Chapter 9: The Urinary System Flashcards
1
Q
-cele
A
hernia, tumor, swelling
2
Q
cyst/o
A
urinary bladder, cyst, sac of fluid
3
Q
dia-
A
through, between, apart, complete
4
Q
-ectasis
A
stretching, dilation, enlargement
5
Q
glomerular/o
A
glomerulus
6
Q
lith/o
A
stone, calculus
7
Q
-lysis
A
breakdown, separation, setting free, destruction, loosening
8
Q
nephr/o
A
kidney
9
Q
-pexy
A
surgical fixation
10
Q
pyel/o
A
renal pelvis, bowl of kidney
11
Q
-tripsy
A
to crush
12
Q
ur/o
A
urine, urinary tract
13
Q
ureter/o
A
ureter
14
Q
urethr/o
A
urethra
15
Q
-uria
A
urination, urine
16
Q
homeostasis
A
the process through which the body maintains a constant internal environment
17
Q
urea
A
the major waste product of protein metabolism
18
Q
urine
A
conversion of waste products and excess fluids in the kidneys and excreting them from the body via urinary bladder
19
Q
urinary system
A
referred to urinary tract, consists of two kidneys, two ureters, one bladder, and one urethra…adrenal glands are located on the top of the kidneys
20
Q
genitourinary tract
A
urinary tract is located in close proximity to the reproductive organs, so the two systems can be referred sometimes as this
21
Q
kidneys
A
constantly filter the blood to remove waste products and excess water. these as excreted as urine, which is 95% water and 5% urea and other body wastes
22
Q
renal
A
pertaining to the kidneys
23
Q
retroperitoneal
A
two bean-shaped kidneys are located in this space, with one on each side of the vertebral column below diaphragm and lower edge of the rib cage
24
Q
renal cortex
A
the outer region of the kidney, this layer of tissue contains more than one million microscopic units called nephrons
25
medulla
is the inner region of the kidney, and it contains most of the urine-collecting tubules
26
nephrons
are the microscopic functional units of each kidney; it is here that urine is produced through the processes of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion
27
reabsorption
the return to the blood of some of the substances that were removed during filtration
28
glomerulus
each nephrons contains, which is a cluster of capillaries
29
renal tubule
surrounded by a cup-shaped membrane called the Bowman's capsule and this
30
renal artery
blood enters the kidney through this, and flows into the nephrons
31
renal vein
after passing through the filtration system of the glomerulus, the filtered blood containing protein and blood cells leaves the kidney and returns to the bloodstream through this.
32
renal pelvis
the funnel-shaped area inside each kidney that is surrounded by the renal cortex and medulla; where newly formed urine from the nephrons collects before it flows into the ureters
33
ureters
are two narrow tubes, each about 10 to 12 inches long, which transport urine from the kidney to the bladder
34
peristalsis
a series of wave-like contractions, movies urine down each ureter to the bladder
35
ureteral orifices
urine drains from the ureters into the bladder through this; in the wall of the urinary bladder
36
urinary bladder
an oval, hollow, muscular organ that I a reservoir from urine before it is excreted from the body
37
rugae
like the stomach, the bladder is lined with this, these folds allow it to expand when full and contract when empty
38
urethra
the tube extending from he bladder to the exterior of the body
39
urinary sphincters
two, located at either end of the urethra; muscular rings control the flow of urine from bladder into the urethra and out through the urethral meatus
40
sphincter
a ring-like muscles that closes a passageway
41
urethral meatus
known as the urinary meatus, is the external opening of the urethra
42
female urethra
approximately 1.5 inches long, and the urethral meatus is located between clitoris and the opening of the vagina, only transports urine
43
male urethra
is approximately 8 inches long, and the urethral meatus is located at the tip of the penis, transports both urine and semen
44
prostate gland
part of the male reproductive system, surrounds the urethra
45
urination
known as voiding or micturition, the normal process of excreting urine
46
urinate
or micturate, as the bladder fills up with urine, pressure is placed on the base of the urethra, resulting in the urge
47
nephrologist
a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the kidneys
48
urologist
a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the urinary system of females and the genitourinary system of males
49
nephropathy
means any disease of the kidney; both degenerative and inflammatory conditions
50
diabetic nephropathy
is kidney disease resulting from late-stage diabetes mellitus
51
renal failure
known as kidney failure, is the inability of one or both of the kidneys to perform their functions, body cannot replace damaged nephrons, which too many can result to kidney failure
52
azotemia
is an elevation of the blood area nitrogen (BUN) caused by a lack of blood flow to each kidney; uremia can occur when becomes toxic
53
uremia
known as uremic poisoning, a toxic condition resulting from renal failure in which kidney function is compromised and urea and other waste products normally secreted in the urine are retained in the blood
54
acute renal failure (ARF)
has sudden onset and is characterized by uremia, can be fatal if not reversed promptly; caused by kidneys not receiving enough blood to filter due to dehydration etc.
