Chapter 13: The Endocrine System Flashcards
1
Q
adren/o
A
adrenal glands
2
Q
gonad/o
A
gonads
3
Q
testic/o
A
male: testicles
4
Q
ovari/o
A
female: ovaries
5
Q
parathyroid/o
A
parathyroid glands
6
Q
pineal/o
A
pineal gland
7
Q
pituit/o , pituitar/o
A
pituitary gland
8
Q
thym/o
A
thymus
9
Q
thyr/o , thyroid/o
A
thyroid gland
10
Q
acr/o
A
extremities (hands and feet), top, extreme point
11
Q
adren/o
A
adrenal glands
12
Q
crin/o
A
secrete
13
Q
-dipsia
A
thirst
14
Q
glyc/o
A
glucose, sugar
15
Q
gonad/o
A
gonad, sex glands
16
Q
-ism
A
condition, state of
17
Q
pancreat/o
A
pancreas
18
Q
poly-
A
many
19
Q
somat/o
A
body
20
Q
homeostasis
A
processes through which the body maintains a constant internal environment
21
Q
hormones
A
are chemical messengers that are secreted by endocrine glands directly into the bloodstream
22
Q
endocrine glands
A
produce hormones, do not have ducts
23
Q
pituitary gland or hypophysis
A
a pea-sized gland that is divided into two parts, the anterior and the posterior lobes; stalk-like structure below the hypothalamus in brain, secretes hormones that control the activity of the other endocrine glands
24
Q
adrenocorticotropic hormone
A
stimulates the growth and secretions of the adrenal cortex
25
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
stimulates the secretion of estrogen and the growth of ova (eggs) in the ovaries of the female; In the male, it stimulates the production of sperm in the testicles
26
growth hormone (GH)
known as the somatotrophic hormone, regulates the growth of bone, muscle, and other body tissues
27
lactogenic hormone (LTH)
known as prolactin, stimulates and maintains the secretion of breast milk in the mother after childbirth
28
luteinizing hormone (LH)
stimulates ovulation in the female; In the male, the luteinizing hormone stimulates the secretion of testosterone
29
melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
increases the production of melanin in melanocytes, thereby causing darkening of skin pigmentation; usually increases during pregnancy
30
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
stimulates the secretion of hormones by the thyroid gland
31
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
is secreted by the hypothalamus and stored in the pituitary gland, helps control blood pressure by reducing the amount of water that is excreted through the kidneys
32
oxytocin (OXT)
stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth; after childbirth, it controls postnatal hemorrhage and stimulates the flow of milk from mammary glands
33
pitocin
a synthetic form of oxytocin that is administered to induce or speed up labor
34
pineal gland
very small endocrine gland, known as pineal body; located in the central portion of the brain
35
melatonin
influences the sleep-wakefulness portions of the circadian cycle
36
thyroid gland
butterfly-shaped, lies on either side of the larynx, just below the thyroid cartilage
37
metabolism
describes all of the processes involved in the body's use of nutrients, including the rate at which they are used
38
calcitonin
which is produced by the thyroid gland, is a hormone that works with the parathyroid hormone to decrease calcium levels in the blood and tissues by moving calcium into storage in the bones and teeth
39
parathyroid glands
four, each of which is about the size of a grain of rice, are embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland
40
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
which works with the hormone calcitonin that is secreted by the thyroid gland; together they regulate the calcium levels in the blood and tissues
41
thymus
located near the midline in the anterior portion of the thoracic cavity; posterior to (behind) the sternum and slightly superior to (above) the heart; function as part of the endocrine system by secreting a hormone as part of immune system
42
thymosin
plays an important part in the immune system by stimulating the maturation of lymphocytes into T cells
43
pancreas
a feather-shaped organ located posterior to the stomach that functions as part of both the digestive and the endocrine systems
44
pancreatic islets
are those parts of the pancreas that have endocrine functions
45
glucose
is the basic form of energy used by the body, glucose in the bloodstream is also known as blood sugar
46
glucagon (GCG)
hormone secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreatic islets in response to low levels of glucose in the bloodstream
47
insulin
is the hormone secreted by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets in response to high levels of glucose in the bloodstream
48
adrenal glands
known as suprarenals, are so named because they are located on top of each kidney
49
electrolytes
are mineral substances-calcium, chloride, magnesium, phosphorus, sodium, and potassium- That are normally found in the blood and other bodily fluids
50
androgens
sex hormones secreted by the gonads, the adrenal cortex, and fat cells
51
corticosteroids
the steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex
52
aldosterone (ALD)
a corticosteroid that regulates the sodium and water levels in the body by increasing sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion by the kidneys
