Chapter 14: The Reproductive System Flashcards
1
Q
cervic/o
A
cervix (neck of uterus)
2
Q
colp/o
A
vagina
3
Q
-gravida
A
pregnant
4
Q
gynec/o
A
woman, female
5
Q
hyster/o
A
uterus
6
Q
mast/o
A
breast
7
Q
men/o
A
menstruation, menses
8
Q
orchid/o
A
testicles
9
Q
ov/o
A
egg, ovum
10
Q
ovari/o
A
ovary
11
Q
-para
A
to give birth
12
Q
-pexy
A
surgical fixation
13
Q
salping/o
A
fallopian tube
14
Q
test/i
A
testicle, testis
15
Q
vagin/o
A
vagina
16
Q
genitalia
A
are the organs of reproduction and their associated structures
17
Q
perineum
A
is the external surface region in both males and females between the pubic symphysis and the coccyx
18
Q
male perineum
A
tissue, that extends from the scrotum to the area around the anus
19
Q
female perineum
A
tissue, that extends from the pubic symphysis to the area around the anus
20
Q
external male genitalia
A
are the penis and the scrotum, which contains two testicles
21
Q
internal male genitalia
A
include the remaining structures of the male reproductive system
22
Q
scrotum
A
the sac-like structure that surrounds, protects, and supports the testicles; is suspended from the pubic arch behind the penis and lies between the thighs
23
Q
testicles
A
known as testes, are the two small, egg-shaped glands that produce the sperm; develops within the abdomen of the male fetus and normally descend into the scrotum before or soon after birth
24
Q
seminiferous tubules
A
sperm are formed within, of each testicle
25
epididymis
a coiled tube at the upper part of each testicle; runs down the length of the testicle , then turns upward toward the body, HERE. its narrows to form the tube known as vas deferens
26
spermatic cord
extends upward from the epididymis and is attached to each testicle,
27
sperm
known as spermatozoa, are the male gametes (reproductive cells)
28
semen
the whitish fluid containing sperm that is ejaculated through the urethra at the peak of male sexual excitement
29
spermatogenesis
the process of sperm formation
30
penis
the male sex organ that transports the sperm into the female vagina; penis is imposed of 3 columns of erectile tissue
31
glans penis
known as the head of the penis, it the sensitive region located at the tip of the penis
32
foreskin
known as the prepuce, a retractable double-layered fold of skin and mucous membrane that covers and protects the glans penis
33
vas deferens
known as the ductus deferens, are the long, narrow continuations of each epididymis, these structures lead upward and eventually join the urethra
34
seminal vesicles
are glands that secrete a thick, yellow substance to nourish the sperm cells; located at the base of the urinary bladder and open into the vas deferens as it joins the urethra
35
ejaculatory duct
which begins at the vas deferens, passes through the prostate gland and empties into the urethra
36
prostate gland
lies under the bladder and surrounds the end of the urethra in the region where the vas deferens enters the urethra
37
bulbourethral glands
known as Cowper's glands, are located just below the prostate gland, one of these glands is located on either side of the urethra, and open int the urethra
38
urethra
passes through the penis to the outside of the body
39
urologist
a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the genitourinary system of males and the urinary system of females
40
balanitis
an inflammation of the glans penis that is usually caused by poor hygiene in men who have not had the foreskin removed
41
phimosis
a narrowing of the opening of the foreskin so it cannot by retracted (pulled back) to expose the glans penis; can be present at birth or become apparent during childhood
42
erectile dysfunction (ED)
known as impotence, the inability of the male to achieve or maintain a penile erection
43
Peyronie's disease
known as penile curvature, a form of sexual dysfunction in which the penis is bent or curved during erection
44
priapism
a painful erection that lasts 4 hours or more but is either not accompanied by sexual excitement or does not go away after sexual stimulation has ended
45
premature ejaculation
a condition in which the male reaches climax too soon, usually before or shortly after penetration of the female
46
andropause
referred to as ADAM is marked by the decrease of the male hormone testosterone
47
cryptorchidism
known as an undescended testicle, a developmental defect in which one or both of the testicles fail to descend into their normal position in the scrotum
48
anorchism
the congenital absence of one or both testicles
49
epididymitis
is inflammation of the epididymis that is frequently caused by the spread of infection from the urethra or the bladder
50
hydrocele
