Chapter 10: Nervous System and Mental Health Flashcards
1
Q
caus/o
A
burning, burn
2
Q
cerebr/o
A
cerebrum, brain
3
Q
concuss/o
A
shaken together, violently agitated
4
Q
contus/o
A
bruise
5
Q
encephal/o
A
brain
6
Q
-esthesia
A
sensation, feeling
7
Q
esthet/o
A
feeling, nervous sensation, sense of perception
8
Q
-graphy
A
the process of producing a picture or record
9
Q
mening/o
A
membranes, meninges
10
Q
myel/o
A
spinal cord, bone marrow
11
Q
neur/I , neur/o
A
nerve, nerve tissue
12
Q
phobia
A
abnormal fear
13
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psych/o
A
mind
14
Q
radicul/o
A
root or nerve root
15
Q
-tropic
A
having an affinity for
16
Q
brain
A
coordinates all body activities by receiving and transmitting messages throughout the body
17
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spinal cord
A
transmits nerve impulses between the brain, arms and legs, and lower part of the body
18
Q
nerves
A
receive and transmit messages to and from all parts of the body
19
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sensory organs and receptors
A
receive external stimulation and transmit these stimuli to the sensory neurons
20
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central nervous system(CNS)
A
includes the brain and spinal cord, to receive and process information and to regulate all bodily activity
21
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peripheral nervous system}(PNS)
A
includes 12 pairs cranial nerves extending from brain and 31 pairs for spinal cord; transmit nerve signals to and from the central nervous system
22
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nerve
A
one or more bundles of neurons that connect the brain and spinal cord with other parts of the body
23
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tract
A
a bundle or group of nerve fibers located within the brain or spinal cord
24
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ganglion
A
a nerve center made up of a cluster of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system
25
innervation
means supply of nerves to a specific body
26
plexus
a network of intersecting spinal nerves, also describes a network of intersecting blood or lymphatic vessels
27
receptors
are sites in the sensory organs(eyes, ears, skin, nose, and taste buds) that receive external stimulation
28
stimulus
anything that excites(activates) nerve and causes an impulse
29
impulse
wave of excitation transmitted through nerve fibers and neurons
30
reflex
automatic, involuntary response to some change, either inside or outside the body
31
neurons
the basic cells of the nervous system that allow different parts of the body to communicate with each other
32
afferent neurons
known as sensory neurons, emerge from sensory organs and the skin to carry the impulses from sensory organs toward the brain and spinal cord
33
connecting neurons
known as associative neurons, link afferent and efferent neurons
34
efferent neurons
known as motor neurons, carry impulses away from brain and spinal cord and toward muscles and glands
35
dendrites
are the root-like structures that receive impulses and conduct them to the cell body
36
axon
a process that conducts impulses away from the nerve cell, some protected by myelin sheath
37
terminal end fibers
the branching fibers at the end of the axon that lead the nerve impulses from the axon to the synapse
38
synapse
the space between two neurons or between a neuron and a receptor organ; a single neuron can have a few or several hundred synapses
39
neurotransmitters
chemical substances that make it possible for messages to cross from synapse of a neuron to the target receptor
40
acetylcholine
released at some synapses in the spinal cord and at neuromuscular junctions; it influences muscles action
41
dopamine
released within the brain, an excess is associated with schizophrenia, mood and thought disorders
42
endorphins
naturally occurring substances that are produced by the brain to help relieve pain
43
norepinephrine
affects alertness and arousal, increasing blood pressure and heart rate, and releasing stores glucoses in response to stress
44
serotonin
released in the brain, has roles in sleep, hunger, and pleasure recognition
45
glial cells
provide support and protection for neurons, and their four main functions
46
myelin sheath
protective covering made up of glial cells, white sheath forms white matter of brain
47
central nervous system
made up of the brain and spinal cord; structures that are protected externally by the bones of the cranium and vertebrae of the spinal column
48
meninges
the system of membranes that enclose the brain and spinal cord
49
dura mater
the thick, tough, outermost membrane of the meninges
50
epidural space
