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medical terminology > Chapter 4: The Muscular System > Flashcards

Chapter 4: The Muscular System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

bi-

A

twice, double, two

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2
Q

-cele

A

hernia, tumor, swelling

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3
Q

dys-

A

bad, difficult, or painful

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4
Q

fasci/o

A

fascia, fibrous band

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5
Q

fibr/o

A

fibrous tissue, fiber

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6
Q

-ia

A

abnormal condition, disease, plural of -ium

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7
Q

-ic

A

pertaining to

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8
Q

kines/o, kinesi/o

A

movement

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9
Q

my/o

A

muscle

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10
Q

-plegia

A

paralysis, stroke

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11
Q

-rrhexis

A

rupture

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12
Q

tax/o

A

coordination, order

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13
Q

ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o

A

tendon, stretch out, extend, strain

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14
Q

ton/o

A

tone, stretching, tension

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15
Q

tri-

A

three

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16
Q

abduction

A

movement of a limb away from the midline of the body

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17
Q

adduction

A

movement of the limb toward the midline of the body

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18
Q

adhesion

A

band of fibrous tissue that holds structures together abnormally

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19
Q

ataxia

A

lack of muscle coordination during voluntary movement

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20
Q

atonic

A

lacking normal muscle tone or strength

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21
Q

atrophy

A

weakness or wearing away of body tissues and structures

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22
Q

bradykinesia

A

extreme slowness in movement

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23
Q

carpal tunnel syndrome

A

inflammation and swelling of the tendons that pass through the carpal tunnel, create nerve pressure on median nerve

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24
Q

chronic fatigue syndrome

A

debilitating and complex disorder characterized by profound fatigue that is not improved by bed rest and may be made worse by physical or mental activity

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25
Q

curcumduction

A

the circular movement at the far end of a limb

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26
Q

contracture

A

permanent tightening of fascia, muscles, tendons, ligaments, or skin that occurs when elastic connective tissues are replaced with non-elastic fibrous tissues

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27
Q

dorsiflexion

A

movement that bends the foot upward at the ankle

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28
Q

dyskinesia

A

distortion or impairment of voluntary movement resulting in fragmented or jerky motions

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29
Q

dystonia

A

condition of abnormal muscles tone that causes the impairment of voluntary muscles movement

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30
Q

electromyography

A

diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity within muscles fibers in response to a nerve

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31
Q

epicondylitis

A

inflammation of the tissues surrounding the elbow

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32
Q

ergonomics

A

study of human factors that affect the design and operation of tools and the work environment

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33
Q

muscle fibers

A

long, slender cells that make up muscles; fibers are bound together by connective tissue

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34
Q

fascia

A

band of connective tissue that envelops, separates, or binds together groups of muscles

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35
Q

myofascial

A

pertaining to muscle tissue and fascia

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36
Q

tendon

A

narrow band of nonelastic, dense , fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscles to a bone

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37
Q

patellar tendon

A

attaches muscles to the bottom of patella (kneecap)

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38
Q

achilles tendon

A

attaches the gastrocnemius muscle(major muscle of the calf of the leg) to the heel bone

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39
Q

aponeurosis

A

sheet-like fibrous connective tissue resembling a flattened tendon that connects muscles together or to a bone

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40
Q

skeletal muscles

A

attached to the bones of the skeleton and make body motions possible

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41
Q

voluntary muscles

A

(voluntary) control over these muscles

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42
Q

striated muscles

A

under a microscope, the dark and light bands in the muscles fibers create a striped appearance

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43
Q

smooth muscles

A

known as involuntary muscles, in the walls of internal organs, digestive tract, blood vessels and ducts leading from glands

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44
Q

visceral muscles

A

smooth muscles, found in hollow structures such as those of the digestive and urinary systems..means relating to internal organs

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45
Q

myocardial muscles

A

know as myocardium or cardiac muscle, form the muscular walls of the heart (action is involuntary)

