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medical terminology > Chapter 7: Respiratory System > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Respiratory System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

bronch/o , bronchi/o

A

bronchial tube, bronchus

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2
Q

laryng/o

A

larynx, throat

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3
Q

nas/o

A

nose

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4
Q

ox/I , ox/o , ox/y

A

oxygen

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5
Q

pharyng/o

A

throat, pharynx

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6
Q

phon/o

A

sound, voice

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7
Q

pleur/o

A

pleura, side of the body

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8
Q

-pnea

A

breathing

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9
Q

pneum/o , pneumon/o , pneu-

A

lung, air

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10
Q

pulm/o , pulmon/o

A

lung

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11
Q

sinus/o

A

sinus

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12
Q

somn/o

A

sleep

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13
Q

spir/o

A

to breathe

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14
Q

thorac/o , -thorax

A

chest, pleural cavity

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15
Q

trache/o , trachea

A

windpipe, trachea

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16
Q

respiratory system

A

supplies the blood with oxygen for transportation to the cells in all parts of the body

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17
Q

upper respiratory tract

A

consists of the nose (nostrils), mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx, and trachea

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18
Q

lower respiratory tract

A

consists of the bronchial tree and lungs, located within and protected by the thoracic cavity or thorax

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19
Q

nasal septum

A

a wall of cartilage that divides the nose into two equal sections

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20
Q

cilia

A

thin hairs located just inside the nostrils, filter incoming air to remove debris

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21
Q

mucous membranes

A

line the nose; specialized tissues also line the digestive, reproductive, and urinary systems

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22
Q

mucus

A

a slippery secretion produced by the mucous membranes that protects and lubricated these tissues

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23
Q

olfactory receptors

A

are nerve endings that act as the receptors for the sense of smell, located in the upper part of the nasal cavity

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24
Q

tonsils and adenoids

A

part of the lymphatic system; help protect the body from infection coming through the nose or the mouth

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25
Q

paranasal sinuses

A

are air-filled cavities lined with mucous membrane, are located in the bones of the skull

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26
Q

frontal sinuses

A

located in the frontal bone just above the eyebrows, infection can cause severe pain in this area

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27
Q

sphenoid sinuses

A

located in the sphenoid bone behind the eye and under the pituitary gland, are close to the optic nerves, and an infection here can damage vision

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28
Q

maxillary sinuses

A

are the largest of the paranasal sinuses, located in the maxillary bones under the eyes; an infection can cause pan in the posterior maxillary teeth

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29
Q

ethmoid sinuses

A

located in the ethmoid bones between the nose and the eyes, are irregularly shaped air cells that are separated from the orbital (eye) cavity by only a thin layer of bone

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30
Q

pharynx

A

known as the throat, receives the air after it passes through the nose or mouth, as well as food

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31
Q

nasopharynx

A

first division, is posterior tot he nasal cavity and continues downward to behind the mouth

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32
Q

oropharynx

A

second division, the portion that is visible when looking into the mouth, transporting air, food, and fluids downward to the laryngopharynx

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33
Q

laryngopharynx

A

third division, air, food, and fluids continue downward to the opening of esophagus and trachea where air enters the trachea and food and fluids flow into the esophagus

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34
Q

larynx

A

known as voice box, a triangular chamber located between the pharynx and the trachea

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35
Q

thyroid cartilage

A

largest, when enlarged it projects from the front of the throat, commonly known as Adam’s apple

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36
Q

epiglottis

A

a lid-like structure located at the base of the tongue, swings downward and closes off the laryngopharynx so that food does not enter the trachea and the lungs

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37
Q

trachea

A

is to transport air to and from the lungs, commonly known as the windpipe; located directly in front of the esophagus

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38
Q

bronchi

A

two large tubes, known as primary bronchi, which branch out from the trachea and convey air into the two lungs

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39
Q

bronchioles

A

smallest branches of the bronchi, primary bronchus divided and subdivided

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40
Q

alveoli

A

known as air sacs, very small, traplike clusters found at the end of each bronchiole, where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place

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41
Q

pulmonary

A

means relating to or affecting the lungs

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42
Q

surfactant

A

produced by alveoli, a detergent-like substance which reduces the surface tension of the fluid in the lungs