contains fat supportive connective tissues to cushion the dura mater, inner surface of vertebral column
51
subdural space
located between dura mater and arachnoid membrane, in both skull and vertebral column
52
arachnoid membrane
resembles a spider web, second layer of meninges and is located between the dura mater and the pia mater ; allow space for fluid to flow between layers
53
subarachnoid space
located below arachnoid membrane and above the pia mater, contains cerebrospinal fluid
54
pia mater
third layer of meninges, located nearest to brain and spinal cord, consists of delicate connective tissue that contains a rich supply of blood vessels
55
cerebrospinal fluid
known as spinal fluid, produced by special capillaries within four ventricles located in the middle region of the cerebrum; clear fluid that flows throughout brain around spinal cord
56
cerebrum
largest, uppermost portion of the brain; responsible for memory, judgment, emotion
57
cerebral
pertaining to the cerebrum or to the brain
58
cerebral cortex
made up of gray matter, the outer layer of the cerebrum and is made up of elevated folds and deep fissures
59
cerebral hemispheres
divided to create two, connected at lower midpoint by the corpus callosum,
60
cerebral lobes
each cerebral hemisphere is subdivided to create these pairs, named for the bone of the cranium it covers
61
frontal lobe
controls skilled motor functions, memory, and behavior
62
parietal lobe
receives and interprets nerve impulses form sensory receptors in the tongue, skin, and muscles
63
occipital lobe
controls eyesight
64
temporal lobe
controls the sense of hearing and smell, and the ability to create, store, and access new information
65
thalamus
located below the cerebrum, produces sensory stimuli from the spinal cord and midbrain to the cerebral cortex
66
hypothalamus
located below the thalamus, seven major regulatory functions
67
cerebellum
second-largest part of the brain, located at the back of the head below the posterior portion of cerebrum, control motions of skeletal muscles
68
brainstem
the stalk-like portion of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with he spinal cord
69
midbrain and pons(PONZ)
provide conduction pathways to and from the higher and lower centers in the brain, control reflexes movements for eyes and head
70
medulla oblongata
located at lowest part of brainstem, connected to spinal cord; controls survival functions such as heart rate, blood pressure,,, as well as reflexes for coughing, sneezing, swallowing, vomiting
71
spinal cord
long, fragile, tube-like structure that begins at the end of the brainstem and continues down almost to the bottom of the spinal column
72
peripheral nervous system(PNS)
consists 12 pairs of cranial nerves that extend from brain, plus 31 pairs of spinal nerves that extend from he spinal cord
73
autonomic nerve fibers
carry instructions to the organs and glands from the autonomic nervous system
74
sensory nerve fibers
receive external stimuli, such as how something feels, and transmit this information to the brain where it is interpreted
75
somatic nerve fibers
known as motor nerve fibers, convey information that controls the body's voluntary muscular movements
76
cranial nerves
originate from the under-surface of the brain, identified by roman numerals and are named for the area or function they serve
77
peripheral spinal nerves
grouped together and named based on the region of the body they innervate
78
autonomic nervous system
organized into two divisions, one comprising sympathetic nerves and other parasympathetic nerves; controls involuntary actions of the body, the functioning of internal organs
79
homeostasis
process maintaining the constant internal environment of the body
80
sympathetic nerves
prepare the body emergencies and stress by increasing the respiratory rate, heart rate, and blood flow to muscles, known as fight-or-flight response
81
parasympathetic nerves
return the body to normal after a response to stress, maintaining normal body functions
82
anesthesiologist
physician who specializes in administering anesthetic agents before and during surgery
83
anesthetist
medical professional who specializes in administering anesthesia but is not physician
84
neurologist
physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the nervous system
85
neurosurgeon
physician who specializes in surgery of the nervous system
86
psychiatrist
physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating chemical dependencies, emotional problems, and mental illness
87
psychologist
has a doctoral degree (PhD or PsyD) but is not a medical doctor, evaluates and treats emotional problems and mental illness
88
social worker
a trained therapist, usually with a master's degree (MSW)
89
cephalalgia
known as headache, pain in the head