a fluid-filled sac in the scrotum along the spermatic cord leading from he testicles
51
spermatocele
is a cyst that develops in the epididymis and is filled with a milky fluid containing sperm
52
testicular torsion
a sharp pain in the scrotum caused by twisting of the vas deferens and blood vessels leading into the testicle
53
testitis
known as orchitis, is inflammation of one or both testicles
54
varicocele
a knot of widening varicose veins in one side of the scrotum
55
azoospermia
is the absence of sperm in the semen
56
oligospermia
known as low sperm count, is a sperm count of below 20 million/mL; common cause of male infertility
57
hematospermia
is the presence of blood in the seminal fluid
58
sperm count
known as a sperm analysis, the testing of freshly ejaculated semen to determine the volume plus the number, shape, size, and motility of the sperm
59
testicular self-examination
a self-help step in early detection of testicular cancer by detecting lumps, swelling, or changes in the skin of the scrotum
60
circumcision
surgical removal of the foreskin of the penis
61
orchidectomy
surgical removal of one or both testicles
62
orchiopexy
the repair of an undescended testicle
63
varicocelectomy
the removal of a portion of an enlarged vein to relieve a varicocele
64
sterilization
any procedure rendering an individual (male or female) incapable of reproduction
65
castration
known as bilateral orchidectomy, the surgical removal or destruction of bath testicles
66
vasectomy
the male sterilization procedure in which a small portion of the vas deferens is surgically removed
67
vasovasostomy
known as a vasectomy reversal, a procedure performed as an attempt to restore fertility to a vasectomized male
68
sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)
known as sexually transmitted infections (STIs), are infections caused by either bacteria or a virus that affects both males and females
69
ophthalmia neoinatorum
condition is a form of conjunctivitis that is caused by the bacteria responsible for chlamydia or gonorrhea
70
chlamydia
caused by bacterium chlamydia trachomatis, the most commonly reported STD in US
71
bacterial vaginosis (BV)
a condition in women in which there is an abnormal overgrowth of certain bacteria in the vagina
72
genital herpes
caused by the herpes simplex virus type 1 or 2; symptoms include itching or burning before the appearance of lesions (sores) on the genitals or rectum
73
genital warts...caused by human papillomaviruses (HPV)
highly contagious. in male, the virus infects the urethra; in the female, it infects the external genitalia, cervix, and vagina
74
gonorrhea
a highly contagious condition caused by the bacterium neisseria gonorrhoeae. WOMEN..affects the cervix, uterus, and Fallopian tubes. MEN...affects the urethra by causing painful urination and an abnormal discharge ..also can affect mouth, throat, and anus
75
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
transmitted through exposure to infected body fluids, particularly through sexual intercourse with an infected partner
76
syphilis
caused by bacterium treponema palladium, has many symptoms that are difficult to distinguish from other STDs
77
trichomoniasis
known as trich, is an infection caused by the parasite trichomonas vaginalis; most common symptoms in infected women is a thin, frothy, yellow-green, foul-smelling vaginal discharge
78
external female genitalia
located posterior to the mons pubis, which is a rounded, fleshly prominence located over the pubic symphysis
79
vulva
structures are known collectively as the vulva or the pudendum
80
labia majora and labia minora
are the vaginal lips that protect the other external genitalia and the urethral meatus
81
clitoris
an organ of sensitive, erectile tissue located anterior to the urethral meatus and the vaginal orifice
82
bartholin's glands
produce a mucus secretion to lubricate the vagina; these two small, round glands are located on either side of the vaginal orifice
83
vaginal orifice
the exterior opening of the vagina
84
hymen
a thin mucous membrane that partially covers this opening and can be torn either during the first instance of intercourse or other activity
85
breasts
made up of fat, connective tissue, and the mammary glands; each breast is fixed to the overlying skin and the underlying pectoral muscles by suspensory ligaments
86
mammary glands
known as the lactiferous glands, are the milk-producing glands that develop during puberty
87
lactiferous ducts
known as milk ducts, carry milk from the mammary glands to the nipple
88
areola
nipple is surrounded by the dark-pigmented area
89
ovaries