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43
Q

lungs

A

are the essential organs of respiration, are divided into lobes

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44
Q

right lung

A

is larger and has three lobes: the upper, middle, and lower (or superior, middle, and inferior)

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45
Q

left lung

A

has only two lobes, the upper and lower, due to space restrictions because the heart is located on that side of the body

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46
Q

mediastinum

A

the middle section of the chest cavity and is located between the lungs

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47
Q

pleura

A

a thin, moist, and slippery membrane that covers the outer surface of the lungs and lune the inner surface of the thoracic cavity

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48
Q

parietal pleura

A

the outer layer of the pleura, lines the walls of the thoracic cavity, covers the diaphragm, and forms the sac containing each lung

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49
Q

visceral pleura

A

the inner layer of pleura that covers each lung, attached directly to the lungs

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50
Q

pleural cavity

A

how as the pleural space, thin, fluid-filled space between the parietal and visceral pleural membranes, fluid acts as lubricant, allowing membranes to slide easily over each other during respiration

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51
Q

diaphragm

A

known as the thoracic diaphragm, a dome-shaped sheet of muscles that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdomen, the contraction and relaxation of this muscle that makes breathing possible

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52
Q

phrenic nerves

A

stimulate the diaphragm and cause it to contract

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53
Q

respiration

A

or breathing, the exchange of oxygen for carbon dioxide that is essential to life

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54
Q

inhalation

A

the act of taking in air as the diaphragm contracts and pulls downward, thoracic cavity expands drawing air into the lungs

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55
Q

exhalation

A

the act of breathing out; as the diaphragm relaxes it moves upward, causing thoracic cavity to become narrower forcing air out lungs

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56
Q

external respiration

A

the act of bringing air in and out of the lungs from the outside environment and, in process, exchanging oxygen for carbon dioxide

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57
Q

internal respiration

A

known as cellular respiration, the exchange of gases within the cells of the blood and tissues

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58
Q

otolaryngologist

A

known as an ENT(ears, nose, throat), a physician in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the head and neck

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59
Q

pulmonologist

A

physician in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the respiratory system

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60
Q

thoracic surgeon

A

performs operation on the organs inside the thorax, or chest, including the heart, lungs and esophagus

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61
Q

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

A

group of lung diseases in which the bronchial airflow is obstructed, making it difficult to breathe out

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62
Q

chronic bronchitis

A

a disease in which the airways have become inflamed due to recurrent exposure to an inhaled irritant

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63
Q

emphysema

A

the progressive, long-term loss of lung function, usually due to smoking; decrease in the total number of alveoli, enlargement of the remaining and causing destruction of the walls

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64
Q

asthma

A

a chronic inflammatory disease of the bronchial tubes, often triggered by an allergic reaction

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65
Q

airway inflammation

A

swelling and clogging of the bronchial tubes with mucus, usually after the airways has been exposed to inhaled allergens

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66
Q

bronchospasm

A

a contraction of the smooth muscles in the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles, tightening and squeezing the airway shut

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67
Q

upper respiratory infections (URI)

A

and acute nasopharyngitis are among the terms used to describe the common cold.

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68
Q

allergy rhinitis

A

allergy, allergic reaction to airborne allergens that causes an increased flow of mucus

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69
Q

nonallergic rhinitis

A

inflammation of the lining of the nose caused by something other than an allergen, such as cold air, spicy food, or medication

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70
Q

nonallergic rhinitis

A

inflammation of the lining of the nose caused by something other than an allergen, such as cold air, spicy food, or medication

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71
Q

croup

A

an acute respiratory infection in children and infants by obstruction of the larynx, hoarseness, and swelling around vocal cords resulting in barking cough and stridor

72
Q

diphtheria

A

an acute bacterial infection of the throat and upper respiratory tract; bacteria produces toxins that can damage the heart muscle and peripheral nerves

73
Q

epistaxis

A

known as a nosebleed, bleeding from the nose that may be caused by dry air, injury, medication to prevent blood clotting, or high blood pressure

74
Q

influenza

A

known as the flu, an acute, highly contagious viral infection by respiratory inflammation, fever, chills, and muscles pain

