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medical terminology > Chapter 5: The Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Chapter 5: The Cardiovascular System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

angi/o

A

blood or lymph vessel

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2
Q

aort/o

A

aorta

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3
Q

arteri/o

A

artery

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4
Q

ather/o

A

plaque, fatty substance

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5
Q

brady-

A

slow

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6
Q

cardi/o

A

heart

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7
Q

-crasia

A

a mixture or blending

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8
Q

-emia

A

blood, blood condition

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9
Q

erythr/o

A

red

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10
Q

hem/o , hemat/o

A

blood, relating to the blood

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11
Q

leuk/o

A

white

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12
Q

phleb/o

A

vein

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13
Q

tachy-

A

fast, rapid

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14
Q

thromb/o

A

clot

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15
Q

ven/o

A

vein

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16
Q

cardiovascular

A

pertaining to heart and blood vessels

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17
Q

heart

A

hollow, muscular organ located in the thoracic cavity, between the lungs; about the size fo a fist

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18
Q

pericardium

A

known as pericardial sac, double-walled membranous sac that encloses the heart

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19
Q

parietal pericardium

A

a fibrous sac that surrounds and protects the heart

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20
Q

pericardial fluid

A

between these two layers, where it acts as a lubricant to prevent friction as the heart beats

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21
Q

visceral pericardium

A

known as epicardium, the inner layer of there pericardium that forms the outer layer of the heart

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22
Q

epicardium

A

the external layer of the heart and inner layer of the pericardium

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23
Q

myocardium

A

known as myocardial muscle, the middle and thickest of the heart’s three layers

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24
Q

endocardium

A

consists of epithelial tissue, is the inner lining of the heart, surface comes in direct contact with blood

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25
Q

myocardial muscle

A

specialized cardiac muscle tissue that is capable of the constant contraction and relaxation that creates the pumping movement

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26
Q

coronary arteries

A

supply oxygen-rich blood to the myocardium, and the veins remove waste products from the myocardium

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27
Q

atria

A

are the two upper chambers of the heart, and these chambers are divided by the intertribal septum, where all blood enters the heart

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28
Q

ventricles

A

are the two lower chambers of the heart, these are divided by the inter ventricular septum, thicker than atria due to pumping blood throughout entire body

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29
Q

tricuspid valve

A

controls the opening between the right atrium and the right ventricle

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30
Q

pulmonary semilunar valve

A

located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery

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31
Q

mitral valve

A

also know as bicuspid valve, located between the left atrium and left ventricle

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32
Q

aortic semilunar valve

A

located between the left ventricle and the aorta

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33
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

is the flow of blood only between the heart and lungs

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34
Q

pulmonary arteries

A

carry deoxygenated blood out of right ventricle and into the lungs

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35
Q

pulmonary veins

A

carry the oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium of the heart

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36
Q

systemic circulation

A

includes the flow of blood to all parts of the body except the lungs, oxygenated blood flows out left ventricle

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37
Q

heartbeat

A

ability to pump blood effectively throughout body; contraction and relaxation (beating) of heart must occur in exactly the correct sequence

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38
Q

electrical impulses

A

known as conduction system, from nerves the stimulate the myocardium of the chambers of the heart

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39
Q

sinoatrial node

A

SA node, located in the posterior all of the right atrium near the entrance of the superior vena cava

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40
Q

atrioventricular node

A

AV node, impulses from the SA node travel to this, located on floor of the right atrium near interatrial septum

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41
Q

bundle of His (HISS)

A

a group of fibers located within the inter ventricular septum, travels onward to right and left ventricles and purkinje fibers

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42
Q

purkinje fibers

A

specialized conductive fibers within walls of the ventricles, forces blood out of heart and into aorta&pulmonary arteries

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43
Q

arteries

A

large blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to all regions of the body

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44
Q

aorta

A

largest blood vessel in the body, begins from the left ventricle of the heart and forms the main trunk of the arterial system

