Chapter 11: Special Senses Flashcards
1
Q
OD
A
right eye(oculus dexter)
2
Q
OS
A
left eye(oculus sinister)
3
Q
OU
A
each eye(oculus uterque) or both eyes(oculi uterque)
4
Q
joint commission
A
largest American standards setting accrediting body in health care, recommends writing out out these terms instead of using abbreviations
5
Q
adnexa of the eyes
A
known as adnexa oculi, structures outside the eyeball., such as the orbit, eye muscles, eyelids, eyelashes, conjunctiva, and lacrimal apparatus
6
Q
adnexa
A
the accessory or adjoining anatomical parts of an organ
7
Q
orbit
A
known as eye socket, is the bony cavity skull that contains and protects the eyeball and its associated muscles, blood vessels, and nerves
8
Q
6 major eye muscles
A
- superior and inferior oblique muscles
- superior and inferior rectus muscles
- lateral and medial rectus muscles
9
Q
binocular vision
A
occurs when the muscles of both eyes work together in coordination to make normal depth perception possible
10
Q
upper&lower eyelids, eyebrows and eyelashes
A
help protect the eyeball from foreign matter, excessive light, and injuries due to other causes
11
Q
canthus
A
is the angle where the upper and lower eyelids meet
12
Q
cilia
A
are small hairs, make up the eyebrows and eyelashes, also in nose to prevent foreign matter from being inhaled
13
Q
tarsus
A
known as tarsal plate, the framework within the upper and lower eyelids the provides the necessary stiffness and shape
14
Q
conjunctiva
A
is the transparent mucous membrane that lines the underside of each eyelid and continues to form a protective covering the exposed surface of eyeball
15
Q
lacrimal apparatus
A
known as the tear apparatus, consists of the structures that produce, store, and remove tears
16
Q
lacrimal glands
A
secrete lacrimal fluid (tears), are located on the underside of the upper eyelid just above the outer corner of each eye
17
Q
lacrimal fluid
A
known as tears, to maintain moisture on the anterior surface of the eyeball, blinking distributes this
18
Q
lacrimal canal
A
consists of a duct at the inner corner of each eye. these ducts collect tears and empty them into the lacrimal sacs
19
Q
lacrimal sac
A
known as tear sac, an enlargement of the upper portion of the lacrimal duct
20
Q
lacrimal duct
A
known as nasolacrimal duct, is the passageway that drains excess tears into the nose
21
Q
eyeball
A
known as globe, is a 1-inch sphere with only about one-sixth of its surface visible
22
Q
optic
A
means pertaining to the eye or sight
23
Q
ocular
A
means pertaining to the eye
24
Q
extraocular
A
means outside the eyeball
25
intraocular
means within the eyeball
26
sclera
known as white of the eye, maintains the shape of the eye and protects the delicate inner layers of tissue
27
choroid
known as choroid coat, is the opaque middle layer the eyeball that contains many blood vessels and provides the blood supply for the entire eye
28
scler/o
means the white of the eye, and it also means hard
29
retina
is the sensitive innermost layer that lines the posterior segment of the eye, receives nerve impulses and transmits them to the brain via optic nerve
30
aqueous humor
known as aqueous fluid, fills both of these chambers.
31
aqueous
watery or containing water
32
humor
describes any clear body liquid or semifluid substance
33
intraocular pressure
measurement of the fluid pressure inside the eye, regulated by the rate at which aqueous humor enters and leaves the eye
34
posterior segment
makes up the remaining two-thirds of the eyeball, is lined with the retina and filled with vitreous humor
35
vitreous humor
known as vitreous gel, this is a soft, clear, jelly-like mass that contains millions of fine fibers
36
rods, cones
of the retina images that have passed through the lens of the eye.
