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medical terminology > Chapter 9: The Urinary System > Flashcards

Chapter 9: The Urinary System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

-cele

A

hernia, tumor, swelling

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2
Q

cyst/o

A

urinary bladder, cyst, sac of fluid

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3
Q

dia-

A

through, between, apart, complete

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4
Q

-ectasis

A

stretching, dilation, enlargement

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5
Q

glomerular/o

A

glomerulus

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6
Q

lith/o

A

stone, calculus

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7
Q

-lysis

A

breakdown, separation, setting free, destruction, loosening

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8
Q

nephr/o

A

kidney

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9
Q

-pexy

A

surgical fixation

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10
Q

pyel/o

A

renal pelvis, bowl of kidney

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11
Q

-tripsy

A

to crush

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12
Q

ur/o

A

urine, urinary tract

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13
Q

ureter/o

A

ureter

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14
Q

urethr/o

A

urethra

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15
Q

-uria

A

urination, urine

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16
Q

homeostasis

A

the process through which the body maintains a constant internal environment

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17
Q

urea

A

the major waste product of protein metabolism

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18
Q

urine

A

conversion of waste products and excess fluids in the kidneys and excreting them from the body via urinary bladder

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19
Q

urinary system

A

referred to urinary tract, consists of two kidneys, two ureters, one bladder, and one urethra…adrenal glands are located on the top of the kidneys

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20
Q

genitourinary tract

A

urinary tract is located in close proximity to the reproductive organs, so the two systems can be referred sometimes as this

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21
Q

kidneys

A

constantly filter the blood to remove waste products and excess water. these as excreted as urine, which is 95% water and 5% urea and other body wastes

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22
Q

renal

A

pertaining to the kidneys

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23
Q

retroperitoneal

A

two bean-shaped kidneys are located in this space, with one on each side of the vertebral column below diaphragm and lower edge of the rib cage

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24
Q

renal cortex

A

the outer region of the kidney, this layer of tissue contains more than one million microscopic units called nephrons

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25
Q

medulla

A

is the inner region of the kidney, and it contains most of the urine-collecting tubules

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26
Q

nephrons

A

are the microscopic functional units of each kidney; it is here that urine is produced through the processes of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion

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27
Q

reabsorption

A

the return to the blood of some of the substances that were removed during filtration

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28
Q

glomerulus

A

each nephrons contains, which is a cluster of capillaries

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29
Q

renal tubule

A

surrounded by a cup-shaped membrane called the Bowman’s capsule and this

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30
Q

renal artery

A

blood enters the kidney through this, and flows into the nephrons

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31
Q

renal vein

A

after passing through the filtration system of the glomerulus, the filtered blood containing protein and blood cells leaves the kidney and returns to the bloodstream through this.

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32
Q

renal pelvis

A

the funnel-shaped area inside each kidney that is surrounded by the renal cortex and medulla; where newly formed urine from the nephrons collects before it flows into the ureters

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33
Q

ureters

A

are two narrow tubes, each about 10 to 12 inches long, which transport urine from the kidney to the bladder

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34
Q

peristalsis

A

a series of wave-like contractions, movies urine down each ureter to the bladder

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35
Q

ureteral orifices

A

urine drains from the ureters into the bladder through this; in the wall of the urinary bladder

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36
Q

urinary bladder

A

an oval, hollow, muscular organ that I a reservoir from urine before it is excreted from the body

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37
Q

rugae

A

like the stomach, the bladder is lined with this, these folds allow it to expand when full and contract when empty

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38
Q

urethra

A

the tube extending from he bladder to the exterior of the body

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39
Q

urinary sphincters

A

two, located at either end of the urethra; muscular rings control the flow of urine from bladder into the urethra and out through the urethral meatus

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40
Q

sphincter

A

a ring-like muscles that closes a passageway

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41
Q

urethral meatus

A

known as the urinary meatus, is the external opening of the urethra

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42
Q

female urethra

A

approximately 1.5 inches long, and the urethral meatus is located between clitoris and the opening of the vagina, only transports urine

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43
Q

male urethra

A

is approximately 8 inches long, and the urethral meatus is located at the tip of the penis, transports both urine and semen

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44
Q

prostate gland

A

part of the male reproductive system, surrounds the urethra

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45
Q

urination

A

known as voiding or micturition, the normal process of excreting urine

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46
Q

urinate

A

or micturate, as the bladder fills up with urine, pressure is placed on the base of the urethra, resulting in the urge