90
migraine headache
may be preceded by a warning aura, characterized by throbbing pain on one side of the head
91
warning aura
a visual disturbance perceived by the patient preceding a migraine headache or epileptic seizure
92
cluster headaches
intensely painful headaches that affect one side of the head and may be associated with tearing of the eyes and nasal congestion
93
encephalocele
known as craniocele, a congenital herniation of brain tissue through a gap in the skull
94
meningocele
the congenital herniation of the meninges through a defect in the skull or spinal column
95
hydrocephalus
a condition in which excess cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the ventricles of the brain
96
meningioma
a common, slow-growing, usually benign tumor of the meninges
97
meningitis
known as infectious meningitis, inflammation of meninges of the brain and spinal cord
98
cognition
describes the mental activities associated with thinking, learning, and memory
99
mild cognitive impairment
memory disorder, usually associated with recently acquired info
100
dementia
a slowly progressive decline in mental abilities, including memory, thinking, and judgment, that is often accompanied by personality changes
101
vascular dementia
form of dementia caused by stroke or other restriction of the flow of blood to the brain
102
encephalitis
which is an inflammation of the brain, can caused by viral infection such as rabies
103
reye's syndrome(RS)
a serious and potentially deadly disorder in children that is characterized by vomiting and confusion
104
tetanus
known as lockjaw, an acute and potentially fatal infection of the central nervous system caused by toxin produced by the tetanus bacteria
105
Tourette syndrome(TS)
a complex neurological disorder characterized by involuntary tics, grunts, and compulsive utterances that sometimes included obscenities
106
neurodegenerative disease
an umbrella term for disorders in which there is progressive loss of the structure or functions of the neurons
107
Alzheimer's disease(AD)
group of disorders involving the parts of the brain that control thought, memory, and language
108
Huntington's disesase
genetic disorder that is classified as a neurodegenerative disease
109
Parkinson's disease (PD)
chronic, degenerative central nervous disorder characterized by fine muscle tremors, rigidity, and slow or shuffling gait
110
Lewy body dementia
second most common type of dementia, occurs when abnormal proteins interfere with cell function in the brain
111
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS)
known as Lou Gehrig's disease, a rapidly progressive neurological disease that attacks that nerve cells responsible for controlling voluntary muscles
112
amnesia
memory disturbance characterized by a total or partial inability to recall past experiences
113
concussion
a violent shaking up or jarring of the brain
114
cerebral contusion
the bruising of brain tissue as the result of the head injury that causes the brain to bounce against the rigid bone of the skull
115
cranial hematoma
a collection of blood trapped in the tissues of the brain
116
traumatic brain injury
a blow to the head or a penetrating head injury that damages the brain
117
shaken baby syndrome
describes the results of a child being violently shaken by someone, can cause brain injury, blindness, fracture, seizures, paralysis, and death
118
levels of consciousness (LOC)
describe the measurement of response to arousal and stimulus
119
altered levels of consciousness (ALOC)
refer to a decrease in consciousness due to injury, disease, or substances such as medication, drugs, or alcohol
120
conscious
is the state of being awake, alert, aware, and responding appropriately
121
unconscious
is a state of being unaware and unable to respond to any stimuli, including pain
122
lethargy
is a lowered level of consciousness marked by listlessness, drowsiness, and apathy
123
stupor
an unresponsive state from which a person can be aroused only briefly despite vigorous, repeated attempts
124
syncope
known as fainting, is the brief loss of consciousness caused by the decreased flow of blood to the brain
125
coma
a profound (deep) state of unconsciousness marked by the absence of spontaneous eye movements, no response to painful stimuli, and lack of speech
126
persistent vegetative state
a type of coma in which the patient exhibits alternating sleep and wake cycles, person unconscious even when appear awake
127
delirium
an acute condition of confusion, disorientation, disordered thinking and memory, agitation, and hallucinations
128
brain tumor
an abnormal growth located inside the skull
129
malignant brain tumor
destroys brain tissue
130
benign brain tumor