75
Q

pertussis

A

known as whooping cough, a contagious bacterial infection of the upper respiratory tract by recurrent

76
Q

rhinorrhea

A

known as a runny nose, the watery flow of mucus from the nose

77
Q

sinusitis

A

an inflammation of the sinuses

78
Q

pharyngitis

A

known as a sore throat, an inflammation of the pharynx; often a symptom of a cold, flu, or sinus infection, referred to as strep throat

79
Q

laryngospasm

A

the sudden spasmodic closure of the larynx, often associated with reflux disease(GERD)

80
Q

aphonia

A

the loss of the ability of the larynx to produce normal speech sounds

81
Q

dysphonia

A

difficulty in speaking, may include any impairment in vocal quality

82
Q

laryngitis

A

inflammation of the larynx

83
Q

tracheorrhagia

A

bleeding from the mucous membranes of the trachea

84
Q

bronchiectasis

A

the permanent dilation of the bronchi, cause by chronic infection and inflammation

85
Q

bronchorrhea

A

an excessive discharge of mucus from the bronchi, caused by bronchitis or asthma

86
Q

pleurisy

A

known as pleuritis, an inflammation of the pleura, the membranes that cover the lungs and line the pleural cavity

87
Q

pleurodynia

A

a sharp pain that occurs when the inflamed membranes rub against each other with each inhalation

88
Q

pleural effusion

A

the excess accumulation of fluid in the pleural space, produces a feeling of breathlessness because it prevents the lung from fully expanding

89
Q

pyothorax

A

known as empyema of the pleural cavity, the presence of pus in the pleural cavity between the layers of the pleural membrane

90
Q

empyema

A

refers to a collection of pus in a body cavity

91
Q

hemothorax

A

is a collection of blood in the pleural cavity

92
Q

pneumothorax

A

the accumulation of air in the pleural space resulting in a pressure imbalance that causes the lung to fully or partially collapse

93
Q

acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

A

a lung condition usually caused by trauma, pneumonia, smoke or fumes, inhaled vomit, or sepsis

94
Q

atelectasis

A

or collapsed lung, is the incomplete expansion of part or all of a lung due to a blockage of the air passages or pneumothorax

95
Q

pulmonary edema

A

an accumulation of fluid in lung tissues, especially the alveoli

96
Q

pulmonary embolism

A

is the sudden blockage of a pulmonary artery by foreign matter or by an embolus that has formed in the leg or pelvic region

97
Q

pneumorrhagia

A

bleeding from the lungs

98
Q

tuberculosis

A

an infectious disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis, usually attacks the lungs; however, it can also affect other part of the body

99
Q

pneumonia

A

a serious inflammation of the lungs in which the alveoli and air passages fill with pus and other fluids

100
Q

bronchopneumonia

A

localized form of pneumonia that often affects the bronchioles, and surrounding alveoli, leads to lobar pneumonia

101
Q

lobar pneumonia

A

affects larger areas of the lungs, often including one or more sections, or lobes, of a lung

102
Q

aspiration pneumonia

A

can occur when a foreign substance, such as vomit is inhaled into the lungs

103
Q

bacterial pneumonia

A

most commonly caused by streptococcus pneumoniae; pneumococcal is the only form that could be prevented through vaccination

104
Q

community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)

A

any pneumonia that results from contagious infection outside of a hospital or clinic, most common

105
Q

hospital-acquired pneumonia

A

or nosocomial pneumonia, a type contracted during a stay in hospital when patients defenses are impaired

106
Q

walking pneumonia

A

known as mycoplasma pneumonia, a milder but longer-lasting form of the disease caused by the bacteria

107
Q

pneumocystis pneumonia

A

an opportunistic infection caused by the yeast-like fungus(pneumocystis carinii)

108
Q

viral pneumonia

A

caused by several different types fo viruses, accounts for approximately a third of all pneumonias

109
Q

interstitial lung disease

A

refers to a group that cause inflammation and scarring of the tissues around alveoli and their supporting structure, leading to a reduction of oxygen transferred to the blood