37
macula
known as macula lutea, is the clearly defined light-sensitive area in the center of the retina that is responsible for sharp central vision
38
fovea centralis
is a pit in the middle of the macula, color vision is best in this area due to it containing high concentration of cones and no rods
39
optic disk
known as blind spot, a small region in the eye where the nerve endings of the retina enter the optic nerve
40
optic nerve
transmits these nerve impulses from the retina to the brain
41
uvea
the pigmented layer of the eye, has a rich blood supply and consists of the choroid, ciliary body, and iris
42
ciliary body
located within the choroid, set of muscles and suspensory ligaments that adjust the thickness of the lens to refine the focus of light rays on the retina
43
iris
the colorful circular structure that surrounds the pupil, controls the amount of light that is allowed to enter
44
dilate
making the opening of the pupil larger
45
cornea
the transparent outer surface of the eye covering the iris and pupil, primary structure focusing light rays entering the eye
46
pupil
the black circular opening in the center of the iris that permits light to enter the eye
47
lens
the clear, flexible, curved structure that focuses images on the retina, contained within a clear capsule located behind the iris and pupil
48
accommodation
the process whereby the eyes make adjustments for seeing objects at various distances
49
convergence
the stimulation inward movement of the eyes toward each other
50
emmetropia
normal relationship between the refractive power of the eye and the shape of the eye that enables light rays to focus correctly on the retina
51
refraction
the ability of the lens to bend light rays so they focus on the retina
52
visual acuity
the ability to distinguish object details and shape at a distance
53
ophthalmologist
a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating the full spectrum of disease and disorders of the eyes , from visions correction to eye surgery
54
optometrist
holds a doctor of optometry degree and provides primary eye care, including diagnosing eye diseases and conditions and measuring the accuracy of vision
55
optician
health care practitioner who designs, fits, and dispenses lenses for vision correction
56
ptosis
the drooping of the upper eyelid that is usually due to paralysis, blepharoptosis means the same
57
chalazion
a nodule or cyst, usually on the upper eyelid, caused by obstruction in a sebaceous gland
58
hordeolum
known as stye, a pus-filled and often painful lesion on the eyelid resulting from an acute infection in a sebaceous gland
59
blepharitis
swelling of the eyelid, often at the location of the eyelash hair follicles
60
ectropion
the eversion of the edge of an eyelid
61
entropion
is the inversion of the edge of an eyelid
62
periorbital edema
is swelling of the tissues surrounding the eye or eyes, bloated face and swollen eyelids
63
conjunctivitis
pinkeye, inflammation of the conjunctiva, usually caused by an infection or allergy
64
dacryoadenitis
an inflammation of the lacrimal gland caused by bacterial, viral, or fungal infection
65
subconjunctival hemorrhage
is bleeding between the conjunctiva and the sclera, cause by injury and creates a red area over the white of the eye
66
xerophthalmia
known as dry eye, drying of eye surfaces, including the conjunctiva, due to tear glands do not produce enough tears
67
uveitis
inflammation of the urea causing swelling and irritation, can potentially lead to permanent vision loss
68
iritis
most common of uveitis, affects primarily structures in the front of the eye, sudden onset may last 6 to 8 weeks
69
corneal abrasion
injury, such as scratch or irritation to outer layers of the cornea
70
corneal ulcer
a pitting of the cornea caused by an infection or injury, they can leave a cloudy scar that impairs vision after treatment
71
diabetic retinopathy
damage to the retina as a complication fo uncontrolled diabetes
72
keratitis
inflammation of the cornea
73
keratoconus
occurs when the cornea becomes irregular and cone-shaped, causing blurring and distortion of vision
74
anisocoria
is a condition in which the pupils are unequal in size
75
cataract
the loss of transparency of the lens that causes a progressive loss of visual clarity, usually with aging
76
floaters
known as vitreous floaters, are particles of cellular debris that float in the vitreous humor and cast shadows on the retina
77
photopsia
the presence fo what appears to be flashes of light, or flashers
78
miosis
the contraction of the pupil, normally in response to exposure to light but also possibly due to the use of prescription or illegal drugs
79
mydriasis
the dilation of the pupil, opposite of miosis..
