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medical terminology > Chapter 15: Diagnostic procedures > Flashcards

Chapter 15: Diagnostic procedures Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

albumin

A

albumin, protein

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2
Q

calc/i

A

calcium, lime, the heel

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3
Q

-centesis

A

surgical puncture to remove fluid

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4
Q

creatin/o

A

creatinine

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5
Q

glycos/o

A

glucose, sugar

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6
Q

-graphy

A

the process of producing a picture or record

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7
Q

hemat/o

A

blood, relating to the blood

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8
Q

lapar/o

A

abdomen, abdominal wall

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9
Q

-otomy

A

cutting, surgical incision

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10
Q

phleb/o

A

vein

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11
Q

radi/o

A

radiation, x-rays

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12
Q

-scope

A

instrument for visual examination

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13
Q

-scopy

A

visual examination

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14
Q

son/o

A

sound

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15
Q

-uria

A

urination, urine

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16
Q

assessment

A

means the evaluation or appraisal of the patient’s condition

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17
Q

overall appearance

A

how appropriately the patient is dressed, whether any body odor, signs of possible difficulties with self-care

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18
Q

emotional affect

A

refers to patients expression, tone of voice, mood, and emotions

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19
Q

ambulation

A

means the way the patient walks, including gait, any unsteadiness, or possible difficulty

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20
Q

vital signs

A

are four key indications that the body systems are functioning; temperature, pulse, respiration, and blood pressure (VSS)

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21
Q

temperature

A

on average, the normal body is 98.6F or 37.0C

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22
Q

fever

A

most commonly caused by an infection, an injury, or medication. an oral body temp. of 100F or higher

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23
Q

hyperthermia

A

an extremely high fever

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24
Q

hypothermia

A

an abnormally low body temperature

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25
Q

pulse

A

the rhythmic pressure against the walls of an artery that is caused by the beating of the heart

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26
Q

respiration

A

known as respiratory rate (RR), the number of complete breaths per minute

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27
Q

blood pressure (BP)

A

the force of the blood against the walls of the arteries

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28
Q

sphygmomanometer

A

measures BP, when using manual style, a stethoscope is required to listen to the blood sounds

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29
Q

systolic

A

the first beat heard when recording blood pressure

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30
Q

diastolic

A

the last beat hear, when recording blood pressure

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31
Q

pain

A

considered to be the 5th vital sign, can be measured objectively, must be reported by patient

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32
Q

acute pain

A

comes on quickly, can be severe and lasts only a relatively short time

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33
Q

chronic pain

A

can be mild or severe, persists over a longer period of time than acute pain and is resistant to most medical treatments

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34
Q

auscultation

A

means listening for sounds within the body and is usually performed through a stethoscope

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35
Q

rales

A

known as crackles, are abnormal crackle-like lung sounds heard through a stethoscope during inspiration (breathing in)

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36
Q

rhonchi

A

are coarse rattling sounds that are somewhat like snoring, usually caused by secretions in the bronchial airways

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37
Q

stridor

A

an abnormal, high-pitched, musical breathing sound caused by a blockage in the throat or in the larynx(voice box)

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38
Q

lubb sound

A

is heart first. caused by the tricuspid and mitral valves coming between the atria and the ventricles

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39
Q

dupp sound

A

which is shorter and higher pitched, is heard next. caused by the closing of the semilunar valves in the aorta and pulmonary arteries as blood is pumped out of the heart

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40
Q

bruit

A

an abnormal sound or murmur heard during auscultation of an artery, usually due to a partially blocked, narrowed or diseased artery

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41
Q

thrill

A

an abnormal rhythmic vibration felt when palpating an artery

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42
Q

heart murmur

A

an abnormal heart sound that is most commonly a sign of defective heart valves

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43
Q

abdominal sounds

A

known as bowel sounds, are normal noises made by the intestines.