53
cortisol
known as hydrocortisone, a corticosteroid that has an anti-inflammatory action, also helps regulate the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in the body, secreted by the adrenal cortex
54
epinephrine (EPI)
known as adrenaline, stimulates the sympathetic nervous system in response to physical injury or to mental stress such as fear
55
norepinephrine
both a hormone and a neurohormone; plays an important role in the "fight-or-flight response" by raising blood pressure, strengthening the heartbeat, and stimulation muscles contractions, secreted by the adrenal medulla
56
gonads
are gamete-producing glands, these are ovaries in females and testicles in males
57
secondary sex characteristics
refer to features that distinguish the two sexes but are not directly related to reproduction
58
puberty
the process of physical changes by which a child's body becomes an adult body that is capable of reproducing
59
precocious puberty
the early onset of the changes of puberty, usually before age 8 in girls and age 9 in boys
60
estrogen (E)
a hormone secreted by the ovaries that is important in the development and maintenance of the female secondary sex characteristic and in regulation of the menstrual cycle
61
progesterone
the hormone released during the second half of the menstrual cycle by the corpus luteum in the ovary, complete the preparation of the uterus for possible pregnancy
62
gamete
a reproductive cell, these are sperm in the male and ova(eggs) in the female
63
gonadotropin
any hormone that stimulates the gonads
64
androgens
sex hormones, primarily testosterone, secreted by the glands, the adrenal cortex, and fat cells...promote the development and maintenance of the male sex characteristics
65
testosterone
a steroid hormone secreted by the testicles and the adrenal cortex to stimulate development of male secondary sex characteristics
66
steroids
are a large family of hormone-like substances that share the same fat-soluble chemical structure
67
anabolic steroids
are man-made substances that are chemically related to male sex hormones
68
leptin
is a protein hormone secreted by fat cells that is involved in the regulation of appetite
69
ghrelin
a hormone produced in the gastrointestinal tract , referred to as the hunger hormone..research is ongoing to flesh out the role that leptin and gherkin play in rising levels of obesity
70
neurohormones
produced and released by neurons in the brain, rather than by the endocrine glands, and delivered to organs and tissues through the bloodstream
71
endocrinologist
a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and malfunctions of the endocrine glands
72
certified diabetes educator (CDE)
a heath care professional qualified to tech people with diabetes how to manage their disease
73
acromegaly
a rare chronic disease characterized by abnormal enlargement of the extremities (hands and feet)caused by the excessive secretion of growth hormone after puberty
74
gigantism
abnormal growth of the entire body that is caused by excessive secretion of growth hormone before puberty
75
hyperpituitarism
the excess secretion of growth hormone that causes acromegaly and gigantism
76
short stature
formerly known as dwarfism, is sometimes caused by deficient secretion of growth hormone
77
pituitary adenoma
known as a pituitary tumor, 2 types of these slow-growing benign tumors of the pituitary gland
78
functioning pituitary tumors
often produce hormones in large and unregulated amounts
79
nonfunctioning pituitary tumors
do not produce excessive amounts of hormones
80
galactorrhea
a condition in which an excess of prolactin causes the breasts to produce milk spontaneously, not due to childbirth
81
prolactinoma
benign tumor of the pituitary gland, can cause infertility in women and erectile dysfunction in men and can impair vision
82
diabetes insipidus (DI)
which is not related to diabetes mellitus, is an uncommon disorder caused by an insufficient production of the antidiuretic hormone ADH or by the inability of the kidneys to respond appropriately to this hormone
83
syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)
caused by the overproduction of the antidiuretic hormone ADH, often a result of cancer or its treatment
84
pinealoma
a tumor of the pineal gland that can disrupt the production of melatonin, can also cause insomnia by disrupting the circadian cycle
85
thyroid carcinoma
the most common cancer of the endocrine system, and is the most rapidly increasing cancer in US, affects more women than men
86
Hashimoto's disease
known as chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, is an autoimmune disease in which the body's own antibodies attack and destroy the cells of the thyroid gland
87
hypothyroidism
known as an underachieve thyroid, is caused by a deficiency of thyroid secretion
88
cretinism
a congenital form of hypothroidism ; if treatment is not started soon after birth, cretinism causes arrested physical and mental development
89
myxedema
known as adult hypothyroidism, caused by an extreme deficiency of thyroid secretion
90
thyroid nodules
lumps in the thyroid that can grow large enough to cause goiter (graves disease?)
