Chapter 5: The Cardiovascular System Flashcards
1
Q
angi/o
A
blood or lymph vessel
2
Q
aort/o
A
aorta
3
Q
arteri/o
A
artery
4
Q
ather/o
A
plaque, fatty substance
5
Q
brady-
A
slow
6
Q
cardi/o
A
heart
7
Q
-crasia
A
a mixture or blending
8
Q
-emia
A
blood, blood condition
9
Q
erythr/o
A
red
10
Q
hem/o , hemat/o
A
blood, relating to the blood
11
Q
leuk/o
A
white
12
Q
phleb/o
A
vein
13
Q
tachy-
A
fast, rapid
14
Q
thromb/o
A
clot
15
Q
ven/o
A
vein
16
Q
cardiovascular
A
pertaining to heart and blood vessels
17
Q
heart
A
hollow, muscular organ located in the thoracic cavity, between the lungs; about the size fo a fist
18
Q
pericardium
A
known as pericardial sac, double-walled membranous sac that encloses the heart
19
Q
parietal pericardium
A
a fibrous sac that surrounds and protects the heart
20
Q
pericardial fluid
A
between these two layers, where it acts as a lubricant to prevent friction as the heart beats
21
Q
visceral pericardium
A
known as epicardium, the inner layer of there pericardium that forms the outer layer of the heart
22
Q
epicardium
A
the external layer of the heart and inner layer of the pericardium
23
Q
myocardium
A
known as myocardial muscle, the middle and thickest of the heart’s three layers
24
Q
endocardium
A
consists of epithelial tissue, is the inner lining of the heart, surface comes in direct contact with blood
25
myocardial muscle
specialized cardiac muscle tissue that is capable of the constant contraction and relaxation that creates the pumping movement
26
coronary arteries
supply oxygen-rich blood to the myocardium, and the veins remove waste products from the myocardium
27
atria
are the two upper chambers of the heart, and these chambers are divided by the intertribal septum, where all blood enters the heart
28
ventricles
are the two lower chambers of the heart, these are divided by the inter ventricular septum, thicker than atria due to pumping blood throughout entire body
29
tricuspid valve
controls the opening between the right atrium and the right ventricle
30
pulmonary semilunar valve
located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery
31
mitral valve
also know as bicuspid valve, located between the left atrium and left ventricle
32
aortic semilunar valve
located between the left ventricle and the aorta
33
pulmonary circulation
is the flow of blood only between the heart and lungs
34
pulmonary arteries
carry deoxygenated blood out of right ventricle and into the lungs
35
pulmonary veins
carry the oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium of the heart
36
systemic circulation
includes the flow of blood to all parts of the body except the lungs, oxygenated blood flows out left ventricle
37
heartbeat
ability to pump blood effectively throughout body; contraction and relaxation (beating) of heart must occur in exactly the correct sequence
38
electrical impulses
known as conduction system, from nerves the stimulate the myocardium of the chambers of the heart
39
sinoatrial node
SA node, located in the posterior all of the right atrium near the entrance of the superior vena cava
40
atrioventricular node
AV node, impulses from the SA node travel to this, located on floor of the right atrium near interatrial septum
41
bundle of His (HISS)
a group of fibers located within the inter ventricular septum, travels onward to right and left ventricles and purkinje fibers
42
purkinje fibers
specialized conductive fibers within walls of the ventricles, forces blood out of heart and into aorta&pulmonary arteries
43
arteries
large blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to all regions of the body
44
aorta
largest blood vessel in the body, begins from the left ventricle of the heart and forms the main trunk of the arterial system
45
carotid arteries
the major arteries that carry blood upward to the head
46
arterioles
the smaller, thinner branches of arteries that deliver blood to the capillaries, slows down here
47
capillaries
which are only one epithelial cell in thickness, the smallest blood vessels in the body
48
veins
form a low-pressure collecting system to return oxygen-poor blood to the heart
49
venules
the smallest veins that join to form the larger veins
50
venae cavae
the two largest veins in the body, return blood into the heart
51
pulse
the rhythmic pressure against the walls of an artery caused by the contraction of the heart
52
blood pressure
measurement of the amount of systolic and diastolic pressure exerted against the walls of the arteries
53
systolic pressure
occurs when the ventricles contrast, the highest pressure against the walls of an artery
54
diastolic pressure
occurs when the ventricles are relaxed, is the lowest pressure against the walls of an artery
55
plasma
a straw-colored fluid that contains nutrients hormones, and waste products
56
serum
is plasma fluid after the blood cells and the clotting proteins have been removed