55
chronic kidney disease (CKD)
known as chronic renal disease or kidney failure, the progressive loss of renal function over months or years, can be life-threatening
56
end-stage renal disease (ESRD)
the final stage of chronic kidney disease, and this condition is fatal unless the functions of the failed kidneys are replaced by dialysis, or with successful kidney transplant
57
nephrotic syndrome
known as nephrosis, a group of conditions in which excessive amounts of protein are lost through the urine, damaged of glomeruli
58
edema
is excessive fluid accumulation in body tissues that can be symptomatic of nephrotic syndrome and other kidney diseases
59
hyperproteinuria
the presences of abnormally high concentrations of protein in the urine
60
hypoproteinemia
the presence of abnormally low concentrations of protein in the blood
61
hydronephrosis
the dilation (swelling) of one or both kidneys; problems with backup of urine due to obstruction
62
nephritis
inflammation of the kidney or kidneys
63
glomerulonephritis
a type of nephritis caused by inflammation of the glomeruli that causes red blood cells and proteins to leak into the urine
64
nephroptosis
known as a floating kidney, the prolapse, or dropping down, of a kidney into the pelvic area when the patient stands
65
nephropyosis
known as pyonephrosis, is suppuration of the kidney; discharge of pus
66
polycystic kidney disease
a genetic disorder characterized by the growth of numerous fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys
67
renal colic
an acute pain in the kidney area that is caused by blockage during the passage of a nephrolith (kidney stone); sometimes coming in wave due to the peristaltic movement of the ureters
68
wilms tumor
a rare type of malignant tumor of the kidney that occurs in young children
69
stone
known as calculus, an abnormal mineral deposit that has formed within the body and is named for the organ or tissue where it is located; sand-like granules size of marbles
70
nephrolithiasis
describes the presence of stones in the kidney, as they travel they are named for the location where they become lodged
71
nephrolith
known as a kidney stone or a real calculus, is found in the kidney
72
ureterolith
a stone located anywhere along the ureter
73
cystolith
a stone located within the urinary bladder
74
hydroureter
the distention (swelling) of the ureter with urine that cannot flow because the ureter is blocked
75
ureterectasis
the distention (swelling) of a ureter due to hydroureter or congenital abnormalities
76
ureterorrhagia
the discharge of blood from the ureter
77
cystalgia
and cystodynia, both mean pain in the bladder
78
cystocele
known as a prolapsed bladder, a hernia of the bladder through the vaginal wall
79
interstitial cysitis
a chronic inflammation within the walls of the bladder
80
vesicoureteral reflux
the backward flow of urine into the ureters from the bladder; most common in infants and children
81
vesicovaginal fistula
an abnormal opening between the bladder and vagina that allows constant involuntary flow of urine from the bladder into the vagina
82
fistula
an abnormal passage between two internal organs
83
neurogenic bladder
a urinary problem caused by interference with normal nerve pathways associated with urination, nerves sense when bladder is full and control muscles to empty it
84
benign prostatic hyperplasia
known as benign prostatic hypertrophy or enlarged prostate, an enlargement of the prostate gland that most often occurs in men older than age 50
85
hyperplasia
an increase in cell numbers typically associated with tumor growth; however, in this case, it is not caused by cancer or infection
86
prostatism
a disorder resulting from the compression or obstruction of the urethra due to benign prostatic hyperplasia
87
prostate cancer
one of the most common cancers among men; the disease can grow slowly with no symptoms, or it can grow aggressively and spread throughout the body
88
prostatitis
one of the most common cancers among men, the disease can grow slowly with no symptoms, or it can grow aggressively and spread throughout the body
89
prostatitis
a group of disorders characterized by the inflammation of the prostate gland