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47
Q

nephrologist

A

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the kidneys

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48
Q

urologist

A

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the urinary system of females and the genitourinary system of males

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49
Q

nephropathy

A

means any disease of the kidney; both degenerative and inflammatory conditions

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50
Q

diabetic nephropathy

A

is kidney disease resulting from late-stage diabetes mellitus

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51
Q

renal failure

A

known as kidney failure, is the inability of one or both of the kidneys to perform their functions, body cannot replace damaged nephrons, which too many can result to kidney failure

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52
Q

azotemia

A

is an elevation of the blood area nitrogen (BUN) caused by a lack of blood flow to each kidney; uremia can occur when becomes toxic

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53
Q

uremia

A

known as uremic poisoning, a toxic condition resulting from renal failure in which kidney function is compromised and urea and other waste products normally secreted in the urine are retained in the blood

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54
Q

acute renal failure (ARF)

A

has sudden onset and is characterized by uremia, can be fatal if not reversed promptly; caused by kidneys not receiving enough blood to filter due to dehydration etc.

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55
Q

chronic kidney disease (CKD)

A

known as chronic renal disease or kidney failure, the progressive loss of renal function over months or years, can be life-threatening

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56
Q

end-stage renal disease (ESRD)

A

the final stage of chronic kidney disease, and this condition is fatal unless the functions of the failed kidneys are replaced by dialysis, or with successful kidney transplant

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57
Q

nephrotic syndrome

A

known as nephrosis, a group of conditions in which excessive amounts of protein are lost through the urine, damaged of glomeruli

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58
Q

edema

A

is excessive fluid accumulation in body tissues that can be symptomatic of nephrotic syndrome and other kidney diseases

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59
Q

hyperproteinuria

A

the presences of abnormally high concentrations of protein in the urine

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60
Q

hypoproteinemia

A

the presence of abnormally low concentrations of protein in the blood

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61
Q

hydronephrosis

A

the dilation (swelling) of one or both kidneys; problems with backup of urine due to obstruction

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62
Q

nephritis

A

inflammation of the kidney or kidneys

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63
Q

glomerulonephritis

A

a type of nephritis caused by inflammation of the glomeruli that causes red blood cells and proteins to leak into the urine

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64
Q

nephroptosis

A

known as a floating kidney, the prolapse, or dropping down, of a kidney into the pelvic area when the patient stands

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65
Q

nephropyosis

A

known as pyonephrosis, is suppuration of the kidney; discharge of pus

66
Q

polycystic kidney disease

A

a genetic disorder characterized by the growth of numerous fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys

67
Q

renal colic

A

an acute pain in the kidney area that is caused by blockage during the passage of a nephrolith (kidney stone); sometimes coming in wave due to the peristaltic movement of the ureters

68
Q

wilms tumor

A

a rare type of malignant tumor of the kidney that occurs in young children

69
Q

stone

A

known as calculus, an abnormal mineral deposit that has formed within the body and is named for the organ or tissue where it is located; sand-like granules size of marbles

70
Q

nephrolithiasis

A

describes the presence of stones in the kidney, as they travel they are named for the location where they become lodged

71
Q

nephrolith

A

known as a kidney stone or a real calculus, is found in the kidney

72
Q

ureterolith

A

a stone located anywhere along the ureter

73
Q

cystolith

A

a stone located within the urinary bladder

74
Q

hydroureter

A

the distention (swelling) of the ureter with urine that cannot flow because the ureter is blocked

75
Q

ureterectasis

A

the distention (swelling) of a ureter due to hydroureter or congenital abnormalities

76
Q

ureterorrhagia

A

the discharge of blood from the ureter

77
Q

cystalgia

A

and cystodynia, both mean pain in the bladder

78
Q

cystocele

A

known as a prolapsed bladder, a hernia of the bladder through the vaginal wall

79
Q

interstitial cysitis

A

a chronic inflammation within the walls of the bladder

80
Q

vesicoureteral reflux

A

the backward flow of urine into the ureters from the bladder; most common in infants and children

81
Q

vesicovaginal fistula

A

an abnormal opening between the bladder and vagina that allows constant involuntary flow of urine from the bladder into the vagina

82
Q

fistula

A

an abnormal passage between two internal organs

83
Q

neurogenic bladder

A

a urinary problem caused by interference with normal nerve pathways associated with urination, nerves sense when bladder is full and control muscles to empty it