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45
Q

carotid arteries

A

the major arteries that carry blood upward to the head

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46
Q

arterioles

A

the smaller, thinner branches of arteries that deliver blood to the capillaries, slows down here

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47
Q

capillaries

A

which are only one epithelial cell in thickness, the smallest blood vessels in the body

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48
Q

veins

A

form a low-pressure collecting system to return oxygen-poor blood to the heart

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49
Q

venules

A

the smallest veins that join to form the larger veins

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50
Q

venae cavae

A

the two largest veins in the body, return blood into the heart

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51
Q

pulse

A

the rhythmic pressure against the walls of an artery caused by the contraction of the heart

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52
Q

blood pressure

A

measurement of the amount of systolic and diastolic pressure exerted against the walls of the arteries

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53
Q

systolic pressure

A

occurs when the ventricles contrast, the highest pressure against the walls of an artery

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54
Q

diastolic pressure

A

occurs when the ventricles are relaxed, is the lowest pressure against the walls of an artery

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55
Q

plasma

A

a straw-colored fluid that contains nutrients hormones, and waste products

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56
Q

serum

A

is plasma fluid after the blood cells and the clotting proteins have been removed

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57
Q

fibrinogen and prothrombin

A

the clotting proteins found in plasma, important to control bleeding

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58
Q

erythrocytes (RBC)

A

known as red blood cells, are mature blood cells produced by the red bone marrow, is to transport oxygen to the tissues

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59
Q

hemoglobin

A

oxygen-carrying blood protein pigment of the erythrocytes

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60
Q

leukocytes (WBC)

A

known as white blood cells, the blood cells involved in defending the body against infective organisms and foreign substances

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61
Q

neutrophils

A

are formed in red bone marrow, most common type of WBC. through phagocytosis major role in immune system’s defense against pathogens

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62
Q

basophils

A

also formed in red bone marrow, least common type of WBC. responsible for causing the symptoms of allergies

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63
Q

eosinophils

A

are formed in red bone marrow and then migrate to tissues throughout the body, destroy parasitic organisms and play a major role in allergic reactions

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64
Q

lymphocytes

A

formed in red bone marrow, in lymph nodes, and in the spleen, identify bacteria or viruses and produce antibodies that target them

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65
Q

monocytes

A

formed in red bone marrow, lymph nodes, and the spleen; through phagocytosis, monocytes provide immunological defenses against infectious organisms

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66
Q

thrombocytes

A

known as platelets, are the smallest formed elements of the blood, important role in the clotting of blood to stop bleeding (sticky)

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67
Q

blood types

A

classified according to the presence of certain antigens

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68
Q

Rh factor

A

defines the presence or absence of the Rh antigen on red blood cells, crossmatching blood for transfusions

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69
Q

blood gases

A

gases that are normally dissolved in the liquid portion of blood

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70
Q

cardiologist

A

physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating abnormalities, diseases, and disorders of the heart

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71
Q

hematologist

A

is a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating abnormalities, diseases, and disorders of the blood and blood-forming tissues

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72
Q

vascular surgeon

A

physician who specializes in the diagnosis, medical management, and surgical treatment of disorders of the blood vessels

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73
Q

congenital heart defects

A

structural abnormalities caused by the failure of the heart to develop normally before birth

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74
Q

coronary artery disease (CAD)

A

known as coronary heart disease (CHD) and ischemic heart disease, is atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries that reduces the blood supply to the heart muscle

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75
Q

end-stage coronary artery disease

A

characterized by unrelenting angina pain and a severely limited lifestyle

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76
Q

end-stage coronary artery disease

A

characterized by unrelenting angina pain and a severely limited lifestyle

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77
Q

atherosclerosis

A

hardening and narrowing of the arteries by a buildup of cholesterol plaque on the interior walls of the arteries

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78
Q

plaque

A

found within the lumen of an artery, is a fatty deposit similar to the buildup of rust inside a pipe