90
urethrorrhagia
is bleeding from the urethra
91
urethrorrhea
an abnormal discharge from the urethra, associated with some sexually transmitted diseases
92
urethrostenosis
or urethral stricture, is narrowing of the urethra, condition occurs mostly in mean caused by scarring from infection or injury
93
epispadias
a congenital abnormality of the urethral opening; located on the upper surface of the penis in men, and in women is in region of the clitoris
94
hypospadias
a congenital abnormality of the urethral opening; located on the central surface (underside) of the penis in men, and in women the urethra opens into the vagina
95
urinary tract infection (UTI)
usually begins in the bladder; however, such an infection can affect all parts of the urinary system
96
cystitis
an inflammation of the bladder
97
pyelonephritis
an inflammation of both the renal pelvis and kidney, usually caused by a bacterial infection that has spread upward from the bladder
98
urethritis
in an inflammation of the urethra
99
anuria
the absence of urine formation by the kidneys
100
diuresis
the increased output of urine
101
dysuria
is difficult or painful urination
102
enuresis
the involuntary discharge of urine
103
nocturnal enuresis
is urinary incontinence during sleep, also known as bed-wetting
104
nocturia
is frequent and excessive urination during the night
105
oliguria
means scanty urination, caused by dehydration, renal failure, or a urinary tract obstruction
106
polyuria
means excessive urination and is a common symptom of diabetes
107
urinary hesitancy
is difficulty in starting a urinary stream , most common in older men with enlarged prostate glands
108
urinary retention
known as ischuria, the inability to completely empty the bladder when attempting to urinate; most common in men
109
incontinence
the inability to control the excretion of urine, feces, or both
110
urinary incontinence
the ability to control the voiding of urine
111
overflow incontinence
is continuous leaking from the bladder either because it is full or because it does not imply completely
112
stress incontinence
is the inability to control the voiding of urine under physical stress such as running, lifting, sneezing, laughing, or coughing
113
overactive bladder (OAB)
known as urge incontinence, occurs when the muscles of the bladder contract involuntarily even though the bladder is not actually full enough to indicate the need to urinate
114
urinalysis
examination of urine to determine the presence of abnormal elements
115
bladder ultrasound
the use of a handheld ultrasound transducer to look for stones or for elevation of the bladder by an enlarged prostate and to measure the residual amount of urine remaining in the bladder after urination
116
urinary catheterization
the insertion of a tube into the bladder to procure a sterile specimen for diagnostic purposes; also used to drain urine from the bladder when unable too
117
cystoscopy
visual examination of the urinary bladder with the use of a specialized type of endoscopic known as a cystoscope
118
voiding cystourethrography
a diagnostic procedure in which a fluoroscope is used to examine the flow of urine from the bladder and through the urethra
119
computed tomography
known as a CT scan, commonly used as a primary tool for evaluation of the urinary system because it can be rapid performed and provides additional imaging of the abdomen
120
glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
a blood test to check how well the kidneys are functioning at filtering blood
121
cystography
a radiographic, or x-ray, examination of the bladder after a contrast medium is instilled via a urethral catheter
122
intravenous pyelography
known as excretory urography, a radiographic study of the kidneys and ureters
123
KUB
referred to as a flat-plate of the abdomen, a radiographic study without the use of a contrast medium, used to detect bowel obstructions and nephroliths
124
retrograde urography
a radiographic of the urinary system taken after a contrast medium has been placed in the urethra through a sterile catheter and caused to flow upward through the urinary tract