84
Q

benign prostatic hyperplasia

A

known as benign prostatic hypertrophy or enlarged prostate, an enlargement of the prostate gland that most often occurs in men older than age 50

85
Q

hyperplasia

A

an increase in cell numbers typically associated with tumor growth; however, in this case, it is not caused by cancer or infection

86
Q

prostatism

A

a disorder resulting from the compression or obstruction of the urethra due to benign prostatic hyperplasia

87
Q

prostate cancer

A

one of the most common cancers among men; the disease can grow slowly with no symptoms, or it can grow aggressively and spread throughout the body

88
Q

prostatitis

A

one of the most common cancers among men, the disease can grow slowly with no symptoms, or it can grow aggressively and spread throughout the body

89
Q

prostatitis

A

a group of disorders characterized by the inflammation of the prostate gland

90
Q

urethrorrhagia

A

is bleeding from the urethra

91
Q

urethrorrhea

A

an abnormal discharge from the urethra, associated with some sexually transmitted diseases

92
Q

urethrostenosis

A

or urethral stricture, is narrowing of the urethra, condition occurs mostly in mean caused by scarring from infection or injury

93
Q

epispadias

A

a congenital abnormality of the urethral opening; located on the upper surface of the penis in men, and in women is in region of the clitoris

94
Q

hypospadias

A

a congenital abnormality of the urethral opening; located on the central surface (underside) of the penis in men, and in women the urethra opens into the vagina

95
Q

urinary tract infection (UTI)

A

usually begins in the bladder; however, such an infection can affect all parts of the urinary system

96
Q

cystitis

A

an inflammation of the bladder

97
Q

pyelonephritis

A

an inflammation of both the renal pelvis and kidney, usually caused by a bacterial infection that has spread upward from the bladder

98
Q

urethritis

A

in an inflammation of the urethra

99
Q

anuria

A

the absence of urine formation by the kidneys

100
Q

diuresis

A

the increased output of urine

101
Q

dysuria

A

is difficult or painful urination

102
Q

enuresis

A

the involuntary discharge of urine

103
Q

nocturnal enuresis

A

is urinary incontinence during sleep, also known as bed-wetting

104
Q

nocturia

A

is frequent and excessive urination during the night

105
Q

oliguria

A

means scanty urination, caused by dehydration, renal failure, or a urinary tract obstruction

106
Q

polyuria

A

means excessive urination and is a common symptom of diabetes

107
Q

urinary hesitancy

A

is difficulty in starting a urinary stream , most common in older men with enlarged prostate glands

108
Q

urinary retention

A

known as ischuria, the inability to completely empty the bladder when attempting to urinate; most common in men

109
Q

incontinence

A

the inability to control the excretion of urine, feces, or both

110
Q

urinary incontinence

A

the ability to control the voiding of urine

111
Q

overflow incontinence

A

is continuous leaking from the bladder either because it is full or because it does not imply completely

112
Q

stress incontinence

A

is the inability to control the voiding of urine under physical stress such as running, lifting, sneezing, laughing, or coughing

113
Q

overactive bladder (OAB)

A

known as urge incontinence, occurs when the muscles of the bladder contract involuntarily even though the bladder is not actually full enough to indicate the need to urinate

114
Q

urinalysis

A

examination of urine to determine the presence of abnormal elements

115
Q

bladder ultrasound

A

the use of a handheld ultrasound transducer to look for stones or for elevation of the bladder by an enlarged prostate and to measure the residual amount of urine remaining in the bladder after urination

116
Q

urinary catheterization

A

the insertion of a tube into the bladder to procure a sterile specimen for diagnostic purposes; also used to drain urine from the bladder when unable too

117
Q

cystoscopy

A

visual examination of the urinary bladder with the use of a specialized type of endoscopic known as a cystoscope

118
Q

voiding cystourethrography

A

a diagnostic procedure in which a fluoroscope is used to examine the flow of urine from the bladder and through the urethra

119
Q

computed tomography

A

known as a CT scan, commonly used as a primary tool for evaluation of the urinary system because it can be rapid performed and provides additional imaging of the abdomen

120
Q

glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

A

a blood test to check how well the kidneys are functioning at filtering blood

121
Q

cystography

A

a radiographic, or x-ray, examination of the bladder after a contrast medium is instilled via a urethral catheter

