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medical terminology > Chapter 6: Lymphatic and Immune system > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Lymphatic and Immune system Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

anti-

A

against

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2
Q

carcin/o

A

cancerous

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3
Q

immun/o

A

immune, protection, safe

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4
Q

lymph/o

A

lymph, lymphatic tissue

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5
Q

lymphaden/o

A

lymph node or gland

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6
Q

lymphangi/o

A

lymph vessel

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7
Q

neo- , ne/o

A

new, strange

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8
Q

-oma

A

tumor, neoplasm

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9
Q

onc/o

A

tumor

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10
Q

phag/o

A

eat, swallow

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11
Q

-plasm

A

formative material of cells

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12
Q

sarc/o

A

flesh, connective tissue

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13
Q

splen/o

A

spleen

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14
Q

-tic

A

pertaining to

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15
Q

tox/o

A

poison, poisonous

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16
Q

aden/o

A

gland

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17
Q

anis/o

A

unequal

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18
Q

lip/o

A

fat

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19
Q

lacteals

A

specialized structures of the lymphatic system that absorb those fats that cannot be transported by the bloodstream

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20
Q

blood vessels

A

absorb the nutrients, fats, and fat-soluble vitamins from the digested food directly into the bloodstream for use throughout the body

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21
Q

interstitial fluid

A

known as intercellular or tissue fluid, plasma from arterial blood that flows out of the arterioles and into the capillaries, then flows into the spaces between the cells of the tissues

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22
Q

lymph

A

made up of the remaining 10% of the returning interstitial fluid, clear, watery fluid containing electrolytes and proteins

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23
Q

lymphatic circulatory system

A

known as secondary circulatory system, depends on the pumping motion of muscles to move fluid; lymph flows in one direction, upward

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24
Q

lymphatic capillaries

A

microscopic, blind-ended (sealed on one end) tubes located near the surface of the body with capillary walls that are only one cell in thickness

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25
Q

lymphatic vessels

A

located deeper within tissues, has valves to prevent the backward flow of lymph; lymph flows from capillaries to progressively larger

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26
Q

right lymphatic duct

A

collects lymph from he right side of the head and neck, the upper right quadrant of the body, and the right arm; empty into right subclavian vein

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27
Q

thoracic duct

A

largest lymphatic vessel in the body, collects lymph from the left side of the head, neck, the upper left quadrant of the trunk and left arm, entire portion of the trunk, and both legs

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28
Q

lymph nodes

A

bean-shaped, contains lymphocytes that are capable of destroying pathogens

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29
Q

cervical lymph nodes

A

along the sides on the neck

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30
Q

axillary lymph nodes

A

under the arms in the area known as armpits

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31
Q

inguinal lymph nodes

A

in groin area of the lower abdomen

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32
Q

lymphocytes

A

known as lymphoid cells, are leukocytes that are formed in bone marrow as stem cells

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33
Q

antigen

A

any substance that the body regards as being foreign

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34
Q

natural killer cells (NK cells)

A

play an important role in the killing of cancer cells and cells infected by viruses

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35
Q

B cells

A

known as B lymphocytes, produce antibodies; most effective against viruses and bacteria that are circulating in the blood

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36
Q

plasma cells

A

develop from B cells and secrete a large volume of antibodies coded to destroy specific antigens

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37
Q

T cells

A

known as T lymphocytes, organ in thymus, central role in the cell-mediated immunity

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38
Q

cytokines

A

group of proteins such as interferons and interleukins released primarily by the T cells

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39
Q

interferons

A

produced in response to the presence of antigens, particularly viruses or tumor cells; slowing or stopping multiplication

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40
Q

interleukins

A

play multiple roles in the immune system, including directing B and T cells to divide and proliferate

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41
Q

tonsils

A

three masses of lymphoid tissue that form a protective ring around the back of the nose and upper throat

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42
Q

adenoids

A

known as nasopharyngeal tonsils, located in the nasopharynx, which is the upper part of the pharynx

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43
Q

palatine tonsils

A

located on the left and right sides of the throat in the area that is visible at the back of the mouth