does not invade the brain tissue; it is surrounded by rigid bone, as it enlarges it can damage brain tissue
131
intracranial pressure
the amount of pressure inside the skull, restricts the flow of blood tot he brain, depriving it of oxygen
132
cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
known as stroke, is damage to the brain, when the flow to the brain is disrupted because a blood vessel is either blocked or has ruptured
133
ischemic stroke
most common in older people, occurs when the flow of blood to the brain is blocked by the narrowing or blockage of a carotid artery
134
thrombotic stroke
type of ischemic, occurs when a blood clot forms in a carotid artery and blocks it
135
embolic stroke
type of ischemic, occurs when a blood clot or other debris forms in a blood vessel somewhere other than brain, travels through bloodstream to lodge in narrow brain arteries
136
transient ischemic attack (TIA)
sometimes referred to mini-stroke, temporary interruption in the blood supply tot he brain
137
aphasia
often caused by brain damage associated with a stroke, loss of the ability to speak, write, or comprehend written or spoken words
138
hemorrhagic stroke
known as a bleed, occurs when a blood vessel in the brain leaks, also when an aneurysm within brain
139
aneurysm
a localized, weak, balloon-like enlargement of an artery wall, less common, and often fatal
140
arteriovenous malformation
is one of the causes of hemorrhagic stroke, between arteries and veins in the brain, usually congenital and can rupture at any age
141
insomnia
prolonged or abnormal inability to sleep, problem such as depression, pain, excessive caffeine
142
narcolepsy
sleep disorder consisting of sudden and incontrollable brief episodes of falling asleep during the day
143
sleep deprivation
a sufficient lack of restorative sleep over cumulative period so as to cause physical or psychiatric symptoms and affect routine performance or tasks
144
somnambulism
know as sleepwalking or noctambulism, the condition of walking or performing some other activity without awakening
145
myelitis
inflammation of the spinal cord
146
myelosis
known as polio, a highly contagious viral infection of the brainstem and spinal cord, sometimes leads to paralysis
147
post-polio syndrome
the recurrence later in life of some polio symptoms in individuals who have had childhood poliomyelitis and have recovered from it
148
radiculitis
known as pinched nerve, inflammation of the root of a spinal nerve that causes pain and numbness radiating down affected limb
149
cervical radiculopathy
nerve pain caused by pressure on the spinal nerve roots in the neck region
150
lumbar radiculopathy
nerve pain in the lower back caused by muscles spasms or nerve root irritation from he compression of vertebral disks such as a herniated disk
151
multiple sclerosis
a progressive autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammation that causes demyelination of the myelin sheath
152
demyelination
the loss of patches of the protective myelin sheath
153
bell's pasy
temporary paralysis of the seventh cranial nerve that causes paralysis of the face, only on affected side
154
Guillain-Barre syndrome
known as infectious polyneuritis, an inflammation of the myelin sheath of peripheral nerves,
155
neuritis
an inflammation of a nerve accompanied by pain and sometimes loss of function
156
sciatica
is inflammation of the sciatic nerve that results in pain, burning, and tingling along the course of the affected nerve through the thigh, leg, and sometimes into the foot
157
trigeminal neuralgia
characterized by severe, lightning-like pain due to an inflammation of the fifth cranial nerve
158
cerebral palsy
condition of poor muscles control, spasticity, speech defects, and other neurologic due to damage that affects the cerebrum
159
epilepsy
known as seizure disorder, chronic neurological condition by recurrent episodes of seizures of varying severity
160
seizure
sudden surge of electrical activity in the brain that affects how a person feels or acts for a short time
161
tonic-clonic seizure
known as grand mal seizure, involves entire body; body becomes rigid and in clonic phase there is uncontrolled jerking
162
absence seizure
known as petit mal seizure, a brief disturbance in brain function, which there is a loss of awareness, often described as staring episode
163
causalgia
persistent, severe burning pain that usually follows an injury to a sensory nerve
164
hyperesthesia
condition of abnormal and excessive sensitivity to touch, pain, or other sensory stimuli
165
paresthesia
refers to a burning or prickling sensation that is usually felt in the hands, arms, legs, or feet but can also occur in other parts of the body
166
peripheral neuropathy
a disorder of the peripheral nerves that carry info. to and from the brain and spinal cord