57
fibrinogen and prothrombin
the clotting proteins found in plasma, important to control bleeding
58
erythrocytes (RBC)
known as red blood cells, are mature blood cells produced by the red bone marrow, is to transport oxygen to the tissues
59
hemoglobin
oxygen-carrying blood protein pigment of the erythrocytes
60
leukocytes (WBC)
known as white blood cells, the blood cells involved in defending the body against infective organisms and foreign substances
61
neutrophils
are formed in red bone marrow, most common type of WBC. through phagocytosis major role in immune system's defense against pathogens
62
basophils
also formed in red bone marrow, least common type of WBC. responsible for causing the symptoms of allergies
63
eosinophils
are formed in red bone marrow and then migrate to tissues throughout the body, destroy parasitic organisms and play a major role in allergic reactions
64
lymphocytes
formed in red bone marrow, in lymph nodes, and in the spleen, identify bacteria or viruses and produce antibodies that target them
65
monocytes
formed in red bone marrow, lymph nodes, and the spleen; through phagocytosis, monocytes provide immunological defenses against infectious organisms
66
thrombocytes
known as platelets, are the smallest formed elements of the blood, important role in the clotting of blood to stop bleeding (sticky)
67
blood types
classified according to the presence of certain antigens
68
Rh factor
defines the presence or absence of the Rh antigen on red blood cells, crossmatching blood for transfusions
69
blood gases
gases that are normally dissolved in the liquid portion of blood
70
cardiologist
physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating abnormalities, diseases, and disorders of the heart
71
hematologist
is a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating abnormalities, diseases, and disorders of the blood and blood-forming tissues
72
vascular surgeon
physician who specializes in the diagnosis, medical management, and surgical treatment of disorders of the blood vessels
73
congenital heart defects
structural abnormalities caused by the failure of the heart to develop normally before birth
74
coronary artery disease (CAD)
known as coronary heart disease (CHD) and ischemic heart disease, is atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries that reduces the blood supply to the heart muscle
75
end-stage coronary artery disease
characterized by unrelenting angina pain and a severely limited lifestyle
76
end-stage coronary artery disease
characterized by unrelenting angina pain and a severely limited lifestyle
77
atherosclerosis
hardening and narrowing of the arteries by a buildup of cholesterol plaque on the interior walls of the arteries
78
plaque
found within the lumen of an artery, is a fatty deposit similar to the buildup of rust inside a pipe
79
atheroma
deposit of plaque on or within the arterial wall
80
ischemia
a condition in which there is an insufficient supply of oxygen in the tissues due to restricted blood follow to a part of the body
81
angina
known as angina pectoris, condition in which severe episodes of chest pain occur due to an inadequate blood flow to the myocardium
82
stable angina
occurs during exertion (exercise) and resolves with rest
83
unstable angina
may occur either during exertion or rest and is a precursor to a myocardial infarction
84
a myocardial infarction
known as heart attack, the occlusion (blockage) of one or ore coronary arteries caused by plaque buildup
85
heart failure
also known as congestive heart failure(CHF), occurs most commonly in the elderly, often after the heart has been weakened or damaged by other health issues
86
cardiomegaly
the abnormal enlargement of the heart that is frequently associated with heart failure as the heart enlarges in an effort to compensate for its decreased pumping ability
87
left-sided heart failure
known as pulmonary edema that causes an accumulation of fluid in the lungs, left side is the main pumping chamber
88
right-sided heart failure
often the result of left-sided heart failure, causes fluid buildup throughout the rest of the body
89
carditis
inflammation of the heart
90
endocarditis
inflammation of the inner lining of the heart
91
bacterial endocarditis
inflammation of the lining or valves of the heart caused by presence of bacteria in the bloodstream
92
pericarditis
inflammation of the pericardium
93
myocarditis
inflammation of the myocardium (heart muscle) the develops as a rarely seen complication of a viral infection
94
cardiomyopathy
the term used to describe all diseases of the heart muscle
95
dilated cardiomyopathy
disease of the heart muscle that causes the heart to become enlarged and to pump less strongly
96
heart murmur
an abnormal blowing or clicking sound heard when listening to the heart or a neighboring large blood vessels