122
Q

intravenous pyelography

A

known as excretory urography, a radiographic study of the kidneys and ureters

123
Q

KUB

A

referred to as a flat-plate of the abdomen, a radiographic study without the use of a contrast medium, used to detect bowel obstructions and nephroliths

124
Q

retrograde urography

A

a radiographic of the urinary system taken after a contrast medium has been placed in the urethra through a sterile catheter and caused to flow upward through the urinary tract

125
Q

digital rectal examination

A

performed on men by using a lubricated, gloved finger placed in the rectum to palpate the prostate gland to detect prostate enlargement and to look for indications of prostate cancer or tumors of the rectum

126
Q

prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test

A

used to screen for prostate cancer, measures the amount of prostate-specific antigen that is present in a blood specimen

127
Q

diuretics

A

medications administered to increase urine secretion, primarily to rid the body of excess water and salt

128
Q

dialysis

A

a procedure to remove waste products, such as urea, creatinine, and excess water from the blood of a patient whose kidneys no longer function

129
Q

hemodialysis

A

the process by which waste products are filtered directly from the patients blood

130
Q

peritoneal dialysis

A

the lining of the peritoneal cavity acts as the filter to remover waste from the blood

131
Q

continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)

A

provides ongoing dialysis as the patient goes about his or her daily activities

132
Q

continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis (CCPD)

A

uses a machine to cycles the dialysate solution during the night while the patient sleeps

133
Q

nephrolysis

A

surgical freeing of a kidney from adhesions

134
Q

nephropexy

A

known as nephorrhaphy, surgical fixation of nephroptosis, or a floating kidney

135
Q

nephrostomy

A

placement of a catheter to maintain an opening from the pelvis of one or both kidneys to the exterior of the body

136
Q

pyelotomy

A

surgical incision into the renal pelvis

137
Q

renal transplantation

A

known as a kidney transplant, the grafting of a donor kidney, from either a living or nonliving donor, into the body to replace the recipients’s failed kidneys

138
Q

extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy

A

most common kidney stone treatment; high-energy ultrasonic waves traveling through water or gel are used to break the stone into fragments, which are then excreted in the urine

139
Q

percutaneous nephrolithotomy

A

surgical removal of a nephrolith through a small incision in the back

140
Q

ureterectomy

A

surgical removal of a ureter

141
Q

ureterorrhaphy

A

surgical suturing of a ureter

142
Q

ureteroscopy

A

a treatment for a nephrolith lidded in the ureter

143
Q

cystectomy

A

surgical removal of all part of the urinary bladder

144
Q

ileal conduit

A

or urinary ileostomy, the use of a small piece of intestine to convey urine to there ureters and to a stoma in the abdomen

145
Q

cystopexy

A

surgical fixation of the bladder to the abdominal wall

146
Q

cystorrhaphy

A

surgical suturing of a wound or defect in th bladder

147
Q

lithotomy

A

surgical incision for the removal of a nephrolith from the bladder

148
Q

urinary catheterization

A

known as bathing, is performed to withdraw urine for diagnostic purposes, to allow urine to drain freely, or to place a fluid such as chemotherapy solution into he bladder

149
Q

indwelling catheter

A

remains inside the body for a prolonged times based on need

150
Q

urethral catheterization

A

the placement of a catheter into the bladder through a small incision made through the abdominal wall just above the pubic bone

151
Q

foley catheter

A

the most common type of indwelling catheter, made of a flexible tube with a balloon filled with sterile water at the end to hold it in place in the bladder

152
Q

intermittent catheter

A

known as a short-term catheter, inserted as needed several times a day to drain urine from the bladder

153
Q

meatotomy

A

surgical incision made in the urethral meatus to enlarge the opening

154
Q

urethroplasty

A

surgical repair of damage or a defect in the walls of the urethra

155
Q

urethrotomy

A

surgical incision into the urethra for relief of a stricture

156
Q

ablation

A

term to describe some types of treatment of prostate cancer

157
Q

prostatectomy

A

surgical removal of part or all of the prostate gland

158
Q

transurethral prostatectomy (TURP)

A

removal of excess tissue from an enlarged prostate gland with the use of a resectoscope

159
Q

Kegel exercises

A

used to strengthen muscles of the pelvic floor

160
Q

bladder retraining

A

behavioral therapy in which the patient learns to urinate on a schedule, with increasingly longer time intervals as the bladder increase its capacity

medical terminology (12 decks)

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