91
thyroid storm
known as thyrotoxic crisis, relatively rare, life-threatening condition caused by exaggerated hyperthroidism
92
hyperthyroidism
known as thyrotoxicosis, overproduction of thyroid hormones, causing an imbalance of metabolism
93
graves disease
disorder of unknown cause in immune system attacks the thyroid gland and stimulates it to make excessive amounts of thyroid hormone
94
goiter
known as thyromegaly, abnormal benign enlargement of the thyroid gland, producing swelling in the front of the neck
95
exophthalmos
abnormal protrusion of the eyeball out of the orbit
96
hyperparathyroidism
is the overproduction of the parathyroid hormone, causes the condition known as hypercalcemia
97
hypoparathyroidism
caused by an insufficient or absent secretion of the parathyroid hormone
98
tetany
the condition of periodic, painful muscle spasms and tremors
99
hypercalcemia
abnormally high concentrations of calcium circulating in the blood instead of being stored in the bones and teeth
100
hypocalcemia
abnormally low levels of calcium in the blood
101
thymitis
inflammation of the thymus gland
102
insulinoma
a benign tumor of the pancreas that causes hypoglycemia by secreting additional insulin
103
pancreatitis
an inflammation of the pancreas, usually long-term alcohol abuse
104
hyperglycemia
abnormally high concentration of glucose in the blood
105
polydipsia
excessive thirst
106
polyphagia
excessive hunger
107
polyuria
excessive urination
108
hyperinsulinism
condition of excessive secretion of insulin in the bloodstream
109
hypoglycemia
abnormally low concentration of glucose in the blood
110
diabetes mellitus (DM)
most common endocrine system disease, group of metabolic disorders by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in the body's production of insulin(type1) or ability to use it properly(type2)
111
metabolic syndrome
common combination of medical conditions, including increased blood pressure, elevated levels of insulin in the blood, excess body fat around the waist, or abnormal cholesterol levels
112
type 1 diabetes
an autoimmune insulin deficiency disorder caused by the destruction of pancreatic islet beta cells
113
type 1 diabetes
insulin resistance disorder. in attempt to compensate for this lack of response, the body secretes more insulin; common in children and young adults
114
prediabetes
condition in which the blood glucose level is higher than normal, but not high enough to be classified as type 2 diabetes
115
oral hypoglycemics
lower blood glucose by causing the pancreas to release more insulin or by increasing the body's sensitivity to insulin
116
glucophage
(metformin hydrochloride) similar medication work within the cells to combat insulin resistance and to help insulin let blood glucose into the cells
117
latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA)
known as type 1.5 diabetes, condition in type 1 develops in adults, shares characteristics of type 2; however autoimmune antibodies are present
118
gestational diabetes mellitus
form of diabetes mellitus that occurs during some pregnancies, usually disappears after delivery; though women have an increased risk of developing type 2 later on in life
119
diabetic coma
known as diabetic ketoacidosis, caused by very high blood glucose
120
insulin shock
caused by very low blood glucose
121
oral glucose
a sugary substance that can quickly be absorbed into the blood stream, consumed to rapidly raise the blood sugar level
122
diabetic retinopathy
occurs when diabetes damages the tiny blood vessels in the retina, causes blood to leak into the posterior segment of the eyeball causing loss of vision
123
heart disease
occurs because excess blood glucose makes the walls of the blood vessels sticky and rigid
124
ketosis
normal metabolic process that helps the body utilize stored fat when other sources of energy are lacking