97
valvulitis
inflammation of a heart valve
98
valvular prolapse
abnormal protrusion of a heart valve that results in the inability of the valve to close completely
99
valvular stenosis
a condition in which there is a narrowing, stiffening, thickening, or blockage of one or more valves of the heart
100
arrhythmia
the loss of the normal rhythm of the heartbeat, could be minor or fatal; usually caused by electrical conduction system of the heart
101
asystole
known as flat line, the complete lack of electrical activity in the heart; no blood flow from heart or through body
102
cardiac arrest
an event in which the heart abruptly stops beating or develops an arrhythmia that prevents it from pumping blood effectively
103
sudden cardiac death
results when treatment of cardiac arrest is not provided within a few minutes
104
heart block
congenital or acquired arrhythmia caused by the electrical signal moving through the heart being partially or completely blocked from reaching the ventricles
105
bradycardia
an abnormally slow resting heart rate,(heartbeat rate of less than 60 beats per minute)
106
tachycardia
an abnormally rapid resting heart rate, (heartbeat rate of greater than 100 beats per minute) (BPM)
107
supraventricular tachycardia
known as paroxysmal supra ventricular tachycardia, an episode that begins and ends abruptly during which there are rapid and regular heartbeats at or above the AV node
108
ventricular tachycardia
known as V-tach, a very rapid heartbeat that begins within the ventricles, usually fatal
109
fibrillation
a potentially life-threatening fast and irregular heartbeat, compared to the fast but regular rhythm of tachycardia
110
atrial fibrillation
known as A-fib, most common type of tachycardia; occurs when normal rhythmic contractions of the atria are replaces by rapid, uncontrolled twitching of the muscular heart wall
111
ventricular fibrillation
know as V-fib, consists of rapid, irregular, and useless contractions of the ventricles
112
palpitation
pounding or racing heartbeat with or without irregularity in rhythm
113
vasculitis
inflammation of a blood vessel
114
polyarteritis
a form of vasculitis involving several medium and small arteries at the same time
115
temporal arteritis
known as giant cell arteritis, a form of vasculitis that can cause headaches, visual impairment, jaw pain, and other symptoms
116
angiostenosis
the abnormal narrowing of a blood vessel
117
hemangioma
a benign tumor made up of newly formed blood vessels
118
hypoperfusion
a deficiency of blood passing through an organ or body part
119
aneurysm
localized weak spot or ballon-like enlargement of the wall of an artery
120
arteriosclerosis
known as hardening of the arteries, any group of diseases by thickening and the loss of elasticity of arterial walls
121
arteriostenosis
the abnormal narrowing of an artery or arteries
122
chronic venous insufficiency
known as venous insufficiency, condition in which venous circulation is inadequate due to partial vein blockage or to the leakage of venous valves
123
phlebitis
inflammation of a vein, known as thrombophlebitis, because the walls of the vein are often infiltrated and a clot (thrombus) formed
124
varicose veins
abnormally swollen veins that usually occur in the superficial veins of the legs
125
thrombosis
abnormal condition of having a thrombus
126
thrombus
a blood clot attached to the interior wall of an artery or vein
127
thrombotic occlusion
the blocking of an artery by a thrombus
128
coronary thrombosis
is damage to the heart muscle caused by a thrombus blocking a coronary artery
129
deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
known as deep venous thrombosis, condition of having a thrombus attached to the interior wall of a deep vein
130
embolism
the sudden blockage of a blood vessel by an embolus
131
embolus
a foreign object, such as a blood clot, a quantity of air or gas, or a bit of tissue or tumor, that is circulating in the blood
132
peripheral vascular diseases
disorders of blood vessels that are located outside of the heart and the brain, involve narrowing of the vessels that carry blood to the legs, arms, stomach, or kidneys
133
peripheral arterial disease
known as peripheral arterial occlusive disease, example of a peripheral vascular disease that is caused by atherosclerosis
134
Raynaud's disease
peripheral arterial occlusive disease in which intermittent attacks are triggered by cold or stress
135
blood dyscrasia
any pathologic condition of the cellular elements of the blood
136
hemochromatosis
known as iron overload disease, a genetic disorder in which the intestines absorb to much iron
137
leukopenia
a disease in the number of disease-fighting white blood cells circulating in the blood, low white blood cell count, having difficulties fighting infections
138
polycythemia