are a pair of small, almond-shaped organs located in the lower abdomen, one on either side of the uterus
90
follicle
a fluid-filled sac containing a single ovum (egg)
91
ova
known as eggs, are the female gametes; immature ova are present at birth
92
Fallopian tubes
known as uterine tubes, tubes extend from the upper end of the uterus to a point near but not attached to an ovary
93
infundibulum
the funnel-shaped opening into the Fallopian tube near the ovary
94
fimbriae
the fringed, finger-like extensions of this opening; role is to catch the mature ovum when it leaves the ovary
95
uterus
known as the womb, a pear-shaped organ with muscular walls and a mucous membrane lining filled with a rich supply of blood vessels
96
anteflexion
normal position, the body of the uterus is bent forward
97
fundus
the bulging, rounded part above the entrance of the fallopian tubes; because the fundus rises during pregnancy, in relation to the pubic bone helps determine the baby's growth
98
corpus
known as the body of the uterus, the middle portion
99
cervix
known as the cervix uteri, the lower, narrow portion that extends into the vagina
100
perimetrium
known as the uterine serosa, the tough, membranous outer layer
101
myometrium
the muscular middle layer
102
endometrium
inner layer, consists of specialized epithelial mucosa that is rich in blood vessels
103
vagina
muscular tube lined with mucosa that extends from the cervix to the outside of the body
104
menstruation
known as menses, normal discharge of the endometrial lining and unfertilized egg from uterus
105
menarche
the beginning of menstruation, this begins after the maturation that occurs during puberty
106
menopause
the normal termination of menstruation in a woman during middle age
107
perimenopause
the term used to designate the transition phase between regular menstrual periods and no periods at all
108
ovulation
the release of a mature egg from a follicle on the surface of one of the ovaries that happens on approximately the 13th or 14th of a woman's menstrual cycle
109
corpus lutem
secretes the hormone progesterone during the second half on the menstrual cycle; this maintains the growth of the uterine lining in preparation for the fertilized egg
110
coitus
known as sexual intercourse or copulation, the male ejaculates 100 million sperm in vagina, it travels upward through the vagina, into the uterus, and into fallopian tubes
111
conception
occurs when a sperm penetrates and fertilizes the descending ovum
112
zygote
union, which is beginning of a new life, forms a single cell
113
implantation
the embedding of the zygote into the lining of the uterus
114
embryo
from implantation through the 8th week of pregnancy, the developing baby
115
fetus
from the 9th week of pregnancy tot he time of birth, the baby is in utero
116
fraternal twins
result from the fertilization of separate ova by separate sperm cells, these develop into two separate embryos
117
identical twins
are formed by the fertilization of a single egg cell by a single sperm that divides to form two embryos
118
multiples
used to describe a birth involving more than two infants
119
chorion
the thin outer membrane that encloses the embryo, it contributes to the formation of the placenta
120
placenta
a temporary organ that forms within the uterus to allow the exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and waste products between the mother and fetus without allowing maternal blood and fetal blood to mix
121
afterbirth
the placenta and fetal membranes are expelled
122
amniotic sac (bag of waters)
known as the amnion, the innermost membrane that surrounds the embryo in the uterus
123
amniotic cavity
surrounds developing embryo, the fluid-filled space between the embryo and the amniotic sac
124
umbilical cord
the tube that carries blood, oxygen, and nutrients from the placenta tot the developing baby
125
navel
known as the belly button, is formed where the umbilical cord was attached to the fetus
126
gestation
lasts approximately 280 days (40 weeks), the period of development of the baby in the mother's uterus...being AT TERM
127
pregnancy
used interchangeably with gestation, means the condition of having a developing baby in the uterus
128
trimesters
each one consists of 13 weeks, total of three trimesters
129
due date
estimated date of confinement (EDC), is calculated from the first day of the last menstrual period (LMP)
130
confinement
an old-fashioned term describing the time when a period of rest for the mother followed childbirth
131
quickening
the first movements of the fetus in the uterus that can be felt by the mother, occurs during the 16th to 20th week of pregnancy
132
Braxton hicks contractions