110
Q

pulmonary fibrosis

A

or interstitial fibrosis, the progressive formation of scar tissue in the lung, resulting in decreased lung capacity and increased difficulty in breathing

111
Q

pneumoconiosis

A

any fibrosis of the lung tissues caused by dust in the lungs after prolonged environmental or occupational contact

112
Q

asbestosis

A

caused by asbestos particles in the lungs and usually occurs after working with asbestos

113
Q

silicosis

A

is caused by inhaling silica dust in the lungs and usually occurs after working in occupations including foundry work, quarrying, ceramics, glasswork, and sandblasting

114
Q

cystic fibrosis (CF)

A

a life-threatening genetic disorder in which the lungs and pancreas are clogged with large quantities of abnormally thick mucus

115
Q

lung cancer

A

leading cause of cancer death in US, condition in which cancer cells form in the tissues of the lung

116
Q

eupnea

A

easy or normal breathing, baseline for judging some breathing disorders

117
Q

apnea

A

the temporary absence of spontaneous respiration

118
Q

bradypnea

A

an abnormally slow rate of respiration, usually of less than 10 breaths per minute

119
Q

cheyne-stokes respiration

A

an irregular pattern of breathing by alternating rapid or shallow respiration followed by slower respiration or apnea

120
Q

tachypnea

A

an abnormally rapid rate of respiration, usually of more than 20 breaths per minute

121
Q

dyspnea

A

known as shortness of breath (SOB), is difficult or labored breathing

122
Q

hyperpnea

A

commonly associated with exertion, is breathing that is deeper and more rapid than is normal at rest

123
Q

hypopnea

A

shallow or slow respiration

124
Q

hyperventilation

A

abnormally rapid rate of deep respiration that is usually associated with anxiety; decreases the level or carbon dioxide in blood, causing dizziness and tingling in fingers and toes

125
Q

sleep apnea

A

potentially serious disorder in which breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep for period long enough to cause measurable decrease in blood oxygen level

126
Q

obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)

A

caused by the muscles at the back of the throat relaxing and narrowing the airways

127
Q

snoring

A

symptom of sleep apnea, is noisy caused by vibration of the soft palate

128
Q

expectoration

A

the act of coughing up and spitting out saliva, mucus, or other body fluid

129
Q

hemoptysis

A

the expectoration of blood or blood-stained sputum derived from the lungs or bronchial tubes as the result of a pulmonary or bronchial hemorrhage

130
Q

airway obstruction

A

known as choking, occurs when food or a foreign object partially or completely blocks airway and prevents air from entering or leaving the lungs

131
Q

anoxia

A

absence of oxygen from the body’s tissues and organs even though there is an adequate flow of blood

132
Q

hypoxia

A

condition of having deficient oxygen levels in the body’s tissues and organs; however, it is less severe than anoxia

133
Q

asphyxia

A

the loss of consciousness that occurs when the body cannot get the oxygen it needs to function

134
Q

cyanosis

A

a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes caused by a lack of adequate oxygen in the blood

135
Q

hypercapnia

A

is the abnormal buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood

136
Q

hypoxemia

A

condition of having low oxygen levels in the blood, usually due to respiratory disorders or heart conditions

137
Q

respiratory failure (RF)

A

known as respiratory acidosis, condition in which the level of oxygen in the blood becomes dangerously low or the level of carbon dioxide becomes dangerously high

138
Q

smoke inhalation

A

damage to the lungs in which particles from a fire coat the alveoli and prevent the normal exchange of gases

139
Q

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

A

sudden and unexplainable death of an apparently healthy sleeping infant between the ages of 2 months and 6 months, infants should sleep on back

140
Q

bronchoscopy

A

visual examination of the bronchi using a bronchoscope

141
Q

bronchoscope

A

flexible, fiber-optic device that is passed through the nose or mouth and down the airways

142
Q

chest x-ray (CXR)

A

known as chest imaging , a valuable tool for diagnosing pneumonia, lung cancer, pneumothorax, pleural effusion, tuberculosis, and emphysema

143
Q

laryngoscopy

A

visual examination of the larynx and vocal cords using a flexible or rigid laryngoscope inserted through the mouth

