Chapter 7: Respiratory System Flashcards
1
Q
bronch/o , bronchi/o
A
bronchial tube, bronchus
2
Q
laryng/o
A
larynx, throat
3
Q
nas/o
A
nose
4
Q
ox/I , ox/o , ox/y
A
oxygen
5
Q
pharyng/o
A
throat, pharynx
6
Q
phon/o
A
sound, voice
7
Q
pleur/o
A
pleura, side of the body
8
Q
-pnea
A
breathing
9
Q
pneum/o , pneumon/o , pneu-
A
lung, air
10
Q
pulm/o , pulmon/o
A
lung
11
Q
sinus/o
A
sinus
12
Q
somn/o
A
sleep
13
Q
spir/o
A
to breathe
14
Q
thorac/o , -thorax
A
chest, pleural cavity
15
Q
trache/o , trachea
A
windpipe, trachea
16
Q
respiratory system
A
supplies the blood with oxygen for transportation to the cells in all parts of the body
17
Q
upper respiratory tract
A
consists of the nose (nostrils), mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx, and trachea
18
Q
lower respiratory tract
A
consists of the bronchial tree and lungs, located within and protected by the thoracic cavity or thorax
19
Q
nasal septum
A
a wall of cartilage that divides the nose into two equal sections
20
Q
cilia
A
thin hairs located just inside the nostrils, filter incoming air to remove debris
21
Q
mucous membranes
A
line the nose; specialized tissues also line the digestive, reproductive, and urinary systems
22
Q
mucus
A
a slippery secretion produced by the mucous membranes that protects and lubricated these tissues
23
Q
olfactory receptors
A
are nerve endings that act as the receptors for the sense of smell, located in the upper part of the nasal cavity
24
Q
tonsils and adenoids
A
part of the lymphatic system; help protect the body from infection coming through the nose or the mouth
25
paranasal sinuses
are air-filled cavities lined with mucous membrane, are located in the bones of the skull
26
frontal sinuses
located in the frontal bone just above the eyebrows, infection can cause severe pain in this area
27
sphenoid sinuses
located in the sphenoid bone behind the eye and under the pituitary gland, are close to the optic nerves, and an infection here can damage vision
28
maxillary sinuses
are the largest of the paranasal sinuses, located in the maxillary bones under the eyes; an infection can cause pan in the posterior maxillary teeth
29
ethmoid sinuses
located in the ethmoid bones between the nose and the eyes, are irregularly shaped air cells that are separated from the orbital (eye) cavity by only a thin layer of bone
30
pharynx
known as the throat, receives the air after it passes through the nose or mouth, as well as food
31
nasopharynx
first division, is posterior tot he nasal cavity and continues downward to behind the mouth
32
oropharynx
second division, the portion that is visible when looking into the mouth, transporting air, food, and fluids downward to the laryngopharynx
33
laryngopharynx
third division, air, food, and fluids continue downward to the opening of esophagus and trachea where air enters the trachea and food and fluids flow into the esophagus
34
larynx
known as voice box, a triangular chamber located between the pharynx and the trachea
35
thyroid cartilage
largest, when enlarged it projects from the front of the throat, commonly known as Adam's apple
36
epiglottis
a lid-like structure located at the base of the tongue, swings downward and closes off the laryngopharynx so that food does not enter the trachea and the lungs
37
trachea
is to transport air to and from the lungs, commonly known as the windpipe; located directly in front of the esophagus
38
bronchi
two large tubes, known as primary bronchi, which branch out from the trachea and convey air into the two lungs
39
bronchioles
smallest branches of the bronchi, primary bronchus divided and subdivided
40
alveoli
known as air sacs, very small, traplike clusters found at the end of each bronchiole, where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place
41
pulmonary
means relating to or affecting the lungs
42
surfactant
produced by alveoli, a detergent-like substance which reduces the surface tension of the fluid in the lungs
43
lungs
are the essential organs of respiration, are divided into lobes
44
right lung
is larger and has three lobes: the upper, middle, and lower (or superior, middle, and inferior)
45
left lung
has only two lobes, the upper and lower, due to space restrictions because the heart is located on that side of the body
46
mediastinum
the middle section of the chest cavity and is located between the lungs
47
pleura
a thin, moist, and slippery membrane that covers the outer surface of the lungs and lune the inner surface of the thoracic cavity
48
parietal pleura
the outer layer of the pleura, lines the walls of the thoracic cavity, covers the diaphragm, and forms the sac containing each lung
49
visceral pleura
the inner layer of pleura that covers each lung, attached directly to the lungs
50
pleural cavity
how as the pleural space, thin, fluid-filled space between the parietal and visceral pleural membranes, fluid acts as lubricant, allowing membranes to slide easily over each other during respiration
51
diaphragm
known as the thoracic diaphragm, a dome-shaped sheet of muscles that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdomen, the contraction and relaxation of this muscle that makes breathing possible
52
phrenic nerves
stimulate the diaphragm and cause it to contract