are intermittent painless uterine contractions that occur with increasing frequency as the pregnancy progresses
133
viable
fetus, when it is capable of living outside the uterus, depending on development age, birth weight, and stage of lungs of the fetus
134
antepartum
refers to the final stage of pregnancy just before the onset of labor
135
nulligravida
a woman who has never been pregnant
136
nullipara
a woman who has never borne a viable child
137
primigravida
a woman during her first pregnancy
138
primipara
a woman who has borne one viable child
139
multiparous
means a woman who has given birth two or more times
140
labor and delivery
known as childbirth or parturition, occurs in three stages Dilation, Delivery of the baby, Expulsion of the afterbirth
141
dilation
first and longest stage of labor, and effacement of the cervix and the rupture of the amniotic sac
142
effacement
is the process by which the cervix prepares for delivery as it gradually softens, shortens, and becomes thinner
143
fetal monitoring
the use of an electronic device to record the fetal heart rate and the maternal uterine contractions during labor
144
cephalic presentation
or crowning describes when the baby is coming head first
145
postpartum
after childbirth
146
puerperium
the time from the delivery of the placenta through approximately the first 6 weeks after the delivery
147
lochia
the postpartum vaginal discharge that typically continues for 4 to 6 weeks after childbirth; consists primarily of blood and mucus
148
uterine involution
the return of the uterus to its normal size and former condition after delivery
149
involution
the return of an enlarged organ to its normal size
150
colostrum
a specialized form of breast milk that delivers essential nutrients and antibodies in a form that the newborn can digest
151
lactation
process of forming and secreting milk from the breasts as nourishment for the infants, develops a few days after giving birth to replace the colostrum
152
neonate
known as newborn infant, during the first 4 weeks after birth
153
vernix
a greasy substance that protects the fetus in utero and can still be present at birth
154
meconium
is the greenish material that collects in the intestine of a fetus and forms the first stools of a newborn
155
Apgar score
is a scale of 1 to 10 to evaluate a newborn infant's physical status a 1 and 5 minutes after birth
156
gynecologist (GYN)
a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the female reproductive system
157
obstetrician (OB)
a physician who specializes in providing medical care to women during pregnancy, childbirth, and immediately thereafter
158
midwife
assists in labor and delivery, a certified nurse midwife (CNM) is an RN with specialized training in obstetrics and gynecology who provides primary care in normal pregnancies and deliveries
159
neonatologist
a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the newborn
160
infertility specialist
known as fertility specialist, helps infertile couples by diagnosing and treating problems associated with conception and maintaining pregnancy
161
anovulation
the absence of ovulation when it would be normally expected
162
oophoritis
inflammation of an ovary
163
ovarian cancer
originates within cells of the ovaries, can break away from the ovary and spread (metastasize) to other tissues and organs within the abdomen or travel through bloodstream
164
pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
any inflammation of the female reproductive organs that is not associated with surgery or pregnancy
165
polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
a condition caused by a hormonal imbalance in which the ovaries are enlarged by the presence of many cysts formed by incompletely developed follicles
166
pyosalpinx
an accumulation of pus in a Fallopian tube
167
salpingitis
an inflammation of a Fallopian tube
168
endometriosis
a condition in which patches of endometrial tissue escape the uterus and become attached to other structures in the pelvic cavity
169
endometrial cancer
involves a cancerous growth that begins in the lining of the uterus
170
uterine fibroid
known as a myoma, a benign composed of muscle and fibrous tissue that occurs in the wall of the uterus
171
uterine prolapse
known as pelvic floor hernia, a condition in which the uterus slides from its normal position in the pelvic cavity and sags into the vagina
172
cervical cancer
slow-growing squamous cell cancer, caused by human papillomaviruses (HPV), which can now usually be prevented through vaccination
173
cervical dysplasia
th presence of precancerous changes in the cells that make up the inner lining of the cervix
174
cervicitis