125
digital rectal examination
performed on men by using a lubricated, gloved finger placed in the rectum to palpate the prostate gland to detect prostate enlargement and to look for indications of prostate cancer or tumors of the rectum
126
prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test
used to screen for prostate cancer, measures the amount of prostate-specific antigen that is present in a blood specimen
127
diuretics
medications administered to increase urine secretion, primarily to rid the body of excess water and salt
128
dialysis
a procedure to remove waste products, such as urea, creatinine, and excess water from the blood of a patient whose kidneys no longer function
129
hemodialysis
the process by which waste products are filtered directly from the patients blood
130
peritoneal dialysis
the lining of the peritoneal cavity acts as the filter to remover waste from the blood
131
continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)
provides ongoing dialysis as the patient goes about his or her daily activities
132
continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis (CCPD)
uses a machine to cycles the dialysate solution during the night while the patient sleeps
133
nephrolysis
surgical freeing of a kidney from adhesions
134
nephropexy
known as nephorrhaphy, surgical fixation of nephroptosis, or a floating kidney
135
nephrostomy
placement of a catheter to maintain an opening from the pelvis of one or both kidneys to the exterior of the body
136
pyelotomy
surgical incision into the renal pelvis
137
renal transplantation
known as a kidney transplant, the grafting of a donor kidney, from either a living or nonliving donor, into the body to replace the recipients's failed kidneys
138
extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy
most common kidney stone treatment; high-energy ultrasonic waves traveling through water or gel are used to break the stone into fragments, which are then excreted in the urine
139
percutaneous nephrolithotomy
surgical removal of a nephrolith through a small incision in the back
140
ureterectomy
surgical removal of a ureter
141
ureterorrhaphy
surgical suturing of a ureter
142
ureteroscopy
a treatment for a nephrolith lidded in the ureter
143
cystectomy
surgical removal of all part of the urinary bladder
144
ileal conduit
or urinary ileostomy, the use of a small piece of intestine to convey urine to there ureters and to a stoma in the abdomen
145
cystopexy
surgical fixation of the bladder to the abdominal wall
146
cystorrhaphy
surgical suturing of a wound or defect in th bladder
147
lithotomy
surgical incision for the removal of a nephrolith from the bladder
148
urinary catheterization
known as bathing, is performed to withdraw urine for diagnostic purposes, to allow urine to drain freely, or to place a fluid such as chemotherapy solution into he bladder
149
indwelling catheter
remains inside the body for a prolonged times based on need
150
urethral catheterization
the placement of a catheter into the bladder through a small incision made through the abdominal wall just above the pubic bone
151
foley catheter
the most common type of indwelling catheter, made of a flexible tube with a balloon filled with sterile water at the end to hold it in place in the bladder
152
intermittent catheter
known as a short-term catheter, inserted as needed several times a day to drain urine from the bladder
153
meatotomy
surgical incision made in the urethral meatus to enlarge the opening
154
urethroplasty
surgical repair of damage or a defect in the walls of the urethra
155
urethrotomy
surgical incision into the urethra for relief of a stricture
156
ablation
term to describe some types of treatment of prostate cancer
157
prostatectomy
surgical removal of part or all of the prostate gland
158
transurethral prostatectomy (TURP)
removal of excess tissue from an enlarged prostate gland with the use of a resectoscope
159
Kegel exercises
used to strengthen muscles of the pelvic floor
160
bladder retraining
behavioral therapy in which the patient learns to urinate on a schedule, with increasingly longer time intervals as the bladder increase its capacity