53
respiration
or breathing, the exchange of oxygen for carbon dioxide that is essential to life
54
inhalation
the act of taking in air as the diaphragm contracts and pulls downward, thoracic cavity expands drawing air into the lungs
55
exhalation
the act of breathing out; as the diaphragm relaxes it moves upward, causing thoracic cavity to become narrower forcing air out lungs
56
external respiration
the act of bringing air in and out of the lungs from the outside environment and, in process, exchanging oxygen for carbon dioxide
57
internal respiration
known as cellular respiration, the exchange of gases within the cells of the blood and tissues
58
otolaryngologist
known as an ENT(ears, nose, throat), a physician in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the head and neck
59
pulmonologist
physician in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the respiratory system
60
thoracic surgeon
performs operation on the organs inside the thorax, or chest, including the heart, lungs and esophagus
61
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
group of lung diseases in which the bronchial airflow is obstructed, making it difficult to breathe out
62
chronic bronchitis
a disease in which the airways have become inflamed due to recurrent exposure to an inhaled irritant
63
emphysema
the progressive, long-term loss of lung function, usually due to smoking; decrease in the total number of alveoli, enlargement of the remaining and causing destruction of the walls
64
asthma
a chronic inflammatory disease of the bronchial tubes, often triggered by an allergic reaction
65
airway inflammation
swelling and clogging of the bronchial tubes with mucus, usually after the airways has been exposed to inhaled allergens
66
bronchospasm
a contraction of the smooth muscles in the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles, tightening and squeezing the airway shut
67
upper respiratory infections (URI)
and acute nasopharyngitis are among the terms used to describe the common cold.
68
allergy rhinitis
allergy, allergic reaction to airborne allergens that causes an increased flow of mucus
69
nonallergic rhinitis
inflammation of the lining of the nose caused by something other than an allergen, such as cold air, spicy food, or medication
70
nonallergic rhinitis
inflammation of the lining of the nose caused by something other than an allergen, such as cold air, spicy food, or medication
71
croup
an acute respiratory infection in children and infants by obstruction of the larynx, hoarseness, and swelling around vocal cords resulting in barking cough and stridor
72
diphtheria
an acute bacterial infection of the throat and upper respiratory tract; bacteria produces toxins that can damage the heart muscle and peripheral nerves
73
epistaxis
known as a nosebleed, bleeding from the nose that may be caused by dry air, injury, medication to prevent blood clotting, or high blood pressure
74
influenza
known as the flu, an acute, highly contagious viral infection by respiratory inflammation, fever, chills, and muscles pain
75
pertussis
known as whooping cough, a contagious bacterial infection of the upper respiratory tract by recurrent
76
rhinorrhea
known as a runny nose, the watery flow of mucus from the nose
77
sinusitis
an inflammation of the sinuses
78
pharyngitis
known as a sore throat, an inflammation of the pharynx; often a symptom of a cold, flu, or sinus infection, referred to as strep throat
79
laryngospasm
the sudden spasmodic closure of the larynx, often associated with reflux disease(GERD)
80
aphonia
the loss of the ability of the larynx to produce normal speech sounds
81
dysphonia
difficulty in speaking, may include any impairment in vocal quality
82
laryngitis
inflammation of the larynx
83
tracheorrhagia
bleeding from the mucous membranes of the trachea
84
bronchiectasis
the permanent dilation of the bronchi, cause by chronic infection and inflammation
85
bronchorrhea
an excessive discharge of mucus from the bronchi, caused by bronchitis or asthma
86
pleurisy
known as pleuritis, an inflammation of the pleura, the membranes that cover the lungs and line the pleural cavity
87
pleurodynia
a sharp pain that occurs when the inflamed membranes rub against each other with each inhalation
88
pleural effusion
the excess accumulation of fluid in the pleural space, produces a feeling of breathlessness because it prevents the lung from fully expanding
89
pyothorax
known as empyema of the pleural cavity, the presence of pus in the pleural cavity between the layers of the pleural membrane
90
empyema
refers to a collection of pus in a body cavity
91
hemothorax
is a collection of blood in the pleural cavity
92
pneumothorax
the accumulation of air in the pleural space resulting in a pressure imbalance that causes the lung to fully or partially collapse
93
acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
a lung condition usually caused by trauma, pneumonia, smoke or fumes, inhaled vomit, or sepsis
94
atelectasis
or collapsed lung, is the incomplete expansion of part or all of a lung due to a blockage of the air passages or pneumothorax
95
pulmonary edema
an accumulation of fluid in lung tissues, especially the alveoli
96
pulmonary embolism
