Chapter 4: The Muscular System Flashcards
1
Q
bi-
A
twice, double, two
2
Q
-cele
A
hernia, tumor, swelling
3
Q
dys-
A
bad, difficult, or painful
4
Q
fasci/o
A
fascia, fibrous band
5
Q
fibr/o
A
fibrous tissue, fiber
6
Q
-ia
A
abnormal condition, disease, plural of -ium
7
Q
-ic
A
pertaining to
8
Q
kines/o, kinesi/o
A
movement
9
Q
my/o
A
muscle
10
Q
-plegia
A
paralysis, stroke
11
Q
-rrhexis
A
rupture
12
Q
tax/o
A
coordination, order
13
Q
ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o
A
tendon, stretch out, extend, strain
14
Q
ton/o
A
tone, stretching, tension
15
Q
tri-
A
three
16
Q
abduction
A
movement of a limb away from the midline of the body
17
Q
adduction
A
movement of the limb toward the midline of the body
18
Q
adhesion
A
band of fibrous tissue that holds structures together abnormally
19
Q
ataxia
A
lack of muscle coordination during voluntary movement
20
Q
atonic
A
lacking normal muscle tone or strength
21
Q
atrophy
A
weakness or wearing away of body tissues and structures
22
Q
bradykinesia
A
extreme slowness in movement
23
Q
carpal tunnel syndrome
A
inflammation and swelling of the tendons that pass through the carpal tunnel, create nerve pressure on median nerve
24
Q
chronic fatigue syndrome
A
debilitating and complex disorder characterized by profound fatigue that is not improved by bed rest and may be made worse by physical or mental activity
25
curcumduction
the circular movement at the far end of a limb
26
contracture
permanent tightening of fascia, muscles, tendons, ligaments, or skin that occurs when elastic connective tissues are replaced with non-elastic fibrous tissues
27
dorsiflexion
movement that bends the foot upward at the ankle
28
dyskinesia
distortion or impairment of voluntary movement resulting in fragmented or jerky motions
29
dystonia
condition of abnormal muscles tone that causes the impairment of voluntary muscles movement
30
electromyography
diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity within muscles fibers in response to a nerve
31
epicondylitis
inflammation of the tissues surrounding the elbow
32
ergonomics
study of human factors that affect the design and operation of tools and the work environment
33
muscle fibers
long, slender cells that make up muscles; fibers are bound together by connective tissue
34
fascia
band of connective tissue that envelops, separates, or binds together groups of muscles
35
myofascial
pertaining to muscle tissue and fascia
36
tendon
narrow band of nonelastic, dense , fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscles to a bone
37
patellar tendon
attaches muscles to the bottom of patella (kneecap)
38
achilles tendon
attaches the gastrocnemius muscle(major muscle of the calf of the leg) to the heel bone
39
aponeurosis
sheet-like fibrous connective tissue resembling a flattened tendon that connects muscles together or to a bone
40
skeletal muscles
attached to the bones of the skeleton and make body motions possible
41
voluntary muscles
(voluntary) control over these muscles
42
striated muscles
under a microscope, the dark and light bands in the muscles fibers create a striped appearance
43
smooth muscles
known as involuntary muscles, in the walls of internal organs, digestive tract, blood vessels and ducts leading from glands
44
visceral muscles
smooth muscles, found in hollow structures such as those of the digestive and urinary systems..means relating to internal organs
45
myocardial muscles
know as myocardium or cardiac muscle, form the muscular walls of the heart (action is involuntary)
46
leiomy/o
smooth
47
rhabdomy/o
skeletal
48
myocardi/o
cardiac
49
muscles innervation
stimulation of a muscles by a impulse transmitted by a motor nerves
50
neuromuscular
pertaining to the relationship between a nerves and muscle
51
antagonistic
refers to working in opposition to each other
52
contraction
tightening of a muscle, becomes shorter an thicker...causing the belly(center) of muscle to enlarge
53
relaxation
occurs when muscle returns to its original form, muscles becomes longer and thinner, belly is no longer enlarged
54
flexion
decreasing the angle between two bones by bending a limb at a joint
55
extension
increasing the angle between two bones or the straightening out of a limb
56
hyperextension
extreme or overextension of a limb or body part beyond its normal limit
57
elevation
the act of raising or lifting a body part; levator is a muscle that raises a body part
58
depression
the act of lowering a body part; depressor is a muscle that lowers a body part
59
rotation
circular movement around an axis such as the shoulder joint
60
circumduction
circular movement at the far end of the limb
61
humerus
the bone of the upper arm, rotates within the shoulder joint
62
rotator cuff
group of muscles and their tendons that hold the head securely in place to rotate within shoulder joint
63
supination
act of rotating arm or leg so palm or sole of foot is turned forward, upward.