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46
Q

leiomy/o

A

smooth

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47
Q

rhabdomy/o

A

skeletal

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48
Q

myocardi/o

A

cardiac

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49
Q

muscles innervation

A

stimulation of a muscles by a impulse transmitted by a motor nerves

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50
Q

neuromuscular

A

pertaining to the relationship between a nerves and muscle

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51
Q

antagonistic

A

refers to working in opposition to each other

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52
Q

contraction

A

tightening of a muscle, becomes shorter an thicker…causing the belly(center) of muscle to enlarge

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53
Q

relaxation

A

occurs when muscle returns to its original form, muscles becomes longer and thinner, belly is no longer enlarged

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54
Q

flexion

A

decreasing the angle between two bones by bending a limb at a joint

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55
Q

extension

A

increasing the angle between two bones or the straightening out of a limb

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56
Q

hyperextension

A

extreme or overextension of a limb or body part beyond its normal limit

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57
Q

elevation

A

the act of raising or lifting a body part; levator is a muscle that raises a body part

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58
Q

depression

A

the act of lowering a body part; depressor is a muscle that lowers a body part

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59
Q

rotation

A

circular movement around an axis such as the shoulder joint

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60
Q

circumduction

A

circular movement at the far end of the limb

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61
Q

humerus

A

the bone of the upper arm, rotates within the shoulder joint

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62
Q

rotator cuff

A

group of muscles and their tendons that hold the head securely in place to rotate within shoulder joint

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63
Q

supination

A

act of rotating arm or leg so palm or sole of foot is turned forward, upward.

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64
Q

pronation

A

act of rotating the arm or leg so the palm of hand or sole of foot is turned downward or backward

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65
Q

dorsiflexion

A

the movement that bends that foot upward at the ankle

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66
Q

plantar flexion

A

the movement that bends the foot downward at the ankle; plantar pertains to sole of feet

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67
Q

origin

A

where the muscle begins, located nearest midline of body; less movable attachment

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68
Q

insertion

A

where the muscle ends by attaching to a bone or tendon, located farthest point from the midline most movable attachment

69
Q

sternocleidomastoid muscle

A

helps bend the neck and rotate the head

70
Q

mastoid

A

muscle inserts at one point of insertion into the mastoid process

71
Q

pectoralis major

A

thick, fan-shaped muscles situated on anterior chest wall

72
Q

lateralis

A

means toward the side; vastus lateralis is a large muscle toward the outer side of the leg

73
Q

medialis

A

means toward the midline; vastus medialis a muscle toward the midline of the leg

74
Q

oblique

A

means slanted or at an angle

75
Q

rectus

A

straight alignment with the vertical axis of the body

76
Q

sphincter

A

ring-like muscle that tightly constricts the opening of a passageway, as the anus

77
Q

transverse

A

means in a crosswise direction, as the muscle in the abdomin

78
Q

gluteus maximus

A

is the largest muscles of the buttock

79
Q

deltoid muscle

A

located on the shoulder, shaped like an inverted triangle

80
Q

hamstring group

A

located at the back of the upper leg, consist of t3 separate muscles

81
Q

frontails

A

muscle in the forehead, raises and lowers the eyebrows

82
Q

temporalis

A

muscles moves lower jaw up and back to close the mouth

83
Q

masseter

A

muscle, one of the strongest in the body; moves the lower jaw up to close the mouth when chewing

84
Q

rectus abdominis

A

helps flex the trunk, assists in breathing, supports spine

85
Q

transverse abdominis

A

located on the side of the abdome; core muscles are engaged when cough or laugh

86
Q

fasciitis

A

inflammation of a fascia

87
Q

fibromyalgia

A

debilitating chronic condition by fatigue; specific muscle, joint, or bone pain….debilitation means causing weakness

88
Q

tenosynovitis

A

an inflammation of the sheath surrounding a tendon

89
Q

tendinitis

A

an inflammation of the tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of the joint

90
Q

chronic fatigue syndrome(CFS)

A

also known as myalgic encephalomyelitis, a disorder of unknown cause that affects many body systems.