an inflammation of the cervix that is usually caused by an infection
175
endocervicitis
an inflammation of the mucous membrane lining of the cervix
176
colporrhexis
means tearing or laceration of the vaginal wall
177
dyspareunia
is pain during sexual intercourse
178
leukorrhea
a profuse, whitish mucus discharge from the uterus and vagina
179
vaginal atrophy
a decrease in elasticity and lubrication caused by hormonal changes,
180
vaginal candidiasis
known as a yeast infection, a vaginal infection caused by the yeast-like fungus Candida albicans
181
vaginismus
an involuntary spasm of the pelvic floor muscles, which close off the vagina
182
vaginitis
an inflammation of the lining of the vagina
183
pruritus vulvae
a condition of severe itching of the external female genitalia
184
vulvodynia
a painful syndrome of unknown cause
185
vulvitis
an inflammation of the vulva
186
breast cancer
along with its diagnosis and treatment
187
fibroadenoma
is a round, firm, rubbery mass that arises from excess growth of glandular and connective tissue in the breast
188
fibrocystic breast disease
is the presence of single or multiple benign cysts in the breasts
189
galactorrhea
the production of beast milk in a woman who is not breastfeeding
190
mastalgia
known as mastodynia, is pain in the breast
191
mastitis
breast infection that is caused by bacteria that enter the breast tissue, most frequently during breastfeeding
192
amenorrhea
an abnormal absence of menstrual periods for 90 days or more
193
dysmenorrhea
pain caused by uterine cramps during a menstrual period
194
dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB)
a condition characterized by abnormal bleeding, often due to an imbalance in hormone level changes
195
hypermenorrhea
known as menorrhagia, an excessive amount of menstrual flow over a period of more than 7 days
196
hypomenorrhea
an unusually small amount of menstrual flow during a shortened regular menstrual period
197
menometrorrhagia
known as intermenstrual bleeding; excessive uterine bleeding at both the usual time of menstrual periods and at other irregular intervals
198
metrorrhagia
uterine bleeding between menstrual periods, often referred to as spotting
199
oligomenorrhea
term used to describe infrequent or very light menstruation in a woman with previously normal periods
200
polymenorrhea
the occurrence of menstrual cycles more frequently than is normal
201
premature menopause
a condition in which the ovaries cease functioning before age 40 years due to disease, hormonal disorder, or surgical removal
202
premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
a group of symptoms experienced by some women within the 2 week period before menstruation
203
premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)
a condition associated with severe emotional and physical problems that are closely linked to the menstrual cycle
204
abortion
the interruption or termination of pregnancy before the fetus is viable
205
induced abortion
caused by human intervention, is achieved through the use of drugs or suctioning
206
ectopic pregnancy
known as extrauterine pregnancy, a potentially dangerous condition in which a fertilized egg is implanted and begins to develop outside of the uterus
207
gestational diabetes mellitus
form of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy
208
infertility
the inability of a couple to achieve pregnancy after 1 year of regular, unprotected intercourse, or the inability of a woman to carry a pregnancy to a live birth
209
preeclampsia
known as pregnancy-induced hypertension, is a complication of pregnancy characterized by hypertension (high blood pressure), edema, and protein
210
eclampsia
which is a more serious form of preeclampsia, is characterized by convulsions and sometimes coma
211
HELLP syndrome
a life-threatening pregnancy complication characterized by hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low platelet count
212
Rh factor
defines the presence or absence of the Rh antigen on red blood cells
213
abrupto placenta
or placental abruption, a disorder in which the placenta separates from the uterine wall before the birth of the fetus
214
breech presentation
occurs when the buttocks feet of the fetus are positioned to enter the birth canal first instead of the head
215
placenta previa
abnormal implantation of the placenta in the lower portion of the uterus
216
premature infant
known as preemie, a fetus born before the 37th week of gestation
217
stillbirth
the birth of a fetus that died before or during delivery
218
postpartum depression
a mood disorder characterized by feelings of sadness and the loss of pleasure in normal activity that can occur shortly after giving birth