167
mononeuropathy
damage to a singular peripheral nerve, as in carpal tunnel syndrome
168
polyneuropathy
multiple peripheral nerves are damaged
169
restless legs syndrome (RLS)
a neurological disorder by uncomfortable feelings in the legs, producing a strong urge to move them, usually at night or when resting
170
magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) and computed tomography(CT)
are important neuroimaging tools because they facilitate the examination of the soft tissue structures of the brain and spinal cord
171
functional MRI (fMRI)
detects changes in blood flow in the brain when the patient is asked to perform a specific task
172
carotid ultrasonography
an ultrasound study of the carotid artery
173
echoencephalography
the use of ultrasound imaging to create detailed visual image of the brain for diagnostic purposes
174
electroencephalography
process of recording the electrical activity of the brain through the use of electrodes attached to the scalp
175
myelography
a radiographic study of the spinal cord after the injection of a contrast medium through a minbar puncture
176
electromyography (EMG)
utilizes electrodes taped to the skin to measure the transfer of electrical signals in peripheral nerves to the muscles
177
lumbar puncture (LP)
known as a spinal tap, process of obtaining a sample of cerebrospinal fluid by inserting a needle into the the subarachnoid space of the lumbar region to withdraw fluid
178
hypnotic
depresses the central nervous system and usually produces sleep
179
anticonvulsant
administered to prevent seizures such as those associated with epilepsy
180
barbiturates
are a class of drugs whose major action is a calming or depressed effect on the central nervous system
181
amobarbital
a barbiturate used as a sedative and hypnotic
182
phenobarbital
a barbiturate used as a sedative and as a anticonvulsant
183
sedative
depresses the central nervous system to produce calm and diminished responsiveness without producing sleep
184
anesthesia
the absence of normal sensation, especially sensitivity to pain, that is induced by administration of an anesthetic agent
185
anesthetic
medication used to induce the loss of normal sensation, especially sensitivity to pain
186
epidural anesthesia
regional anesthesia produced by injecting medication into the epidural space of the lumbar or sacral region of the spine
187
spinal anesthesia
regional anesthesia produced by injecting medication into the subarachnoid space, toes to waist or lower chest
188
deep brain stimulation (DBS)
a neurosurgical procedure used in the treatment of dystonia, tremors, and Parkinson's disease
189
gamma knife surgery
type of radiation treatment for brain tumors performed without a knife or an incision
190
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
known as electroshock therapy, a procedure in which small amounts of electric current are passed through the brain,
191
lobectomy
surgical removal of a portion of the brain to treat brain cancer or seizure disorders that cannot be controlled with medication
192
thalamotomy
surgical incision into the thalamus
193
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
uses brief, powerful electromagnetic pulses to alter electrical pathways in the brain
194
neuroplasty
surgical repair of a nerve or nerves
195
neurorrhaphy
surgically suturing together the ends of a severed nerve
196
neurotomy
surgical division or dissection (cutting) of a nerve
197
diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM)
disorder of mental health, conditions include congenital abnormalities, physical changes, substance abuse, trauma, medications
198
anxiety disorders
mental conditions by excessive, irrational dread of everyday situations or fear that is out of proportion tot he real danger in a situation
199
attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
characterized by a short attention span and impulsive behavior that is inappropriate for the child's developmental age
200
dyslexia
known as development reading disorder, a learning disability by substandard reading achievement due to inability of brain to process symbols correctly
201
learning disabilities
disorders in children of normal intelligence who have difficulties in learning language or math concepts
202
intellectual disability
diagnosis of significant below-average intellectual and adaptive functioning present form birth or early infancy
203
autistic spectrum disorder (ASD)
condition with different levels a child has difficulty developing normal social relationships and communication skills
204
autism
significant developmental delays, speech and language
205
dissociative disorders
occur when normal thought is separated from consciousness
206
dissociate identity disorder