91
Q

adhesion

A

a band of fibrous tissue that holds structures together abnormally, resulted from injury or surgery

92
Q

atrophy

A

weakness or wearing away of body tissues and structures; caused by pathology or disuse of muscle over a long period of time

93
Q

myalgia

A

tenderness or pain in the muscles

94
Q

myocele

A

the herniation(protrusion) of muscles substance through a tear in the fascia surrounding it

95
Q

hernia

A

protrusion of a part of a structure through the tissues normally containing it

96
Q

myolysis

A

the degeneration of muscles tissue

97
Q

myorrhexis

A

the rupture or tearing of a muscles

98
Q

polymyositis

A

a muscles disease characterized by the simultaneous inflammation & weakening of voluntary muscles in many parts of body; mostly in trunk or torso

99
Q

rhabdomyolysis

A

a serious syndrome that can result from direct or indirect muscles injury; death of muscle fibers release contents in bloodstream, causing complications like renal failure

100
Q

scaropenia

A

the loss of muscle mass, strength, and function that come with aging

101
Q

atonic

A

lacking normal muscle tone or strength

102
Q

dystonia

A

a condition of abnormal muscle tone that causes the impairment of voluntary muscle movement

103
Q

hypotonia

A

a condition in which there is diminished tone of the skeletal muscles

104
Q

ataxia

A

lack of muscles coordination during voluntary movement; shaky and unsteady, caused by abnormal activity in cerebellum

105
Q

contracture

A

permanent tightening of fascia, muscles, tendons, ligaments, or skin that occurs normally elastic connective tissues are replaced w/ nonelastic fibrous tissues

106
Q

intermittent claudication

A

pain in the leg muscles that occurs during exercise and is relieved by rest, due to poor circulation associated with peripheral vascular disease.

107
Q

spasm

A

any sudden, involuntary contraction of one or more muscles

108
Q

myoclonus

A

quick, involuntary jerking of a muscles or group of muscles; resulting from epilepsy, metabolic condition or response to medication

109
Q

singultus

A

known as hiccups, myoclonus of the diaphragm that causes causes the characteristic hiccup sound with each spasm

110
Q

cramp

A

painful localized muscle spasm. slang term charley horse, usually in the leg;

111
Q

torticollis

A

known as wryneck, stiff neck due to spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles that pull the head toward the affected side

112
Q

bradykinesia

A

is extreme slowness in movement, one of the systems in Parkinson’s disease

113
Q

dyskinesia

A

is the distortion or impairment of voluntary movement resulting in fragmented or jerky motions

114
Q

hyperkinesia

A

known as hyperactivity, abnormally increased muscle function or activity

115
Q

myasthenia gravis(MG)

A

chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction(where the neuron activates the muscle to contract) produces serious weakness in voluntary muscles.

116
Q

muscular dystrophy

A

describes a group more than 30 genetic diseases characterized by progressive weakness & degeneration of skeletal muscles that control movement, without affecting the nervous system

117
Q

Duchenne muscular dystrophy(DMD)

A

condition affects primarly little boys, between 3 and 5, progressives so rapidly most of the boys are unable to walk by 12

118
Q

Becker muscular dystrophy(BMD)

A

very similar to DMD, however the breathing difficulties and heart disease are less severe

119
Q

compartment syndrome

A

involves the compression of nerves and blood vessels due to swelling within the “compartment” an enclosed space created by fascia that separates groups of muscles

120
Q

repetitive stress disorders

A

variety of muscular conditions from repeated motions performed in normal

121
Q

overuse injuries

A

minor tissue injuries that have not been given time to heal

122
Q

overuse tendinitis

A

inflammation of tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of joint

123
Q

myofascial pain syndrome

A

chronic pain disorder that affects muscles and fascia throughout the body

124
Q

impingement syndrome

A

inflamed and swollen tendons are caught in-between bones and shoulder joint

125
Q

ruptured rotator cuff

A

develops when rotator cuff tendinitis is left untreated or if the overuse continues; irritated tendon weakens and tears

126
Q

carpal tunnel syndrome

A

tendon that pass through the carpal tunnel(wrist) are chronically overused and become inflamed and swollen

127
Q

carpal tunnel release

A

surgical enlargement of the carpal tunnel or cutting of the carpal ligament to relieve the pressure on tendon or nerve

128
Q

ganglion cyst

A

a harmless, fluid-filled swelling that occurs most commonly not he outer surface of the wrist