219
colposcopy
the direct visual examination of the tissues ofmthe cervix and vagina
220
endometrial biopsy
small amount of the tissue from the lining of the uterus is removed for microscopic examination; determine abnormal bleeding
221
endovaginal ultrasound
performed to determine the cause of abnormal vaginal bleeding; performed by placing an ultrasound transducer in the vagina so that sound waves can create images of the uterus and ovaries
222
hysterosalpingography (HSG)
a radiographic examination of the uterus and fallopian tubes
223
pap smear
an exfoliative tipsy of the cervix; performed to detect conditions that can be early indicators of cervical cancer
224
pregnancy test
is performed to detect an unusually high level of the human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) hormone in either a blood or urine specimen,
225
first trimester screening
known as combined screening, performed between 11 and 13 weeks of pregnancy and involves an ultrasound and a finger-stick blood test
226
chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
the examination of cells retrieved from the chorionic villi, which are minute, vascular projections on the chorion...between the 8th and 10th week of pregnancy
227
amniocentesis
surgical puncture with a needle to obtain a specimen of amniotic fluid
228
pelvimetry
a radiographic study to measure the dimensions of the pelvis to evaluate its capacity to allow passage fo the fetus through the birth canal
229
contraceptive
a measure taken to lessen the likelihood of pregnancy
230
diaphragm
a barrier contraceptive that prevents the sperm from reaching and fertilizing the egg
231
intrauterine device (IUD)
a molded plastic contraceptive inserted through the cervix into the uterus to prevent pregnancy
232
condom
will also prevent pregnancy when used correctly, will also prevent the transmission of STDs
233
hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
the use oof the female hormones estrogen and progesterone to replace those the body no longer produces during and after perimenopause
234
oophorectomy
known as ovariectomy, the surgical removal of one of both ovaries
235
salpingectomy
surgical removal of one or both Fallopian tubes
236
salpingo-oophorectomy (SO)
surgical removal of a fallopian tube and ovary
237
tubal ligation
surgical sterilization procedure in which the Fallopian tubes are sealed or cut to prevent sperm from reaching a mature ovum
238
colpopexy
known as vaginofixation, surgical fixation of a prolapsed vagina to a surrounding structure such as the abdominal wall
239
conization
known as a cone biopsy, surgical removal of a cone-shaped specimen of tissue form the cervix; to remove tissue
240
colporrhaphy
surgical suturing of a tear in the vagina
241
dilation and curettage
known as a D & C, surgical procedure in which the cervix is dilated and the endometrium of the uterus is scraped away
242
myomectomy
surgical removal of uterine fibroids
243
hysterectomy
surgical removal of the uterus
244
total hysterectomy
known as a complete hysterectomy, the uterus and cervix are removed; performed through the vagina or laparoscopically through the abdomen
245
radical hysterectomy
known as a bilateral hysteroslpingo-oophorectomy, most commonly performed to treat uterine cancer
246
mammoplasty
a general term for a cosmetic operation on the breasts
247
breast augmentation
is mammoplasty performed to increase breast size often for cosmetic reasons
248
breast reduction
is mammoplasty performed to decrease and reshape excessively large, heavy breasts
249
mastopexy
called a breast lift, a mammoplasty to affix sagging breast in a more elevated position
250
cesaren section
known as a C-section, the delivery of the child through an incision in the maternal abdominal and uterine walls
251
episiotomy
surgical incision made into the perineum to enlarge the vaginal orifice to prevent tearing of the tissues as the infant moves out of the birth canal
252
episiorrhaphy
surgical suturing to repair an episiotomy
253
incubator
an apparatus for maintaining an environment of controlled temperature humidity, and oxygen concentration for a premature or ill newborn
254
assisted reproductive technology (ART)
describes techniques used to aid an infertile couple in achieving a viable pregnancy
255
artificial insemination
also called intrauterine insemination (IUI), a technique in which sperm from a woman's partner or from a donor are introduced into the vagina or uterus during ovulatory phase or menstrual cycle
256
in vitro fertilization (IVF)
procedure in which mature ova are removed from the mother to be fertilized