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79
Q

atheroma

A

deposit of plaque on or within the arterial wall

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80
Q

ischemia

A

a condition in which there is an insufficient supply of oxygen in the tissues due to restricted blood follow to a part of the body

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81
Q

angina

A

known as angina pectoris, condition in which severe episodes of chest pain occur due to an inadequate blood flow to the myocardium

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82
Q

stable angina

A

occurs during exertion (exercise) and resolves with rest

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83
Q

unstable angina

A

may occur either during exertion or rest and is a precursor to a myocardial infarction

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84
Q

a myocardial infarction

A

known as heart attack, the occlusion (blockage) of one or ore coronary arteries caused by plaque buildup

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85
Q

heart failure

A

also known as congestive heart failure(CHF), occurs most commonly in the elderly, often after the heart has been weakened or damaged by other health issues

86
Q

cardiomegaly

A

the abnormal enlargement of the heart that is frequently associated with heart failure as the heart enlarges in an effort to compensate for its decreased pumping ability

87
Q

left-sided heart failure

A

known as pulmonary edema that causes an accumulation of fluid in the lungs, left side is the main pumping chamber

88
Q

right-sided heart failure

A

often the result of left-sided heart failure, causes fluid buildup throughout the rest of the body

89
Q

carditis

A

inflammation of the heart

90
Q

endocarditis

A

inflammation of the inner lining of the heart

91
Q

bacterial endocarditis

A

inflammation of the lining or valves of the heart caused by presence of bacteria in the bloodstream

92
Q

pericarditis

A

inflammation of the pericardium

93
Q

myocarditis

A

inflammation of the myocardium (heart muscle) the develops as a rarely seen complication of a viral infection

94
Q

cardiomyopathy

A

the term used to describe all diseases of the heart muscle

95
Q

dilated cardiomyopathy

A

disease of the heart muscle that causes the heart to become enlarged and to pump less strongly

96
Q

heart murmur

A

an abnormal blowing or clicking sound heard when listening to the heart or a neighboring large blood vessels

97
Q

valvulitis

A

inflammation of a heart valve

98
Q

valvular prolapse

A

abnormal protrusion of a heart valve that results in the inability of the valve to close completely

99
Q

valvular stenosis

A

a condition in which there is a narrowing, stiffening, thickening, or blockage of one or more valves of the heart

100
Q

arrhythmia

A

the loss of the normal rhythm of the heartbeat, could be minor or fatal; usually caused by electrical conduction system of the heart

101
Q

asystole

A

known as flat line, the complete lack of electrical activity in the heart; no blood flow from heart or through body

102
Q

cardiac arrest

A

an event in which the heart abruptly stops beating or develops an arrhythmia that prevents it from pumping blood effectively

103
Q

sudden cardiac death

A

results when treatment of cardiac arrest is not provided within a few minutes

104
Q

heart block

A

congenital or acquired arrhythmia caused by the electrical signal moving through the heart being partially or completely blocked from reaching the ventricles

105
Q

bradycardia

A

an abnormally slow resting heart rate,(heartbeat rate of less than 60 beats per minute)

106
Q

tachycardia

A

an abnormally rapid resting heart rate, (heartbeat rate of greater than 100 beats per minute) (BPM)

107
Q

supraventricular tachycardia

A

known as paroxysmal supra ventricular tachycardia, an episode that begins and ends abruptly during which there are rapid and regular heartbeats at or above the AV node

108
Q

ventricular tachycardia

A

known as V-tach, a very rapid heartbeat that begins within the ventricles, usually fatal

109
Q

fibrillation

A

a potentially life-threatening fast and irregular heartbeat, compared to the fast but regular rhythm of tachycardia

110
Q

atrial fibrillation

A

known as A-fib, most common type of tachycardia; occurs when normal rhythmic contractions of the atria are replaces by rapid, uncontrolled twitching of the muscular heart wall

111
Q

ventricular fibrillation

A

know as V-fib, consists of rapid, irregular, and useless contractions of the ventricles