known as multiple personality disorder, mental illness by presence of two or more distinct personalities
207
impulse control disorders
group of psychiatric disorders by a failure to resist an impulse despite potential negative consequences
208
bipolar disorder
condition by cycles of severe mood changes shifting between highs and severe lows that affects attitude, energy, and ability to function
209
manic behavior
abnormally elevated mood of euphoria, inappropriate elation, increased irritability, severe insomnia, poor judgment and social behavior
210
depression
common mood disorder by lethargy and sadness, loss of interest or pleasure in normal activities
211
persistent depressive disorder
known as dysthymia, a low-grade, chronic depression with symptoms that are milder than severe depression
212
disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD)
newer diagnosis for children who have frequent, severe temper outbursts and are chronically irritable
213
seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
seasonal bout of depression associated with he decrease in hours of daylight during winter months
214
anorexia nervosa
false perception of body appearance, fear of gaining weight
215
bulimia nervosa
eating disorder by frequent episodes of binge eating followed by self-induced vomiting
216
bine eating disorder (BED)
frequent episodes of eating large quantities of food, sense of loss of control and feeling of guilt or shame afterward
217
personality disorder
chronic pattern of inner experience and behavior that causes serious problems with relationships and work
218
psychotic disorder
loss of contact with reality and deterioration of normal functioning
219
catatonic behavior
marked by lack of responsiveness, stupor, and a tendency to remain in a fixed posture
220
delusion
a false personal belief that tis maintained despite obvious proof or evidence tot he contrary
221
hallucination
sensory perception experienced in the absence of external stimulation
222
schizophrenia
psychotic disorder by withdrawal from reality, illogical patterns of thinking, delusions, and hallucinations disturbances
223
somatic symptom disorder
physical complaints or concerns about one's body that are of proportion to any physical findings or disease
224
factitious disorder
condition in which a individual acts as if a physical mental illness when they are really not sick
225
conversion disorder
serious temporary or ongoing changes in function, such as paralysis or blindness, trigged by psychological factors
226
malingering
intentional creation of false or grossly exaggerated physical psychological symptoms
227
substance abuse
addictive use of tobacco, alcohol, medications, or illegal drugs
228
alcoholism
chronic alcohol dependence with specific signs and symptoms upon withdrawal
229
delirium tremens (DTs)
disorder involving sudden and severe mental changes or seizures caused by abruptly stopping the use of alcohol
230
drug abuse
excessive use of illegal or recreational drugs, or the misuse of prescription drugs
231
a drug overdose
potentially fatal, accidental or intentional use of an illegal drug or prescription medicine in higher amount of what is safe
232
gender dysphoria
condition where a person's gender at birth does not match the gender with which they were identified
233
transgender
refers to a person whose gender identity does not match their gender at birth
234
psychotropic drug
acts primarily on the central nervous system, where temporary changes affecting mind, emotions, and behavior
235
antidepressant
administered to prevent or relieve depression
236
antipsychotic drug
or neuroleptic, administered to treat symptoms of severe disorders of thinking and mood of mania
237
anxiolytic drug
known as anti anxiety drug or tranquilizer, administered to temporary relieve anxiety and reduce tension
238
mood-stabilizing drugs
such as lithium, used to treat mood instability and bipolar disorders
239
stimulant
increasing activity in certain areas of the brain to increase concentration and wakefulness
240
psychoanalysis
bases on the ideas that mental disorders have underlying causes stemming from childhood, can only be overcome by gaining insight into ones feelings
241
behavioral therapy
focuses on changing behavior by identifying problem behaviors,
242
cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
focus on changing thoughts that are affecting a person's emotions and actions, modified version is dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT)
243
hypnotherapy
use of hypnosis to produce an altered state of focused attention in which the patient may be more willing to believe and act on suggestions
244
agoraphobia
an excessive fear of environments where the person fears a panic attack might occur