125
kidney disease
can lead to renal failure because damage tot he blood vessels reduces blood flow through the kidneys
126
peripheral neuropathy
damage tot he nerves affecting the hands and feet which makes it harder to feel a cut or other injury
127
addison's disease
occurs adrenal glands do not produce enough of the hormones cortisol or aldosterone
128
adrenalitis
inflammation of the adrenals gland
129
aldosteronism
abnormality of the electrolyte balance that is caused by the excessive secretion of aldosterone
130
conn's syndrome
disorder of the adrenal glands that is caused by the excessive production of aldosterone
131
pheochromocytoma
rare, benign tumor of the adrenal gland that causes too much release of epinephrine and norepinephrine , which are the hormones that regulate heart rate and blood pressure
132
Cushing's syndrome
known as hypercortisolism, caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol
133
hypergonadism
condition of excessive secretion of hormones by the sex glands
134
hypergonadism
condition of excessive secretion of hormones y the sex glands
135
hypogonadism
condition of deficient secretion of hormones by the sex glands
136
gynecomastia
condition of excessive mammary development in the male
137
radioactive iodine uptake test (RAIU)
uses radioactive iodine administered orally to measure thyroid function , measured 6 to 24 hours later using a handheld instrument called gamma probe
138
thyroid-stimulating hormone assay
diagnostic test to measure the circulating blood level of thyroid-stimulating hormone, used to detect abnormal thyroid activity resulting from excessive pituitary stimulation
139
thyroid scan
measures thyroid function, a form nuclear medicine
140
fasting blood sugar test (FBS)
known as fasting plasma glucose test, measures the glucose levels after patient has not eaten for 8 to 12 hours
141
oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)
commonly performed to diagnose gestational diabetes; after fasting for at least 8 hours, patient drinks liquid containing a high concentration of sugar
142
home blood glucose monitoring
measures the current blood glucose level using a drop of blood, and is often performed by the patient multiple times per day
143
hemoglobin A1c testing
known as HbA1c, blood test that measures the average blood glucose level over the previous 3 to 4 months
144
The fructosamine test
measures average glucose levels over the previous 3 weeks, able to detect changes more rapidly than the HbA1c test
145
human growth hormone (HGH)
a synthetic version of the growth hormone that is administered to stimulate growth when the natural supply of growth hormone is insufficient for normal development
146
hypophysectomy
removal of abnormal glandular tissue
147
pinealectomy
surgical removal of the pineal gland
148
antithyroid drug
medication administered to slow ability of the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones
149
radioactive iodine treatment (RAI)
the oral administration of radioactive iodine to destroy thyroid cells, nuclear medicine procedure; disables at least part of the thyroid gland
150
lobectomy
surgical removal of one lobe of the thyroid gland
151
synthetic thyroid hormones
oral medications administered to replace lost thyroid function
152
parathyroidectomy
surgical removal of one or more of the parathyroid glands, performed to control hyperthyroidism
153
thymectomy
surgical removal of the thymus gland
154
pancreatectomy
surgical removal of all or part of the pancreas
155
laparoscopic adrenalectomy
minimally invasive surgical procedure to remove one or both adrenal glands
156
cortisone
synthetic equivalent of corticosteroids produced by the adrenal glands; administered to suppress inflammation and as an immunosuppressant