64
pronation
act of rotating the arm or leg so the palm of hand or sole of foot is turned downward or backward
65
dorsiflexion
the movement that bends that foot upward at the ankle
66
plantar flexion
the movement that bends the foot downward at the ankle; plantar pertains to sole of feet
67
origin
where the muscle begins, located nearest midline of body; less movable attachment
68
insertion
where the muscle ends by attaching to a bone or tendon, located farthest point from the midline most movable attachment
69
sternocleidomastoid muscle
helps bend the neck and rotate the head
70
mastoid
muscle inserts at one point of insertion into the mastoid process
71
pectoralis major
thick, fan-shaped muscles situated on anterior chest wall
72
lateralis
means toward the side; vastus lateralis is a large muscle toward the outer side of the leg
73
medialis
means toward the midline; vastus medialis a muscle toward the midline of the leg
74
oblique
means slanted or at an angle
75
rectus
straight alignment with the vertical axis of the body
76
sphincter
ring-like muscle that tightly constricts the opening of a passageway, as the anus
77
transverse
means in a crosswise direction, as the muscle in the abdomin
78
gluteus maximus
is the largest muscles of the buttock
79
deltoid muscle
located on the shoulder, shaped like an inverted triangle
80
hamstring group
located at the back of the upper leg, consist of t3 separate muscles
81
frontails
muscle in the forehead, raises and lowers the eyebrows
82
temporalis
muscles moves lower jaw up and back to close the mouth
83
masseter
muscle, one of the strongest in the body; moves the lower jaw up to close the mouth when chewing
84
rectus abdominis
helps flex the trunk, assists in breathing, supports spine
85
transverse abdominis
located on the side of the abdome; core muscles are engaged when cough or laugh
86
fasciitis
inflammation of a fascia
87
fibromyalgia
debilitating chronic condition by fatigue; specific muscle, joint, or bone pain....debilitation means causing weakness
88
tenosynovitis
an inflammation of the sheath surrounding a tendon
89
tendinitis
an inflammation of the tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of the joint
90
chronic fatigue syndrome(CFS)
also known as myalgic encephalomyelitis, a disorder of unknown cause that affects many body systems.
91
adhesion
a band of fibrous tissue that holds structures together abnormally, resulted from injury or surgery
92
atrophy
weakness or wearing away of body tissues and structures; caused by pathology or disuse of muscle over a long period of time
93
myalgia
tenderness or pain in the muscles
94
myocele
the herniation(protrusion) of muscles substance through a tear in the fascia surrounding it
95
hernia
protrusion of a part of a structure through the tissues normally containing it
96
myolysis
the degeneration of muscles tissue
97
myorrhexis
the rupture or tearing of a muscles
98
polymyositis
a muscles disease characterized by the simultaneous inflammation & weakening of voluntary muscles in many parts of body; mostly in trunk or torso
99
rhabdomyolysis
a serious syndrome that can result from direct or indirect muscles injury; death of muscle fibers release contents in bloodstream, causing complications like renal failure
100
scaropenia
the loss of muscle mass, strength, and function that come with aging
101
atonic
lacking normal muscle tone or strength
102
dystonia
a condition of abnormal muscle tone that causes the impairment of voluntary muscle movement
103
hypotonia
a condition in which there is diminished tone of the skeletal muscles
104
ataxia
lack of muscles coordination during voluntary movement; shaky and unsteady, caused by abnormal activity in cerebellum
105
contracture
permanent tightening of fascia, muscles, tendons, ligaments, or skin that occurs normally elastic connective tissues are replaced w/ nonelastic fibrous tissues
106
intermittent claudication
pain in the leg muscles that occurs during exercise and is relieved by rest, due to poor circulation associated with peripheral vascular disease.
107
spasm
any sudden, involuntary contraction of one or more muscles
108
myoclonus
quick, involuntary jerking of a muscles or group of muscles; resulting from epilepsy, metabolic condition or response to medication
109
singultus
known as hiccups, myoclonus of the diaphragm that causes causes the characteristic hiccup sound with each spasm
110
cramp
painful localized muscle spasm. slang term charley horse, usually in the leg;
111
torticollis
known as wryneck, stiff neck due to spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles that pull the head toward the affected side
112
bradykinesia
is extreme slowness in movement, one of the systems in Parkinson's disease
113
dyskinesia
is the distortion or impairment of voluntary movement resulting in fragmented or jerky motions
114
hyperkinesia
known as hyperactivity, abnormally increased muscle function or activity
115
myasthenia gravis(MG)
chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction(where the neuron activates the muscle to contract) produces serious weakness in voluntary muscles.