112
Q

palpitation

A

pounding or racing heartbeat with or without irregularity in rhythm

113
Q

vasculitis

A

inflammation of a blood vessel

114
Q

polyarteritis

A

a form of vasculitis involving several medium and small arteries at the same time

115
Q

temporal arteritis

A

known as giant cell arteritis, a form of vasculitis that can cause headaches, visual impairment, jaw pain, and other symptoms

116
Q

angiostenosis

A

the abnormal narrowing of a blood vessel

117
Q

hemangioma

A

a benign tumor made up of newly formed blood vessels

118
Q

hypoperfusion

A

a deficiency of blood passing through an organ or body part

119
Q

aneurysm

A

localized weak spot or ballon-like enlargement of the wall of an artery

120
Q

arteriosclerosis

A

known as hardening of the arteries, any group of diseases by thickening and the loss of elasticity of arterial walls

121
Q

arteriostenosis

A

the abnormal narrowing of an artery or arteries

122
Q

chronic venous insufficiency

A

known as venous insufficiency, condition in which venous circulation is inadequate due to partial vein blockage or to the leakage of venous valves

123
Q

phlebitis

A

inflammation of a vein, known as thrombophlebitis, because the walls of the vein are often infiltrated and a clot (thrombus) formed

124
Q

varicose veins

A

abnormally swollen veins that usually occur in the superficial veins of the legs

125
Q

thrombosis

A

abnormal condition of having a thrombus

126
Q

thrombus

A

a blood clot attached to the interior wall of an artery or vein

127
Q

thrombotic occlusion

A

the blocking of an artery by a thrombus

128
Q

coronary thrombosis

A

is damage to the heart muscle caused by a thrombus blocking a coronary artery

129
Q

deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

A

known as deep venous thrombosis, condition of having a thrombus attached to the interior wall of a deep vein

130
Q

embolism

A

the sudden blockage of a blood vessel by an embolus

131
Q

embolus

A

a foreign object, such as a blood clot, a quantity of air or gas, or a bit of tissue or tumor, that is circulating in the blood

132
Q

peripheral vascular diseases

A

disorders of blood vessels that are located outside of the heart and the brain, involve narrowing of the vessels that carry blood to the legs, arms, stomach, or kidneys

133
Q

peripheral arterial disease

A

known as peripheral arterial occlusive disease, example of a peripheral vascular disease that is caused by atherosclerosis

134
Q

Raynaud’s disease

A

peripheral arterial occlusive disease in which intermittent attacks are triggered by cold or stress

135
Q

blood dyscrasia

A

any pathologic condition of the cellular elements of the blood

136
Q

hemochromatosis

A

known as iron overload disease, a genetic disorder in which the intestines absorb to much iron

137
Q

leukopenia

A

a disease in the number of disease-fighting white blood cells circulating in the blood, low white blood cell count, having difficulties fighting infections

138
Q

polycythemia

A

an abnormal increase in the number of red cells in the blood due to excess production of these cells by the bone marrow

139
Q

sepsis

A

known as septicemia, potentially life-threatening infection that results from bacteria or other infectious organisms entering the bloodstream…sometimes as blood poisoning

140
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

a condition in which there is an abnormally small number of platelets circulating in the blood

141
Q

thrombocytosis

A

an abnormal increase in the number of platelets in the circulating blood

142
Q

hemorrhage

A

the loss of a large amount of blood in a short time

143
Q

transfusion reaction

A

serious and potentially fatal complication of a blood transfusion in which a severe immune response occurs because the patient’s blood and the donated do not match

144
Q

cholesterol

A

fatty substance that travels through the blood and is found in all parts of the body

145
Q

hyperlipidemia

A

the general term used to describe elevated levels of cholesterol and other fatty substances in the blood

146
Q

myelodysplastic syndrome

A

a type cancer in which there is insufficient production of one or more types of blood cells due to dysfunction of the bone marrow

147
Q

leukemia

A

type of cancer characterized by a progressive increase in the number of abnormal leukocytes found in blood-forming tissues, other organs, and in the circulating blood