an abnormal increase in the number of red cells in the blood due to excess production of these cells by the bone marrow
139
sepsis
known as septicemia, potentially life-threatening infection that results from bacteria or other infectious organisms entering the bloodstream...sometimes as blood poisoning
140
thrombocytopenia
a condition in which there is an abnormally small number of platelets circulating in the blood
141
thrombocytosis
an abnormal increase in the number of platelets in the circulating blood
142
hemorrhage
the loss of a large amount of blood in a short time
143
transfusion reaction
serious and potentially fatal complication of a blood transfusion in which a severe immune response occurs because the patient's blood and the donated do not match
144
cholesterol
fatty substance that travels through the blood and is found in all parts of the body
145
hyperlipidemia
the general term used to describe elevated levels of cholesterol and other fatty substances in the blood
146
myelodysplastic syndrome
a type cancer in which there is insufficient production of one or more types of blood cells due to dysfunction of the bone marrow
147
leukemia
type of cancer characterized by a progressive increase in the number of abnormal leukocytes found in blood-forming tissues, other organs, and in the circulating blood
148
anemia
lower-than-normal number of erythrocytes(RBS) in the blood causing fatigue and shortness of breath
149
aplastic anemia
an absence of all formed blood elements caused by the failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow
150
iron-deficiency anemia
most common form of anemia, without sufficient iron to help create hemoglobin, blood cannot carry oxygen effectively
151
megaloblastic anemia
blood disorder by anemia in which red blood cells are larger than normal
152
pernicious anemia
caused by a lack of the protein intrinsic factor(IF) that helps the body absorb vitamin B12 from the gastrointestinal tract
153
hemolytic anemia
inadequate number of circulating red blood cells due to the premature destruction of red blood cells by the spleen
154
sickle cell anemia
serious genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in some red blood cells in sickle shape, interfering with blood flow
155
thalassemia
an in hearted blood disorder that causes mild or severe anemia due to reduced hemoglobin and fewer red blood cells than normal
156
hypertension (HTN)
known as high blood pressure, elevation of arterial blood pressure to a level that is likely to cause damage to the cardiovascular system
157
secondary hypertension
medical problem, such as a kidney disorder or a tumor on the adrenal glands
158
malignant hypertension
very high blood pressure, damage to organs, brain and optic nerves, or failure of heart and kidneys...can be fatal
159
hypotension
lower-than-normal arterial blood pressure
160
orthostatic hypotension
known as postural hypotension, low blood pressure that occurs upon standing up
161
angiography
radiographic (x-ray) study of the blood vessels after the injection of a contrast medium
162
cardiac catheterization
a diagnostic and treatment procedure in which a catheter is passed into a vein or artery and then guided into the heart
163
digital subtraction angiography (DSA)
uses angiography with computer assistance to clarify the view of the area of interest in the cardiovascular system by "subtracting" soft tissue and bones from the images
164
duplex ultrasound
diagnostic procedure to image the structures of the blood vessels and the flow blood through these vessels
165
venography
known as phlebography, a radiographic test the provides an image of specific veins after a contrast dye is injected
166
electrocardiography
noninvasive process of recording the electrical activity of the myocardium
167
electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG)
record of the electrical activity of the myocardium
168
holter monitor
portable electrocardiograph that is worn by an ambulatory patient to continuously monitor the heart rates and rhythms over a 24 or 48 hour period
169
stress test
performed to assess cardiovascular heath and function during and after stress
170
thallium stress test
performed to evaluate how well blood flows through the coronary arteries of the heart muscles during exercise by injecting a small amount o thallium into the bloodstream
171
antihypertensive
medication administered to lower blood pressure
172
ACE inhibitor
(angiotensin-converting enzyme) blocks the action of the enzyme that causes the blood vessels to contract, resulting in hypertension; similar to (ARBs)
173
beta-blocker
reduces the workload of the heart by slowing the rate of the heartbeat
174
calcium channel blocker agents
cause the heart and blood vessels to relax by decreasing the movement of calcium into the cells of these structures
175
diuretic
