tibia
known as shinbone, is the larger anterior weight-bearing bone of the lower leg.
95
fibula
is the smaller of the two bones of the lower leg.
96
ankles
joints that connect the lower leg and foot and make the necessary movements possible.
97
tarsal bones
ankle made up of seven short
98
malleolus
is a rounded bony projection on the tibia and fibula on the sides of each ankle joint.
99
talus
the ankle bone that articulates with the tibia and fibula.
100
calcaneus
known as heel bone, largest of the tarsal bones
101
metatarsals
form that part of the foot to which the toes are attached.
102
chiropractor
specialist in manipulative treatment of disorders originating from misalignment of the spine.
103
orthopedic surgeon
physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders involving the bones, joints, and muscles.
104
osteopath
meaning of any bone disease
105
podiatrist
foot specialist
106
rheumatologist
physician who specializes in in treatment of arthritis, characterized by inflammation of joints.
107
ankylosis
is the loss or absence of mobility in a joint due to disease, injury, or surgical procedure
108
adhesive capsulitis
known as frozen shoulder, painful ankylosis of the shoulder, synovial capsule formed, making the joint thicker and tighter.
109
arthrosclerosis
is stiffness of the joints, especially in elderly
110
baker's cyst
known as popliteal cyst, a fluid-filled sac behind knee
111
bursitis
inflammation of a bursa
112
chondromalacia
abnormal softening of cartilage
113
costochondritis
an inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to the sternum.
114
hallux valgus
known as bunion, abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the great toe.
115
hemarthrosis
is blood within a joint
116
polymyalgia rheumatica
an inflammatory disorder of muscles and joints characterized by pain and stiffness in the neck, shoulders, upper arms, and hips, and thighs
117
sprain
when a ligament that connects to a joint is wrenched or torn.
118
synovitis
inflammation of the synovial membrane that results in swelling and pain of the affected joint
119
dislocation
known as luxation, the total displacement of a bone from its joint
120
subluxation
the partial displacement of a bone from its joint
121
arthritis
inflammatory condition of one or more joints
122
osteoarthritis
known as wear-and-tear arthritis, most commonly associated with aging
123
osteophytes
formation of the hypertrophy of bone
124
spondylosis
known as spinal osteoarthritis, degenerative disorder can cause loss of normal spinal structure and function.
125
gout
known as gouty arthritis, type that deposits of uric acid crystals in the joints, typically warm, red, and severely sensitive
126
rheumatoid arthritis
chronic autoimmune disorder in which the joints and some organs of other body systems are attacked
127
ankylosing spondylitis
form of rheumatoid arthritis primarily causes inflammation. of joints between vertebrae
128
herniated disk
known as a slipped or ruptured disk, breaking apart of an intervertebral disk that results in pressure on spinal nerve roots
129
lumbago
known as low back pain, in lumbar region of spine
130
spondylolisthesis
the forward slipping movement of the body of one of lower lumbar vertebrae on the vertebra or sacrum below it
131
spina bifida
a congenital defect that occurs during early pregnancy when spinal canal fails to close completely around spinal cord for protection
132
kyphosis
abnormal increase in outward curvature of thoracic spine as view from side
133
lordosis
abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lumbar spine, swayback
134
scoliosis
abnormal lateral curvature of the spine, sideways
135
avascular necrosis
area for bone tissue death caused by insufficient blood flow, common in hip joint
136
craniostenosis
malformation of the skull due to premature closure of the cranial sutures
137
osteitis
inflammation of bone
138
osteomalacia
adult rickets, abnormal softening of bones in adults
139
osteomyelitis
inflammation of the bone marrow and adjacent bone
140
paget's disease
chronic bone disease, abnormal break down of bone
141
periostitis
inflammation of the periosteum, shin splints
142
rickets
deficiency disease occurring in children, lack of bone growth
143
short stature
dwarfism, failure of bones of the limbs to grown to appropriate length, compared to size of head and trunk
144
talipes
clubfoot, any deformity of the foot involving the talus(ankle bones)
145
primary bone cancer
rare malignant tumor that originates in a bone.
146
secondary bone cancer
tumors that have spread to bones from other organs such as breast and lungs
147
myeloma
type of cancer, occurs in blood-making cells found in the red bone marrow
148
osteochrondroma`
benign bony projection covered with cartilage
149
osteoporosis
marked loss of bone density and an increase in bone porosity, with aging
150
osteopenia
thinner-than-average bone density
151
compression fracture
occurs when bone is pressed together, on itself.
152
colles' fracture
fractured wrist, lower end of the radius
153
osteoporotic hip fracture
broken hip,
154
comminuted fracture
bone is splintered or crushed
155
greenstick fracture
bone is bent and only partially broken
156
oblique fracture
occurs at an angle across the bone
157
pathologic fracture
weakened bone breaks under normal strain
158
spiral fracture
twisted apart
159
fat embolus
when a long bone is fractured and fat cells from yellow bone marrow are released into he blood
160
crepitation
grating sound heard when the ends of a broken bone move together
161
callus
forms as a bulging deposit, thickening of the skin caused by rubbing
162
radiograph
x-ray, the use of x-radiation to visualize born fractures and abnormalities
163
arthroscopy
the visual examination of an internal structure of a joint
164
bone marrow biopsy
diagnostic test after abnormal numbers of red, white blood cells
165
magnetic resonance imaging
used to image soft tissue structures such as the interior of complex joints.
166
bone density testing
determine losses or changes in bone density
167
ultrasonic bone density testing
screening for osteoporosis or conditions that shows loss of bone mass
168
dual x-ray absorptiometry
low-exposure radiographic measurement of the spine and hips to measure bone density
169
bone marrow transplant
used to treat certain types of cancers
170
allogenic bone marrow transplant
uses healthy bone marrow cells from a compatible donor, usually sibling
171
allogenic
means origination within another
172
autologous bone marrow transplant
patient receives his or hers on bone marrow cells
173
autologous
means originating within an individual
174
orthotic
mechanical appliance, to compensate for impaired limb function
175
prosthesis
substitute for a missing body part, amputation
176
arthrodesis
surgical fusion, two bones to stiffen a joint
177
arthrolysis
surgical loosening of an ankylosed joint
178
arthroscopic surgery
minimally invasive procedure for treatment on interior of joint
179
chondroplasty
surgical repair of damaged cartilage
180
synovectomy
surgical removal of synovial membrane from a joint
181
arthroplasty
surgical repair of damaged joint
182
revision surgery
replacement of a worn or failed implant
183
percutaneous diskectomy
thin tube through skin of back, to suction out disk or vapor with laser
184
percutaneous vertebroplasty
performed to treat osteoporosis-related compression fractures
185
laminectomy
surgical removal of a lamina or posterior portion of vertebrae
186
spinal fusion
technique to mobilize part of the spine by joining together to or more vertebrae
187
craniotomy
surgical incision of skull
188
craniectomy
surgical removal of portion of skull
189
cranioplasty
surgical repair of skull
190
osteoclasis
surgical fracture of a bone to correct a deformity
191
ostectomy
surgical removal of bone
192
osteorrhaphy
surgical suturing, or wiring together of bones
193
osteotomy
surgical cutting of a bone
194
perioteotomy
incision through the periosteum to the bone
195
immobilization
act of holding, suturing, the bone in fixed position with strap of cast
196
traction
pulling force exerted on a limb in a distal direction in effort to return bone to joint of normal alignment