148
Q

anemia

A

lower-than-normal number of erythrocytes(RBS) in the blood causing fatigue and shortness of breath

149
Q

aplastic anemia

A

an absence of all formed blood elements caused by the failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow

150
Q

iron-deficiency anemia

A

most common form of anemia, without sufficient iron to help create hemoglobin, blood cannot carry oxygen effectively

151
Q

megaloblastic anemia

A

blood disorder by anemia in which red blood cells are larger than normal

152
Q

pernicious anemia

A

caused by a lack of the protein intrinsic factor(IF) that helps the body absorb vitamin B12 from the gastrointestinal tract

153
Q

hemolytic anemia

A

inadequate number of circulating red blood cells due to the premature destruction of red blood cells by the spleen

154
Q

sickle cell anemia

A

serious genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in some red blood cells in sickle shape, interfering with blood flow

155
Q

thalassemia

A

an in hearted blood disorder that causes mild or severe anemia due to reduced hemoglobin and fewer red blood cells than normal

156
Q

hypertension (HTN)

A

known as high blood pressure, elevation of arterial blood pressure to a level that is likely to cause damage to the cardiovascular system

157
Q

secondary hypertension

A

medical problem, such as a kidney disorder or a tumor on the adrenal glands

158
Q

malignant hypertension

A

very high blood pressure, damage to organs, brain and optic nerves, or failure of heart and kidneys…can be fatal

159
Q

hypotension

A

lower-than-normal arterial blood pressure

160
Q

orthostatic hypotension

A

known as postural hypotension, low blood pressure that occurs upon standing up

161
Q

angiography

A

radiographic (x-ray) study of the blood vessels after the injection of a contrast medium

162
Q

cardiac catheterization

A

a diagnostic and treatment procedure in which a catheter is passed into a vein or artery and then guided into the heart

163
Q

digital subtraction angiography (DSA)

A

uses angiography with computer assistance to clarify the view of the area of interest in the cardiovascular system by “subtracting” soft tissue and bones from the images

164
Q

duplex ultrasound

A

diagnostic procedure to image the structures of the blood vessels and the flow blood through these vessels

165
Q

venography

A

known as phlebography, a radiographic test the provides an image of specific veins after a contrast dye is injected

166
Q

electrocardiography

A

noninvasive process of recording the electrical activity of the myocardium

167
Q

electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG)

A

record of the electrical activity of the myocardium

168
Q

holter monitor

A

portable electrocardiograph that is worn by an ambulatory patient to continuously monitor the heart rates and rhythms over a 24 or 48 hour period

169
Q

stress test

A

performed to assess cardiovascular heath and function during and after stress

170
Q

thallium stress test

A

performed to evaluate how well blood flows through the coronary arteries of the heart muscles during exercise by injecting a small amount o thallium into the bloodstream

171
Q

antihypertensive

A

medication administered to lower blood pressure

172
Q

ACE inhibitor

A

(angiotensin-converting enzyme) blocks the action of the enzyme that causes the blood vessels to contract, resulting in hypertension; similar to (ARBs)

173
Q

beta-blocker

A

reduces the workload of the heart by slowing the rate of the heartbeat

174
Q

calcium channel blocker agents

A

cause the heart and blood vessels to relax by decreasing the movement of calcium into the cells of these structures

175
Q

diuretic

A

administered to stimulate the kidneys to increase the secretion of urine to rid the body of excess sodium and water

176
Q

antiarrhythmic

A

medication administered to control irregularities of the heartbeat

177
Q

anticoagulant

A

slows coagulation and prevents new clots from forming, referred as blood thinners; but don’t actually make blood thinner

178
Q

Coumadin

A

anticoagulant to prevent blood clots from forming or growing larger

179
Q

heparin

A

common anticoagulant, that works faster than Coumadin, must be administered by injection or in IV solution

180
Q

aspirin

A

small doses, such as 81mg known as baby aspirin, to reduce the risk of a heart attack or stroke by reducing the ability of the blood to clot