administered to stimulate the kidneys to increase the secretion of urine to rid the body of excess sodium and water
176
antiarrhythmic
medication administered to control irregularities of the heartbeat
177
anticoagulant
slows coagulation and prevents new clots from forming, referred as blood thinners; but don't actually make blood thinner
178
Coumadin
anticoagulant to prevent blood clots from forming or growing larger
179
heparin
common anticoagulant, that works faster than Coumadin, must be administered by injection or in IV solution
180
aspirin
small doses, such as 81mg known as baby aspirin, to reduce the risk of a heart attack or stroke by reducing the ability of the blood to clot
181
cholesterol-lowering drugs
used to combat hyperlipidemia by reducing the undesirable cholesterol levels in the blood
182
digitalis
available as the drug preparation digoxin, strengthens the contraction of the heart muscle, slows heart rate, helps eliminate fluid from body tissues
183
thrombolytic
known as a clot-busting drug, dissolves or causes a thrombus to break up
184
tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)
a thrombolytic that is administered to some patients having a heart attack or stroke
185
vasoconstrictor
causes blood vessels to narrow, examples include antihistamines and decongestants
186
vasodilator
causes blood vessels to expand
187
nitroglycerin
a vasodilator to prevent or relieve the pain of angina by dilation the blood vessels to the heart
188
cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB)
known as a heart-lung machine, device sometimes used to maintain the circulation of blood and oxygen to the body during surgery
189
angioplasty
the technique of mechanically widening a narrowed or obstructed blood vessel
190
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
known as a ballon angioplasty, small balloon on the end of a catheter is used to open a partially blocked coronary artery by flattening the plaque deposit and stretching the lumen
191
laser angioplasty
involves a laser on the end of a catheter, uses beams of light to remove the plaque deposit
192
stent
a wire-mesh tube that is commonly placed after the artery has been opened
193
restenosis
describes the condition when an artery that has been opened by angioplasty closes again
194
atherectomy
surgical removal of plaque buildup from the interior of an artery
195
carotid endarterectomy
surgical removal of the lining of a portion of a clogged carotid artery leading to the brain
196
coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
known as bypass surgery, operation requires opening of chest, piece of vein from the leg or chest is implanted on the heart to replace a blocked coronary artery and to improve the flow of blood to the heart
197
minimally invasive coronary artery bypass
known as keyhole bypass or buttonhole bypass, procedure performed with the aid of a fiber-optic camera through small openings between the ribs
198
defibrillation
known as cardioversion, the use of electrical shock to restore the hearts normal rhythm
199
automated external defibrillator (AED)
designed for use by professionals in emergency situations when debrillation is required, if necessary externally shocks heart to restore a normal cardiac rhythm
200
artificial pacemaker
primarily used as treatment for bradycardia or atrial fibrillation, can be attached or implanted under skin with connections leading into the heart to regulate the heartbeat
201
implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD)
double-action pacemaker, constantly regulates the heartbeat to ensure heart does not beat too slowly
202
cardiac ablation
also catheter ablation, a procedure that uses radio-frequency energy (heat) or cryoablation (extreme cold) to scar or destroy the heart tissue triggering an abnormal heart rhythm
203
valvuloplasty
surgical repair of a heart valve
204
heart valve replacement
surgery to replace one of the heart's four valves, usually the aortic or mitral valve, replace mechanical or made up of animal or human tissue
205
transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)
relatively new, invasive procedure in which is existing valve is left in place
206
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
known as CPR, an emergency procedure for life support consisting artificial respiration and manual external cardiac compression
207
aneurysmectomy
surgical removal of an aneurysm
208
aneurysmorrhaphy
known as aneurysmoplasty, surgical suturing of an aneurysm
209
aneurysm clipping
surgical method to isolate an aneurysm from the rest o the circulatory system by placing a small clip across its neck
210
arteriectomy
surgical removal of part of an artery
211
hemostasis
to stop or control bleeding
212
plasmapheresis
known as plasma exchange, the removal of whole blood from the boy and separation of the blood's cellular elements