116
muscular dystrophy
describes a group more than 30 genetic diseases characterized by progressive weakness & degeneration of skeletal muscles that control movement, without affecting the nervous system
117
Duchenne muscular dystrophy(DMD)
condition affects primarly little boys, between 3 and 5, progressives so rapidly most of the boys are unable to walk by 12
118
Becker muscular dystrophy(BMD)
very similar to DMD, however the breathing difficulties and heart disease are less severe
119
compartment syndrome
involves the compression of nerves and blood vessels due to swelling within the "compartment" an enclosed space created by fascia that separates groups of muscles
120
repetitive stress disorders
variety of muscular conditions from repeated motions performed in normal
121
overuse injuries
minor tissue injuries that have not been given time to heal
122
overuse tendinitis
inflammation of tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of joint
123
myofascial pain syndrome
chronic pain disorder that affects muscles and fascia throughout the body
124
impingement syndrome
inflamed and swollen tendons are caught in-between bones and shoulder joint
125
ruptured rotator cuff
develops when rotator cuff tendinitis is left untreated or if the overuse continues; irritated tendon weakens and tears
126
carpal tunnel syndrome
tendon that pass through the carpal tunnel(wrist) are chronically overused and become inflamed and swollen
127
carpal tunnel release
surgical enlargement of the carpal tunnel or cutting of the carpal ligament to relieve the pressure on tendon or nerve
128
ganglion cyst
a harmless, fluid-filled swelling that occurs most commonly not he outer surface of the wrist
129
epicondylitis
inflammation of the tissues surrounding the elbow
130
heel spur
calcium deposit int he plantar fascia near its attachment to the calcaneus(heel) bone that can be one of the causes of plantar fasciitis
131
plantar fasciitis
inflammation of the plantar fascia on the sole of the foot
132
sprain
sprain an injury to a joint, ankle, knee, or wrist, occurs when ligament is wrenched or torn
133
strain
injury to the body of the muscle or to the attachment of a tendon
134
shin splint
painful condition caused by tibias anterior muscle tearing away from the tibia(shin bone)
135
hamstring injury
can be strain or tear on any of the three hamstring muscles that straighten the hip and bend the knee; severe pain in the back thigh
136
achilles tendinitits
a painful inflammation of achilles tendon caused by excessive stress being placed on that tendon
137
iliotibial band syndrome
an overuse injury, band runs from the hipbone, diagonally across leg to the tibia, often in the area of the knee
138
spinal cord injury(SCI)
determined by the level of the vertebra closet tot he injury
139
incomplete injury
means that the person has some function below the level of the injury
140
complete injury
means that there is complete loss of sensation and muscles control below the level of the injury
141
paralysis
the loss of sensation and voluntary muscles movements in a muscle through disease or injury to its nerve supply
142
myoparesis
a weakness or slight muscular paralysis
143
hemiparesis
slight paralysis or weakness affecting one side of the body
144
hemiplegia
total paralysis affecting only one side of the body; such as stroke, or brain damage also known as a hemiplegic
145
paraplegia
paralysis of both legs and the lower part of the body; as known as a paraplegic
146
quadriplegia
paralysis of all four extremities
147
range-of-motion testing
diagnostic procedure to evaluate joint mobility and muscles strength
148
electromyography
a diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity within muscle fibers in response to nerve stimulation
149
muscle biopsy
involves removal of a plug tissue for examination
150
antispasmodic
known as anticholinergic, administered suppress smooth muscle contractions of the stomach, intestine, or bladder.
151
skeletal muscle relaxant
administered to relax certain muscles and to relieve the stiffness, pain, and discomfort caused by strains, sprains, or other muscle injuries
152
neuromuscular blocker
a drug that causes temporary paralysis by blocking the transmission of nerve stimuli tot he muscles
153
ergonomics
the study of the human factors that affect the design and operation of tools and the work environment
154
myofascial release
a specialized soft-tissue manipulation technique used to ease the pain of conditions such as fibromyalgia
155
occupational therapy(OT)
consist of activities to promote recovery and rehabilitation to assist patients in performing activities of daily living
156
physical therapy(PT)
treatment too prevent disability or restore function through the use of exercise, heat, massage, or other techniques
157
therapeutic ultrasound
uses high-frequency sound waves to treat muscle injuries by generating heat deep within muscle tissue
158
transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
uses a device that delivers electrical impulses through the skin,
159
fasciotomy
surgical incision through the fascia to relieve tension or pressure
160
fascioplasty
is the surgical repair of a fascia
161
tenodesis
surgical suturing of the end of a tendon to a bone
162
tenolysis
is the release of a tendon from adhesions
163
tenorrhaphy
the surgical suturing together of the divided ends of a tendon
164
tenotomy
surgical incision into a tendon
165
ultrasound-guided percutaneous needle tenotomy (PNT)
used to treat chronic tendon pain by using ultrasound-guided needle insertions to stimulate scar tissue healing within the tendon
166
platelet-rich plasma therapy
some of the patient's blood is injected into the scar tissue to promote increased blood floe and healing
167
myorrhaphy
surgical suturing of a muscle
168
myotomy
surgical incision into a muscle