80
nystagmus
an involuntary, constant, rhythmic movement of the eyeball that can be congenital or caused by neurological injury or drug use
81
papilledema
known as choked disk, swelling and inflammation of the optic nerve at the point of entrance into the eye through the optic disk, can be due to tumor pressing optic nerve
82
retinal detachment
detached retina, and retinal tears are the separation of some or all of the light-sensitive retina from the choroid
83
retinitis pigmentosa
is a progressive degeneration of the retina that affects night and peripheral vision, dark spots in retina
84
temporal arteritis
a form of vasculitis that can cause a sudden vision loss, usually in one eye
85
glaucoma
a group of diseases characterized by increased intraocular pressure that causes damage to the retinal nerve fibers and the optic nerve
86
open-angle glaucoma
known as chronic glaucoma, trabecular meshwork gradually becomes blocked, causing a buildup of pressure.
87
closed-angle glaucoma
known as acute glaucoma, opening between the cornea and iris narrows so that fluid cannot reach the trabecular meshwork
88
macular degeneration
is a gradually progressive condition in which the macula at the center of the retina is damaged, resulting in the loss of central vision but not in total blindness
89
diplopia
known as double vision, the perception of two images of a single object
90
hemianopia
is blindness in one-half of the visual field
91
monochromatism
known as color blindness, the inability to distinguish certain colors in a normal manner
92
nyctalopia
known as night blindness, a condition in which an individual with normal daytime vision has difficulty seeing at night
93
photophobia
means excessive sensitivity to light and can be result of migraines, excessive wearing of contact lenses, drug use, or inflammation
94
presbyopia
the condition of common changes in the eyes that occur with aging
95
strabismus
a disorder in which the eyes point in different directions or are not aligned correctly, because the eye muscles are unable to focus together
96
esotropia
known as cross-eyes, strabismus characterized by an inward deviation of one or both eyes
97
exotropia
known as walleye, strabismus characterized by the outward deviation of one eye
98
refractive disorder
a focusing problem that occurs when the lens and cornea do not bend light so that it focuses properly on the retina
99
ametropia
any error of refraction in which images do not focus properly on the retina
100
astigmatism
a condition in which the eye does not focus properly because of uneven curvatures of the cornea
101
hyperopia
known as farsightedness, a defect in which light rays focus beyond the retina
102
myopia
known as nearsightedness, a defect in which light rays focus in front of the retina
103
amblyopia
a dimness of vision or partial loss of sight, especially in one eye, without detectable disease of the eye
104
scotoma
known as blind spot, is an abnormal area of diminished vision surrounded by an area of normal vision
105
snellen chart(SC)
is used to measure visual acuity
106
refraction test
done to determine an eye's refractive error so that the best corrective lenses can be prescribed
107
diopter
is the unit of measurement of a lens's refractive power
108
cover test
an examination of how the two eyes work together and is used to assess binocular vision
109
visual field testing
known as perimetry, performed to determine losses in peripheral vision
110
ophthalmoscopy
known as funduscopy, is the use of ophthalmoscope to visually examine the fundus(back part) of eye
111
dilation
of the eyes is required preparation for the ophthalmoscopic examination of interior of the eye
112
mydriatic drops
are placed into the eyes to produce temporary paralysis, forcing pupils to remain dilated even in bright light
113
slit-lamp ophthalmoscopy
a diagnostic procedure which a narrow beam of light is focused on parts of the eye, examine the structures at the front of the eye, cornea, iris, and lens
114
fluorescein staining
the application of fluorescent dye tot he surface of the eye via eye drops or a strip applicator, appear temp bright green
115
fluorescein angiography
a photographic study of the blood vessels in the back of the eye following intravenous injection of a fluorescein dye as a contrast medium
116
PERRLA
is an acronym meaning Pupils are Equal, Round, Responsive to Light and Accommodation, any abnormality could indicate head injury or damage to brain
117
tonometry
measurement of the intraocular pressure
118
orbitotomy
surgical incision into the orbit, performed for biopsy, abscess drainage, or removal of a tumor or foreign object
119
tarsorrhaphy
the partial or complete suturing together of the upper and lower eyelids to protect the eye when lids are paralyzed and unable to close