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44
Q

palpation

A

an examination technique in which the examiner’s hands are used to feel the texture, size, consistency, and location of certain body parts

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45
Q

percussion

A

a diagnostic procedure designed to determine the density of a body part but the sound produced by tapping the surface with the fingers

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46
Q

ophthalmoscope

A

an instrument used to examine the interior of the eye

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47
Q

otoscope

A

an instrument used to visually examine the external ear canal tympanic membrane

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48
Q

speculum

A

an instrument used to enlarge the opening of any canal or cavity, especially the vagina, to facilitate inspection of its interior

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49
Q

stethoscope

A

an instrument used to listen to sounds within the body

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50
Q

recumbent

A

describes any position in which the patient is lying down

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51
Q

decubitus

A

describes the patient lying in a recumbent position

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52
Q

horizontal recumbent postion

A

known as supine position, the patient is lying on the back, face up. used for examination and treatment of the anterior surface of the body and for x-rays

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53
Q

dorsal recumbent postion

A

the patient is lying on the back, face up, with the knees bent. used for examination and treatment of the abdominal area and for vaginal or rectal examinations

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54
Q

lithotomy position

A

the patient is lying on the back, face up, with the feet and legs raised and supported in stirrups. used for vaginal and rectal examination and during childbirth

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55
Q

prone postion

A

patient is lying abdomen face down, arms may by placed under the head for comfort. used for the back and buttocks

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56
Q

sims’ position

A

the patient lying on the left side with the right knee and thigh drawn up with the left arm placed along the back. used for rectal area

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57
Q

knee-chest position

A

patient is lying face down with he hips bent so that the knees and chest rest on the table

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58
Q

LABORATORY TESTS

A

ENDOSCOPY AND CENTESIS

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59
Q

stat

A

the results are needed immediately, and the tests have top priority in the laboratory

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60
Q

profile

A

means tests that are frequently performed as a group on automated multi-channel laboratory testing equipment

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61
Q

phlebotomist

A

a medical professional who is trained to draw blood from patients for various laboratory tests and other procedures

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62
Q

phlebotomy

A

known as venipuncture, is the puncture of a vein for the purpose of drawing blood

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63
Q

arterial stick

A

the puncture of an artery, usually on the inside of the wrist, to obtain arterial blood

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64
Q

capillary puncture

A

the technique used when only a small amount of blood is needed as a specimen for blood test….known as finger, heel, or earlobe stick

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65
Q

complete blood cell count (CBC)

A

a series of tests performed as a group to evaluate several blood conditions

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66
Q

erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

A

known as a sed rate, a test based on the speed with which the red blood cells separate from the plasma and fall to the bottom a specialized test tube

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67
Q

hematocrit

A

describes the percentage, by volume, of a blood sample occupied by red cells

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68
Q

platelet count

A

measures the number of platelets in a specified amount of blood and is a screening test to evaluate platelet function

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69
Q

red blood cell count (RBC)

A

a determination of the number of erythrocytes in the blood. a depressed count can indicate anemia or an acute hemorrhage

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70
Q

total hemoglobin test (Hb)

A

usually part of a complete blood count; elevated Hb levels indicate a higher than normal hemoglobin concentration in the plasma due to ploycythemia

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71
Q

white blood cell count (WBC)

A

a determination of the number of leukocytes in the blood. an elevated count can be an indication of infection or inflammation

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72
Q

white blood cell differential count

A

tests to see what percentage of the total white blood cell count is composed of each of the five types of leukocytes

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73
Q

basic metabolic panel

A

a group of eight specific blood tests that provide important information about the current status of the patient’s kidneys blood sugar, calcium levels

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74
Q

blood urea nitrogen test (BUN)

A

measures the amount of nitrogen in the blood due to the waste product urea, performed to obtain an indication of kidney function

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75
Q

urea

A

is the major end product of protein metabolism found in urine and blood

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76
Q

C-reactive protein test (CRP)

A

performed to identify high levels inflammation within the body, produced but the liver only during episodes of acute inflammation

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77
Q

lipid panel

A

measures the amounts of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), (LDL), in a blood sample

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78
Q

prothrombin time (PT)

A

known as pro time, a coagulation test used to diagnose conditions associated with abnormalities of clotting time and to monitor anticoagulant therapy

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79
Q

serum bilirubin

A

measures the ability of the liver to take up, process, and secrete bilirubin into the bile, to see if a patient has liver disease or a blocked bile duct

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80
Q

thyroid-stimulation hormone assay

A

measures circulating blood levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) than can indicate abnormal thyroid activity

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81
Q

arterial blood gas analysis (ABG)

A

measures the pH, oxygen, and carbon dioxide levels arterial blood

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82
Q

urinalysis

A

examination of the physical and chemical properties of urine to determine the presence of abnormal elements

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83
Q

routine urinalysis

A

performed to screen for urinary and systemic disorders. the plastic strip impregnated with chemicals that react with substances in the urine and change color when abnormalities are present

84
Q

microscopic examination

A

of the specimen is performed when more detailed testing of the specimen is necessary, for example to identify casts