144
Q

peak flow meter

A

an inexpensive handheld device used to let patients with asthma measure air flowing out of the lungs, revealing any narrowing of the airways in advance of an asthma attack

145
Q

polysomnography

A

known as sleep study, measures physiological activity during sleep and is often performed to detect nocturnal defects in breathing associated with sleep apnea

146
Q

spirometer

A

recording device that measures the amount of air inhaled and the length of time required for each breath

147
Q

pulse oximeter

A

an external monitor placed on the patient’s fingertip or earlobe to measure the oxygen saturation level in the blood

148
Q

sputum

A

is phlegm ejected through the mouth that can be examined for diagnostic purposes

149
Q

phlegm

A

thick mucus secreted by the tissues lining the respiratory passages

150
Q

sputum cytology

A

a procedure in which a sample of mucus is coughed up from the lungs and then examined under a microscope to detect cancer cells

151
Q

tuberculin skin testing

A

known as Mantoux PPD skin test, a screening test for tuberculosis in which a very small amount of a purified protein derivative is injected just under the top layer of the skin on the forearm, site is checked for a reaction 48 to 72 hours later

152
Q

antitussive

A

known as cough medicine, administered to prevent or relieve coughing

153
Q

bronchodilator

A

an inhaled medication that relaxes and expands the bronchial passages into the lungs

154
Q

metered-dose inhaler (MDI)

A

administers a specific amount of a medication such as a bronchodilator in aerosol form, gas propellant mixes with the medicine to push it into the lungs

155
Q

nebulizer

A

an electronic device that pumps air or oxygen through a liquid medicine to turn it into a mist, which is then inhaled by the patient via a face mask or mouthpiece

156
Q

endotracheal intubation (ETT)

A

passage of a tube through the mouth into the trachea to establish or maintain an open airway, especially when a patient is on a ventilator

157
Q

functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS)

A

a procedure performed using an endoscope in which chronic sinusitis is treated by enlarging the opening between the nose and sinus

158
Q

laryngectomy

A

surgical removal of the larynx

159
Q

laryngotomy

A

surgical incision into the larynx, performed when the upper part of the airway is obstructed

160
Q

septoplasty

A

surgical repair or alteration of parts of the nasal septum

161
Q

tracheostomy

A

surgical creation of a stoma into the trachea to insert a temporary or permanent tube to facilitate breathing

162
Q

tracheotomy

A

procedure in which an incision is made into the trachea to gain access to the airway below a blockage

163
Q

pneumonectomy

A

surgical removal of all or part of a lung

164
Q

lobectomy

A

surgical removal of a lobe of an organ, usually the lung, brain, or liver

165
Q

wedge resection

A

a surgery in which a small wedge-shaped piece of cancerous lung tissue is removed, along with a margin of healthily tissue around the cancer

166
Q

thoracentesis

A

surgical puncture of the chest wall with a needle to obtain fluid from the pleural cavity

167
Q

thoracotomy

A

surgical incision into the chest chest walls to open the pleural cavity for biopsy or treatment

168
Q

video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS)

A

use of a thoracoscope to view the inside of the pleural cavity through very small incisions

169
Q

diaphragmatic breathing

A

known as abdominal breathing, is a relaxation technique used to relive anxiety

170
Q

CPAP machine

A

(continuous positive airway pressure) a noninvasive ventilation device used in the treatment of sleep apnea

171
Q

BiPAP machine

A

(bilevel positive airway pressure) like a CPAP machine; it can be set at a higher pressure for inhaling and lower pressure fo exhaling

172
Q

Bambu bag or bag valve mask (BVM)

A

an emergency resuscitator used to assist ventilation, air chamber used to force through a face mask into the lungs of patient

173
Q

ventilator

A

mechanical device for artificial respiration that is used to replace or supplement the patient’s natural breathing function

174
Q

supplemental oxygen

A

administered when patient is unable to maintain an adequate oxygen saturation level in the blood from breathing normal air

175
Q

hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT)

A

involves breathing pure oxygen in a special chamber that allows air pressure to be raised up to three times higher than normal

176
Q

nasal cannula

A

small tube that divides into two nasal prongs

medical terminology (12 decks)

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