120
corneal transplant
known as keratoplasty, surgical replacement of a scarred or diseased cornea with clear corneal tissue from a donor
121
enucleation
the removal of the eyeball, leaving the eye muscles intact
122
ocular prosthesis
known as artificial eye, may be fitted to wear over eye or to replace an eyeball that is either congenitally missing or has been surgically removed
123
iridectomy
surgical removal of a portion of the tissue of the iris, to treat closed-angle glaucoma
124
radial keratotomy
surgical procedure to treat myopia
125
vitrectomy
removal of the vitreous humor and its replacement with a clear solution
126
lensectomy
the general term used to describe the surgical removal of a cataract-clouded lens
127
phacoemulsification
the use of ultrasonic vibration to shatter and remove the lens clouded by a cataract
128
intaocular lens(IOL)
surgically implanted replacement for a natural lens that has been removed
129
laser iridotomy
uses a focused beam of light to create a hole in the iris of the eye
130
laser trabeculoplasty
used to treat open-angle glaucoma by creating openings in the trabecular meshwork to allow the fluid to drain properly
131
LASIK
the acronym for Laser-Assisted in Situ Keratopmileusis, LASIK is used to treat vision conditions, such as myopia, are caused by shape of the cornea
132
photocoagulation
is the use of a laser to treat some forms of wet macular degeneration by sealing leaking or damaged blood vessels
133
retinopexy
used to reattach the detached area in a retinal detachment
134
auditory
pertaining to the sense of hearing
135
acoustic
pertaining to sound or hearing
136
pinna
known as auricle or outer ear, external portion of the ear
137
external auditory canal
transmits these sound waves to the tympanic membrane(eardrum) of the middle ear
138
cerumen
known as earwax, secreted by ceruminous glands that line auditory canal, sticky yellow-brown substance to prevent debris entering
139
middle ear
located between outer and inner ear, transmits sound across the space between these two parts
140
tympanic membrane
known as eardrum, between outer and middle ear, transmits sound by vibrating
141
mastoid process
the temporal bone containing hollow air space that surrounds the middle ear
142
auditory ossicles
three small bones located within the middle ear, transmit sound waves from eardrum to inner ear by vibration
143
eustachian tubes
known as auditory tubes, narrows tubes that lead from the middle ear to the nasal cavity and the throat, to equalize the air pressure within the middle ear
144
inner ear
contains the sensory receptors for hearing and balance,
145
labyrinth
structures of the inner ear are a maze-like system
146
oval window
located under the base of the stapes, is the membrane that separates the middle from the inner ear, vibrations enter through this
147
cochlea
snail-shaped structure of the inner ear and is where sound vibrations are converted into nerves impulses
148
organ of corti
receives the vibrations from the cochlear duct and relays them to the auditory nerve fibers
149
semicircular canals
connects to cochlea by the vestibule, contain the liquid endolymph and sensitive hair cells
150
acoustic nerves
called auditory nerves, transmit this information to the brain, 2 parts...cochlear nerves that transmit sound for hearing, and vestibular that sense balance and head position
151
air conduction
process by which sound waves enter the ear through the pinna and travel down external auditory canal until strike the tympanic membrane
152
bone conduction
occurs as eardrum vibrated and causes the auditory ossicles of the middle ear to vibrate
153
sensorineural conduction
occurs when these sound vibrations reach the inner ear
154
audiologist
specializes in measurement of hearing function in the rehabilitation of persons with hearing impairments
155
speech-language pathologist(SLP)
can be involved in numerous medical areas including audiology, problems relating to swallowing, speech, communication disorders
156
impacted cerumen
an accumulation of earwax that forms a solid mass by adhering to the walls of the external auditory canal
157
otalgia
known as earache, is pain in the ear
158
otitis
inflammation of the ear
159
otomycosis
is a fungal infection of the external auditory canal
160
otopyorrhea
is the flow of pus from the ear
161
otorrhea
is any discharge from the ear
162
otorrhagia
is bleeding from he ear
163
barotrauma
is a pressure-related ear condition,
164
cholesteatoma
known as pearly tumor, is destructive epidermal cyst in middle ear and/or the mastoid process made up of epithelial cells and cholesterol
165
mastoiditis
inflammation of any part of the mastoid bone
166
infectious myringitis
a contagious inflammation that causes painful blisters on the eardrum