85
Q

casts

A

are fibrous or protein materials, such as pus and fats, that are throw off into he urine in kidney disease

86
Q

acidosis

A

is excessive acid in the body fluids

87
Q

low specific gravity

A

(dilute urine) is characteristics of diabetes insipidus

88
Q

high specific gravity

A

(concentrated urine) occurs in conditions such as dehydration, liver failure, or shock

89
Q

albuminuria

A

the presence of the protein albumin in the urine, high test levels are a sign of impaired kidney function

90
Q

bacteriuria

A

is the presence of calcium in the urine

91
Q

creatinuria

A

is an increased concentration of creatinine in the urine

92
Q

drug-screening urine test

A

is a rapid method of identifying the presence in the body of one or more drugs of abuse such as cocaine, heroin, and marijuana

93
Q

glycosuria

A

is the presence of glucose in the urine, most commonly caused by untreated diabetes mellitus

94
Q

hematuria

A

is the presence of blood in the urine caused by kidney stones, infection, kidney damage

95
Q

ketonuria

A

the presence of ketones in the urine

96
Q

ketones

A

formed when the body breaks down fat, and their presence in urine can indicate starvation or uncontrolled diabetes

97
Q

proteinuria

A

is the presence of an abnormal amount of protein in the urine, usually a sign of kidney disease

98
Q

pyuria

A

the presence pus in the urine, when us is present, the urine is turbid in appearance

99
Q

urine culture and sensitivity tests

A

known as a urine C and S, a laboratory test that is used to identify the cause of a urinary tract infection and to determine which antibiotic would be the most effective treatment

100
Q

endoscopy

A

the visual examination of the interior of a body cavity, procedures are usually named for the organs involved

101
Q

endoscopic surgery

A

a surgical procedure that is performed through very small incisions with the use of an endoscope and specialized instruments

102
Q

endoscope

A

is a small, flexible tube with a light and a lens on the end

103
Q

laparoscopy

A

is the visual examination of the interior of the abdomen with the use of a laparoscope the is passed through a small incision in the abdominal wall

104
Q

centesis

A

a surgical puncture to remove excess fluid or to remove fluid for diagnostic purposes

105
Q

abdominocentesis

A

the surgical puncture of the abdominal cavity to remove fluid

106
Q

amniocentesis

A

a diagnostic test performed during pregnancy

107
Q

arthrocentesis

A

a surgical puncture of the joint space to remove synovial fluid for analysis to determine the cause of pain or swelling in a joint

108
Q

cardiocentesis

A

known as cardio puncture, the puncture of a chamber of the heart for diagnosis or therapy

109
Q

pericardiocentesis

A

is the puncture of the pericardial sac for the purpose of removing fluid

110
Q

IMAGING TECHNIQUES

A

PHARMACOLOGY

111
Q

contrast medium

A

administered by swallowing, via an enema, or intravenously to make specific body structures visible

112
Q

radiopaque

A

means that the substance does not allow x-rays to pass through and appears white or light gray on the resulting film

113
Q

radiolucent

A

means that the substance, such as sir or nitrogen gas, allows x-rays to pass through and appears black or dark gray on the resulting film

114
Q

intravenous contrast medium

A

is injected onto a vein to make the flow of blood through blood vessels and organs visible

115
Q

barium(chemical symbol Ba)

A

a radiopaque contrast medium used primarily to visualize the gastrointestinal tract

116
Q

radiology

A

creates an image of hard-tissue internal structures by the exposure of sensitized film to x-radiation

117
Q

X-radiation

A

referred to as ionizing radiation, beneficial in producing diagnostic images and in treating cancer, though excess exposure to their radiation is dangerous, and the effects are cumulative

118
Q

radiopaque hard tissues

A

such as bone and tooth enamel, appear white or light gray on the radiograph

119
Q

radiolucent soft tissues

A

such as muscles, and skin, appear as shades of gray to black on the radiograph

120
Q

radiologist

A

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders with x-rays and the other forms of radiant energy

121
Q

interventional radiology

A

use a radiograph imaging to guide a procedure such as a biopsy; also to confirm the placement of an instead object such as a stent or feeding tube

122
Q

radiographic positioning

A

describes the placement of the patient’s body and the part of the body that is closet to the x-ray film

123
Q

radiographic projection

A

describes the path that the x-ray beam follows through the patient’s body from the entrance to the exit

124
Q

extraoral radiography

A

means that the film is placed and exposed outside of the mouth

125
Q

panoramic radiograph

A

known as a panorex, shows all of the structures in both dental arches in a single film