is the sudden blockage of a pulmonary artery by foreign matter or by an embolus that has formed in the leg or pelvic region
97
pneumorrhagia
bleeding from the lungs
98
tuberculosis
an infectious disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis, usually attacks the lungs; however, it can also affect other part of the body
99
pneumonia
a serious inflammation of the lungs in which the alveoli and air passages fill with pus and other fluids
100
bronchopneumonia
localized form of pneumonia that often affects the bronchioles, and surrounding alveoli, leads to lobar pneumonia
101
lobar pneumonia
affects larger areas of the lungs, often including one or more sections, or lobes, of a lung
102
aspiration pneumonia
can occur when a foreign substance, such as vomit is inhaled into the lungs
103
bacterial pneumonia
most commonly caused by streptococcus pneumoniae; pneumococcal is the only form that could be prevented through vaccination
104
community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)
any pneumonia that results from contagious infection outside of a hospital or clinic, most common
105
hospital-acquired pneumonia
or nosocomial pneumonia, a type contracted during a stay in hospital when patients defenses are impaired
106
walking pneumonia
known as mycoplasma pneumonia, a milder but longer-lasting form of the disease caused by the bacteria
107
pneumocystis pneumonia
an opportunistic infection caused by the yeast-like fungus(pneumocystis carinii)
108
viral pneumonia
caused by several different types fo viruses, accounts for approximately a third of all pneumonias
109
interstitial lung disease
refers to a group that cause inflammation and scarring of the tissues around alveoli and their supporting structure, leading to a reduction of oxygen transferred to the blood
110
pulmonary fibrosis
or interstitial fibrosis, the progressive formation of scar tissue in the lung, resulting in decreased lung capacity and increased difficulty in breathing
111
pneumoconiosis
any fibrosis of the lung tissues caused by dust in the lungs after prolonged environmental or occupational contact
112
asbestosis
caused by asbestos particles in the lungs and usually occurs after working with asbestos
113
silicosis
is caused by inhaling silica dust in the lungs and usually occurs after working in occupations including foundry work, quarrying, ceramics, glasswork, and sandblasting
114
cystic fibrosis (CF)
a life-threatening genetic disorder in which the lungs and pancreas are clogged with large quantities of abnormally thick mucus
115
lung cancer
leading cause of cancer death in US, condition in which cancer cells form in the tissues of the lung
116
eupnea
easy or normal breathing, baseline for judging some breathing disorders
117
apnea
the temporary absence of spontaneous respiration
118
bradypnea
an abnormally slow rate of respiration, usually of less than 10 breaths per minute
119
cheyne-stokes respiration
an irregular pattern of breathing by alternating rapid or shallow respiration followed by slower respiration or apnea
120
tachypnea
an abnormally rapid rate of respiration, usually of more than 20 breaths per minute
121
dyspnea
known as shortness of breath (SOB), is difficult or labored breathing
122
hyperpnea
commonly associated with exertion, is breathing that is deeper and more rapid than is normal at rest
123
hypopnea
shallow or slow respiration
124
hyperventilation
abnormally rapid rate of deep respiration that is usually associated with anxiety; decreases the level or carbon dioxide in blood, causing dizziness and tingling in fingers and toes
125
sleep apnea
potentially serious disorder in which breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep for period long enough to cause measurable decrease in blood oxygen level
126
obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)
caused by the muscles at the back of the throat relaxing and narrowing the airways
127
snoring
symptom of sleep apnea, is noisy caused by vibration of the soft palate
128
expectoration
the act of coughing up and spitting out saliva, mucus, or other body fluid
129
hemoptysis
the expectoration of blood or blood-stained sputum derived from the lungs or bronchial tubes as the result of a pulmonary or bronchial hemorrhage
130
airway obstruction
known as choking, occurs when food or a foreign object partially or completely blocks airway and prevents air from entering or leaving the lungs
131
anoxia
absence of oxygen from the body's tissues and organs even though there is an adequate flow of blood
132
hypoxia
condition of having deficient oxygen levels in the body's tissues and organs; however, it is less severe than anoxia
133
asphyxia
the loss of consciousness that occurs when the body cannot get the oxygen it needs to function
134
cyanosis
a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes caused by a lack of adequate oxygen in the blood
135
hypercapnia
is the abnormal buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood
136
hypoxemia
condition of having low oxygen levels in the blood, usually due to respiratory disorders or heart conditions
137
respiratory failure (RF)
known as respiratory acidosis, condition in which the level of oxygen in the blood becomes dangerously low or the level of carbon dioxide becomes dangerously high