181
Q

cholesterol-lowering drugs

A

used to combat hyperlipidemia by reducing the undesirable cholesterol levels in the blood

182
Q

digitalis

A

available as the drug preparation digoxin, strengthens the contraction of the heart muscle, slows heart rate, helps eliminate fluid from body tissues

183
Q

thrombolytic

A

known as a clot-busting drug, dissolves or causes a thrombus to break up

184
Q

tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)

A

a thrombolytic that is administered to some patients having a heart attack or stroke

185
Q

vasoconstrictor

A

causes blood vessels to narrow, examples include antihistamines and decongestants

186
Q

vasodilator

A

causes blood vessels to expand

187
Q

nitroglycerin

A

a vasodilator to prevent or relieve the pain of angina by dilation the blood vessels to the heart

188
Q

cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB)

A

known as a heart-lung machine, device sometimes used to maintain the circulation of blood and oxygen to the body during surgery

189
Q

angioplasty

A

the technique of mechanically widening a narrowed or obstructed blood vessel

190
Q

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)

A

known as a ballon angioplasty, small balloon on the end of a catheter is used to open a partially blocked coronary artery by flattening the plaque deposit and stretching the lumen

191
Q

laser angioplasty

A

involves a laser on the end of a catheter, uses beams of light to remove the plaque deposit

192
Q

stent

A

a wire-mesh tube that is commonly placed after the artery has been opened

193
Q

restenosis

A

describes the condition when an artery that has been opened by angioplasty closes again

194
Q

atherectomy

A

surgical removal of plaque buildup from the interior of an artery

195
Q

carotid endarterectomy

A

surgical removal of the lining of a portion of a clogged carotid artery leading to the brain

196
Q

coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

A

known as bypass surgery, operation requires opening of chest, piece of vein from the leg or chest is implanted on the heart to replace a blocked coronary artery and to improve the flow of blood to the heart

197
Q

minimally invasive coronary artery bypass

A

known as keyhole bypass or buttonhole bypass, procedure performed with the aid of a fiber-optic camera through small openings between the ribs

198
Q

defibrillation

A

known as cardioversion, the use of electrical shock to restore the hearts normal rhythm

199
Q

automated external defibrillator (AED)

A

designed for use by professionals in emergency situations when debrillation is required, if necessary externally shocks heart to restore a normal cardiac rhythm

200
Q

artificial pacemaker

A

primarily used as treatment for bradycardia or atrial fibrillation, can be attached or implanted under skin with connections leading into the heart to regulate the heartbeat

201
Q

implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD)

A

double-action pacemaker, constantly regulates the heartbeat to ensure heart does not beat too slowly

202
Q

cardiac ablation

A

also catheter ablation, a procedure that uses radio-frequency energy (heat) or cryoablation (extreme cold) to scar or destroy the heart tissue triggering an abnormal heart rhythm

203
Q

valvuloplasty

A

surgical repair of a heart valve

204
Q

heart valve replacement

A

surgery to replace one of the heart’s four valves, usually the aortic or mitral valve, replace mechanical or made up of animal or human tissue

205
Q

transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)

A

relatively new, invasive procedure in which is existing valve is left in place

206
Q

cardiopulmonary resuscitation

A

known as CPR, an emergency procedure for life support consisting artificial respiration and manual external cardiac compression

207
Q

aneurysmectomy

A

surgical removal of an aneurysm

208
Q

aneurysmorrhaphy

A

known as aneurysmoplasty, surgical suturing of an aneurysm

209
Q

aneurysm clipping

A

surgical method to isolate an aneurysm from the rest o the circulatory system by placing a small clip across its neck

210
Q

arteriectomy

A

surgical removal of part of an artery

211
Q

hemostasis

A

to stop or control bleeding

212
Q

plasmapheresis

A

known as plasma exchange, the removal of whole blood from the boy and separation of the blood’s cellular elements

medical terminology (12 decks)

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