126
Q

intraoral radiography

A

means the film is placed within the mouth and exposed by a camera positioned next to the exterior of the cheek

127
Q

tomography

A

the use of x-rays or ultrasound to produce a cross-section of the body

128
Q

computed tomography (CT)

A

computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan, uses a thin, fan-shaped x-ray beam that rotates around the patient to produce multiple cross-sectional views of the body

129
Q

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

uses a combination of radio waves and a strong magnetic field to create signals that are sent to a computer and converted into images of any plane through the body

130
Q

fluoroscopy

A

the visualization of body parts in motion by projecting x-ray images on a luminous fluorescent screen

131
Q

cineradiography

A

the recording of the fluoroscopy images

132
Q

ultrasonography

A

referred to as ultrasound or diagnostic ultrasound, is imaging of deep body structures by recording the echoes of sound wave pulses that are above the range fo human hearing

133
Q

sonogram

A

the image created by ultrasonography

134
Q

carotid ultrasonography

A

is the use of sound waves to image the carotid artery to detect an obstruction that could cause an ischemic stroke

135
Q

echocardiography

A

an ultrasonic diagnostic procedure used to evaluate the structures and motion of the heart

136
Q

doppler echocardiogram

A

performed in the same way as an echocardiogram; however, this procedure measures the speed and direction of the blood flow within the heart

137
Q

fetal ultrasound

A

a noninvasive procedure used to image and evaluate fetal development during pregnancy

138
Q

transesophageal echocardiography

A

an ultrasonic imaging technique used to evaluate heart structures

139
Q

nuclear medicine

A

known as radiopharmaceuticals are used for either diagnostic or treatment purposes

140
Q

radioisotopes

A

radioactive materials that produce a powerful form of energy called radiation

141
Q

nuclear medicine technologist

A

specializes in the preparation and administration of radoopharmaceuticals

142
Q

nuclear imaging

A

for diagnostic purposed; these images document the structures and function of the organ or organs being examined

143
Q

radionuclide tracer

A

known as radioactive tracer, specific to the body system being examined ; the short-lived tracer can be given by mouth or inserted into a vein

144
Q

nuclear scan

A

known as a scintigram, a diagnostic procedure that uses nuclear medicine technology to gather information about the structure and function of organs or body systems that cannot be seen on conventional x-rays

145
Q

bone scan

A

a nuclear scanning test that identifies new areas of bone growth or breakdown

146
Q

thyroid scan

A

radiopharmaceutical containing radioactive iodine is administered. scan makes glands able to concentrate certain radioactive isotopes to generate images of it

147
Q

single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)

A

a type of nuclear imaging test that produces 3D computer-reconstructed images showing perfusion through tissues and organs

148
Q

perfusion

A

means the flow of blood through an organ

149
Q

SPECT

A

scanning is used primarily to view the flow of blood through arteries and veins in the brain

150
Q

positron emission tomography (PET)

A

known as PET imaging, combines tomography with radionuclide tracers, usually inserted into a vein, to produce enhanced images of selected body organs or areas

151
Q

pharmacology

A

the study of the nature, uses, and effects of drugs for medical purposes

152
Q

pharmacist

A

a licensed specialist who formulates and dispenses prescribed medications

153
Q

prescription

A

drug is a medication that can legally be dispensed only by a pharmacist with an order from a licensed professional such as a physician or dentist

154
Q

over-the counter drug

A

known as OTC, a medication that can be purchased without a prescription

155
Q

generic

A

drug usually named for its chemical structure and is not protected by a brand name or trademark

156
Q

brand-name

A

drug is sold under the name the drug by the manufacturer

157
Q

formulary

A

a list of prescription drugs covered by a specific health care plan, referred to a book listing ingredients and formulas for making medicines

158
Q

physicians’ desk reference (PDR)

A

the most commonly used drug information guide, updated annually

159
Q

addiction

A

compulsive, uncontrollable dependence on a drug, alcohol, or other substance

160
Q

controlled substances

A

are addictive prescription medicines and illegal drugs whose manufacture, possession, and use are regulated by the government

161
Q

tolerance

A

when the body has become accustomed to a medication after being on it for a length of time, and higher doses are required to achieve the desired effect

162
Q

adverse drug reaction (ADR)

A

known as a side effect, an undesirable reaction that accompanies the principal response for which the drug was taken

163
Q

compliance

A

the patient’s consistency and accuracy in following the regimen prescribed by a physician or other health care professional