138
smoke inhalation
damage to the lungs in which particles from a fire coat the alveoli and prevent the normal exchange of gases
139
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
sudden and unexplainable death of an apparently healthy sleeping infant between the ages of 2 months and 6 months, infants should sleep on back
140
bronchoscopy
visual examination of the bronchi using a bronchoscope
141
bronchoscope
flexible, fiber-optic device that is passed through the nose or mouth and down the airways
142
chest x-ray (CXR)
known as chest imaging , a valuable tool for diagnosing pneumonia, lung cancer, pneumothorax, pleural effusion, tuberculosis, and emphysema
143
laryngoscopy
visual examination of the larynx and vocal cords using a flexible or rigid laryngoscope inserted through the mouth
144
peak flow meter
an inexpensive handheld device used to let patients with asthma measure air flowing out of the lungs, revealing any narrowing of the airways in advance of an asthma attack
145
polysomnography
known as sleep study, measures physiological activity during sleep and is often performed to detect nocturnal defects in breathing associated with sleep apnea
146
spirometer
recording device that measures the amount of air inhaled and the length of time required for each breath
147
pulse oximeter
an external monitor placed on the patient's fingertip or earlobe to measure the oxygen saturation level in the blood
148
sputum
is phlegm ejected through the mouth that can be examined for diagnostic purposes
149
phlegm
thick mucus secreted by the tissues lining the respiratory passages
150
sputum cytology
a procedure in which a sample of mucus is coughed up from the lungs and then examined under a microscope to detect cancer cells
151
tuberculin skin testing
known as Mantoux PPD skin test, a screening test for tuberculosis in which a very small amount of a purified protein derivative is injected just under the top layer of the skin on the forearm, site is checked for a reaction 48 to 72 hours later
152
antitussive
known as cough medicine, administered to prevent or relieve coughing
153
bronchodilator
an inhaled medication that relaxes and expands the bronchial passages into the lungs
154
metered-dose inhaler (MDI)
administers a specific amount of a medication such as a bronchodilator in aerosol form, gas propellant mixes with the medicine to push it into the lungs
155
nebulizer
an electronic device that pumps air or oxygen through a liquid medicine to turn it into a mist, which is then inhaled by the patient via a face mask or mouthpiece
156
endotracheal intubation (ETT)
passage of a tube through the mouth into the trachea to establish or maintain an open airway, especially when a patient is on a ventilator
157
functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS)
a procedure performed using an endoscope in which chronic sinusitis is treated by enlarging the opening between the nose and sinus
158
laryngectomy
surgical removal of the larynx
159
laryngotomy
surgical incision into the larynx, performed when the upper part of the airway is obstructed
160
septoplasty
surgical repair or alteration of parts of the nasal septum
161
tracheostomy
surgical creation of a stoma into the trachea to insert a temporary or permanent tube to facilitate breathing
162
tracheotomy
procedure in which an incision is made into the trachea to gain access to the airway below a blockage
163
pneumonectomy
surgical removal of all or part of a lung
164
lobectomy
surgical removal of a lobe of an organ, usually the lung, brain, or liver
165
wedge resection
a surgery in which a small wedge-shaped piece of cancerous lung tissue is removed, along with a margin of healthily tissue around the cancer
166
thoracentesis
surgical puncture of the chest wall with a needle to obtain fluid from the pleural cavity
167
thoracotomy
surgical incision into the chest chest walls to open the pleural cavity for biopsy or treatment
168
video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS)
use of a thoracoscope to view the inside of the pleural cavity through very small incisions
169
diaphragmatic breathing
known as abdominal breathing, is a relaxation technique used to relive anxiety
170
CPAP machine
(continuous positive airway pressure) a noninvasive ventilation device used in the treatment of sleep apnea
171
BiPAP machine
(bilevel positive airway pressure) like a CPAP machine; it can be set at a higher pressure for inhaling and lower pressure fo exhaling
172
Bambu bag or bag valve mask (BVM)
an emergency resuscitator used to assist ventilation, air chamber used to force through a face mask into the lungs of patient
173
ventilator
mechanical device for artificial respiration that is used to replace or supplement the patient's natural breathing function
174
supplemental oxygen
administered when patient is unable to maintain an adequate oxygen saturation level in the blood from breathing normal air
175
hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT)
involves breathing pure oxygen in a special chamber that allows air pressure to be raised up to three times higher than normal
176
nasal cannula
small tube that divides into two nasal prongs