129
Q

epicondylitis

A

inflammation of the tissues surrounding the elbow

130
Q

heel spur

A

calcium deposit int he plantar fascia near its attachment to the calcaneus(heel) bone that can be one of the causes of plantar fasciitis

131
Q

plantar fasciitis

A

inflammation of the plantar fascia on the sole of the foot

132
Q

sprain

A

sprain an injury to a joint, ankle, knee, or wrist, occurs when ligament is wrenched or torn

133
Q

strain

A

injury to the body of the muscle or to the attachment of a tendon

134
Q

shin splint

A

painful condition caused by tibias anterior muscle tearing away from the tibia(shin bone)

135
Q

hamstring injury

A

can be strain or tear on any of the three hamstring muscles that straighten the hip and bend the knee; severe pain in the back thigh

136
Q

achilles tendinitits

A

a painful inflammation of achilles tendon caused by excessive stress being placed on that tendon

137
Q

iliotibial band syndrome

A

an overuse injury, band runs from the hipbone, diagonally across leg to the tibia, often in the area of the knee

138
Q

spinal cord injury(SCI)

A

determined by the level of the vertebra closet tot he injury

139
Q

incomplete injury

A

means that the person has some function below the level of the injury

140
Q

complete injury

A

means that there is complete loss of sensation and muscles control below the level of the injury

141
Q

paralysis

A

the loss of sensation and voluntary muscles movements in a muscle through disease or injury to its nerve supply

142
Q

myoparesis

A

a weakness or slight muscular paralysis

143
Q

hemiparesis

A

slight paralysis or weakness affecting one side of the body

144
Q

hemiplegia

A

total paralysis affecting only one side of the body; such as stroke, or brain damage also known as a hemiplegic

145
Q

paraplegia

A

paralysis of both legs and the lower part of the body; as known as a paraplegic

146
Q

quadriplegia

A

paralysis of all four extremities

147
Q

range-of-motion testing

A

diagnostic procedure to evaluate joint mobility and muscles strength

148
Q

electromyography

A

a diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity within muscle fibers in response to nerve stimulation

149
Q

muscle biopsy

A

involves removal of a plug tissue for examination

150
Q

antispasmodic

A

known as anticholinergic, administered suppress smooth muscle contractions of the stomach, intestine, or bladder.

151
Q

skeletal muscle relaxant

A

administered to relax certain muscles and to relieve the stiffness, pain, and discomfort caused by strains, sprains, or other muscle injuries

152
Q

neuromuscular blocker

A

a drug that causes temporary paralysis by blocking the transmission of nerve stimuli tot he muscles

153
Q

ergonomics

A

the study of the human factors that affect the design and operation of tools and the work environment

154
Q

myofascial release

A

a specialized soft-tissue manipulation technique used to ease the pain of conditions such as fibromyalgia

155
Q

occupational therapy(OT)

A

consist of activities to promote recovery and rehabilitation to assist patients in performing activities of daily living

156
Q

physical therapy(PT)

A

treatment too prevent disability or restore function through the use of exercise, heat, massage, or other techniques

157
Q

therapeutic ultrasound

A

uses high-frequency sound waves to treat muscle injuries by generating heat deep within muscle tissue

158
Q

transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation

A

uses a device that delivers electrical impulses through the skin,

159
Q

fasciotomy

A

surgical incision through the fascia to relieve tension or pressure

160
Q

fascioplasty

A

is the surgical repair of a fascia

161
Q

tenodesis

A

surgical suturing of the end of a tendon to a bone

162
Q

tenolysis

A

is the release of a tendon from adhesions

163
Q

tenorrhaphy

A

the surgical suturing together of the divided ends of a tendon

164
Q

tenotomy

A

surgical incision into a tendon

165
Q

ultrasound-guided percutaneous needle tenotomy (PNT)

A

used to treat chronic tendon pain by using ultrasound-guided needle insertions to stimulate scar tissue healing within the tendon

166
Q

platelet-rich plasma therapy

A

some of the patient’s blood is injected into the scar tissue to promote increased blood floe and healing

167
Q

myorrhaphy

A

surgical suturing of a muscle

168
Q

myotomy

A

surgical incision into a muscle

medical terminology (12 decks)

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