164
Q

contraindication

A

a factor in the patient’s condition that makes the use of a medication or specific treatment dangerous or ill advised

165
Q

drug interaction

A

the result of drugs reacting with each other, often in ways that are unexpected or potentially harmful

166
Q

synergism

A

the interaction fo two drugs taken together that enhances the effectiveness of both

167
Q

idiosyncratic reaction

A

an unexpected reaction to a drug that is peculiar to the individual

168
Q

palliative

A

a substance that eases the pain or severity of the symptoms of a disease but does not cure it

169
Q

palliative care

A

treatment that focuses on alleviating pain and relieving symptoms rather than curing the disease

170
Q

paradoxical reaction

A

the result of medical treatment that yields the opposite of normally expected results

171
Q

paradoxical

A

means not being normal or the usual kind

172
Q

placebo

A

an inactive substance, such as sugar pill or liquid, that is administered only for its suggestive effects

173
Q

antipyretic

A

medication administered to prevent or reduce fever

174
Q

anti-inflammatory

A

relieves inflammation and pain without affecting consciousness

175
Q

analgesic

A

refers to the class of drugs that relieves pain without affecting consciousness

176
Q

non-narcotic analgesics

A

sold over the counter for mild to moderate pain

177
Q

narcotic analgesics

A

such a morphine, demerol, and codeine, are available by prescription only to relieve severe pain

178
Q

acetaminophen

A

an analgesic that reduces pain and fever but does not relieve inflammation, does NOT have NSAIDS

179
Q

nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

A

are non-narcotic analgesics administered to control pain by reducing inflammation and swelling

180
Q

ibuprofen

A

a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicine that is sold over the counter under the brand names of Advil and Motrin

181
Q

pain-relieving creams

A

applied topically to relieve pain due to conditions such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis

182
Q

transcutaneous electronic nerve stimulation (TENS)

A

a method of pain control by wearing a device that delivers small electrical impulses, as needed, to the nerve endings through the skin

183
Q

inhalation administration

A

describes vapors and gases taken in through the nose or mouth and absorbed into he bloodstream through the lungs

184
Q

oral administration

A

refers to medication taken by mouth to be absorbed through the walls of the stomach or small intestine

185
Q

rectal administration

A

the insertion of medication in the rectum either in the form of a suppository or liquid

186
Q

sublingual administration

A

the placement of medication under the tongue where it is allowed to dissolve slowly

187
Q

topical application

A

a liquid or ointment the tis rubbed into he skin on the area to be treated

188
Q

cortisone ointment

A

to relieve itching and to speed healing

189
Q

antibiotic ointments

A

over minor wounds to prevent infection

190
Q

transdermal

A

medication is administered from a patch that is applied to unbroken skin

191
Q

parenteral

A

means then into he body or administered in a manner other than through the digestive tract

192
Q

subcutaneous injection (SC)

A

is made into the fatty layer just below the skin

193
Q

intradermal injection

A

made into the middle layers of the skin

194
Q

intramuscular injection (IM)

A

made directly into a vein, an IV infusion is administered over a period of time

195
Q

PICC line

A

which is the abbreviation for peripherally inserted central catheter, frequently used for a patient who will need IV therapy for more than 7 days

196
Q

bolus

A

known as a bolus infusion, is a single, concentrated dose of a drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time

197
Q

complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)

A

available to patients today, can be used to supplement or repack allopathic medicine

198
Q

allopathic medicine

A

another term for conventional, or western, medical practices and systems of health care

199
Q

alternative medicine

A

a general term for practices and systems of health care other than allopathic approaches used to supplement these treatments

200
Q

integrative medicine

A

is a model of health care based on both allopathic and alternative medicine

201
Q

holistic

A

refers to a treatment approach that takes into consideration the whole body and its environment, including the mind, body, and spirit

202
Q

wellness

A

general term that means actively working toward a state of been in good physical and mental health

203
Q

Ayurvedic medicine

A

the traditional hindu system of medicine, emphasizing a holistic approach to preventive treatment of illnesses

204
Q

traditional Chinese medicine

A

a system of ancient Chinese medicinal treatments including acupuncture, diet, herbal therapy, meditation

205
Q

kinesiology

A

the study of body movements and physical activity

206
Q

naturopathy

A

known as naturopathic medicine, a combination of nutrition, medicinal supplements and herbs

207
Q

homeopathy

A

involves the use do substances created from plant or mineral products diluted a thousand-fold in water or alcohol

medical terminology (12 decks)

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