167
otitis media
inflammation of the middle ear
168
acute otitis media
associated with an upper respiratory infection, most commonly seen in young children
169
serous otitis media
fluid buildup in the middle ear without symptoms of an infection
170
otosclerosis
the ankylosis of the bones of the middle ear, resulting in a conductive hearing loss
171
labyrinthitis
inflammation of the labyrinth that can result in vertigo and deafness
172
vertigo
a sense of whirling, dizziness, and loss of balance that is often combined with nausea and vomiting
173
benign paroxysmal positional vertigo
a common cause of vertigo that occurs when there is shift in location of small crystals in the semicircular canals
174
meniere's disease
rare chronic disorder in which the amount of fluid in the inner ear increases intermittently, producing attacks of vertigo, a fluctuating hearing loss
175
tinnitus
condition of a ringing, buzzing, or roaring sound in one or both ears
176
acoustic neuroma
brain tumor that develops adjacent to the cranial nerve running from the brain to the inner ear
177
deafness
complete or partial loss of the ability to hear
178
presbycusis
a gradual loss of sensorineural hearing that occurs as the body ages
179
conductive hearing loss
occurs when sound waves are prevented from passing from the air to the fluid-filled inner ear
180
sensorineural hearing loss
known as nerve deafness, develops when the auditory nerve or hair cells in the inner ear are damaged
181
noise-induced hearing loss(NIHL)
a type of nerve deafness caused by repeated extremely loud noises that continue for a long period of time
182
decibel
commonly used as measurement of the loudness of sound
183
audiological evaluation
known as audiometry, measurement of the ability to hear and understand speech sounds based on their pitch and loudness
184
audiometry
use of an audiometer to measure hearing acuity
185
audiogram
resulting graph that represents the ability to hear a variety of sounds at various loudness levels
186
audiometer
an electronic device that produces acoustic stimuli of a set frequency and intensity
187
hertz
a measure of sound frequency that determines how high or low a pitch is
188
otoscope
an instrument used to examine the external ear canal
189
pneumatic otoscope
has attachment of a bulb filled with air
190
monaural testing
involves one ear
191
binaural testing
involves both ears
192
tympanometry
use of air pressure in the ear canal to test for disorders of the middle ear
193
acoustic reflectometry
measures how much sound is reflected back from the eardrum, way to test how much fluid is in middle ear to diagnose otitis media
194
Weber and Rinne test
use a tuning fork to distinguish between conductive and sensorineural hearing losses
195
otoplasty
surgical repair, restoration, or alteration of the pinna of the ear; "ear pinning" is cosmetic surgery to bring protruding ears closer to the head
196
ear tubes
known as tympanostomy tubes, are tiny ventilating tubes places through eardrum to provide ongoing drainage for fluids and to relieve pressure that can build up after childhood ear infections
197
mastoidectomy
surgical removal of mastoid cells
198
myringotomy
small incision in the eardrum to relieve pressure from excess pus or fluid
199
stapedectomy
surgical removal of the top portion of the stapes bone and the insertion of a small prosthetic device known as a piston that conducts sound vibrations to the inner ear
200
tympanoplasty
surgical correction of damaged middle ear, either to cure chronic inflammation or to restore function
201
labyrinthectomy
surgical removal of all or a portion of the labyrinth, to relieve uncontrolled vertigo
202
vestibular rehabilitation therapy(VRT)
a form of physical therapy designed to treat a wide variety of balance disorders
203
assistive listening device(ALD)
transmits, processes, or amplifies sound and can be used with or without a hearing aid
204
cochlear implant
an electronic device that bypasses the damaged portions of the ear and directly stimulates the auditory nerve
205
fenestration
surgical procedure in which a new opening is created in the labyrinth to restore lost hearing
206
hearing aids
electronic device are worn to correct a hearing loss
207
analog hearing aid
external electronic device that uses a microphone to detect and amplify
208
digital hearing aid
uses a computer chip to convert the incoming sound into a code that can be filtered before bring amplified
209
lens
phac/o , phak/o
210
lacrimal apparatus
dacryocyst/o , lacrim/o
211
outer ear
pinn/i
212
middle ear
myring/o , tympan/o
213
inner ear
labyrinth/o
214
trop/o
turn, change
215
presby/o
old age
216
scler/o
sclera, white of eye, hard
217
kerat/o
horny, hard, cornea
218
-cusis
hearing
219
blephar/o
eyelid