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44
Q

lingual tonsils

A

located at the base of the tongue, they are not readily visible

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45
Q

thymus

A

which is a mass of lymphoid tissue located above the heart, reaches its greatest size at puberty and becomes smaller with age

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46
Q

vermiform appendix

A

common as appendix, hangs from the lower portion of the Cecil, which is the first section of the large intestine

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47
Q

spleen

A

sac-like mass of lymphoid tissue located in the upper quadrant of the abdomen, just inferior to (below) the diaphragm and posterior to (behind) the stomach

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48
Q

hemolytic

A

function of destroying worn-out erythrocytes (RBCs) and releasing their hemoglobin for reuse

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49
Q

allergist

A

specializes in diagnosing and treating conditions of altered immunologic reactivity, such as allergic reactions

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50
Q

immunologist

A

specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the immune system

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51
Q

lymphologist

A

physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the lymphatic system

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52
Q

oncologist

A

physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating malignant disorders such as tumors and cancer

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53
Q

lymphadenitis

A

known as swollen glands, an inflammation of the lymph nodes

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54
Q

lymphadenopathy

A

any disease process affecting a lymph node or nodes

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55
Q

lymphangioma

A

a benign tumor formed by an abnormal collection of lymphatic vessels due to a congenital malformation of the lymphatic system

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56
Q

ruptures spleen

A

medical emergency that occurs when the covering of the spleen is torn, usually as the result of a blow to the abdomen

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57
Q

splenorrhagia

A

bleeding from the spleen

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58
Q

splenomegaly

A

an abnormal enlargement of the spleen

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59
Q

lymphoscintigraphy

A

diagnostic test that is performed to detect damage or malformations of the lymphatic vessels

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60
Q

lymphedema

A

swelling of the tissues due to an abnormal accumulation of lymph fluid within the tissues

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61
Q

primary lymphedema

A

hereditary condition of the lymphatic system that develops with swelling beginning in the feet and progressing into the ankles and in an upward direction along legs

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62
Q

secondary lymphedema

A

caused by damage to lymphatic vessels that is most frequently due to center treatment, surgery, trauma, or burns

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63
Q

bioimpedance spectroscopy

A

noninvasive method of diagnosing lymphedema, measures resistance to an electrical current passed through affected limb

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64
Q

pathogens

A

disease-producing microorganisms

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65
Q

allergens

A

substances that produce allergic reactions

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66
Q

toxins

A

poisonous or harmful substances

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67
Q

malignant cells

A

potentially life-threatening cancer cells

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68
Q

intact skin

A

wraps the body in a physical barrier to prevent invading organisms from entering the body

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69
Q

respiratory system

A

traps breathed-in foreign matter with nose hairs and the moist mucous membrane lining of the respiratory system

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70
Q

digestive system

A

uses the acids and enzymes produced by the stomach to destroy invaders that are swallowed or consumed with food

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71
Q

lymphatic system

A

specialized leukocytes (WBCs) work together in specific ways to attack and destroy pathogens that have succeeded in entering the body

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72
Q

antigen-antibody reaction

A

known as the immune reaction, involves binding antigens to antibodies

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73
Q

tolerance

A

refers to an acquired unresponsiveness to a specific antigen; also a decline in drug effectiveness after repeated use

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74
Q

antibody

A

disease-fighting protein created by the immune system in response to the presence of a specific antigen

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75
Q

immunoglobulins

A

bind with specific antigens in the antigen-antibody response

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76
Q

phagocytes

A

specialized leukocytes that act as a part of the antigen-antibody reaction by destroying substances such as cell debris, dust, pollen, and pathogens by the process of phagocytosis

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77
Q

monocytes

A

are leukocytes that provide immunological defenses against many infectious organisms

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78
Q

macrophage

A

type of leukocyte that surrounds and kills invading cells, also remove dead cells and stimulate the action of the other immune cells

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79
Q

dendritic cells

A

specialized leukocytes that patrol the body searching for antigens that produce infections, when found it is swallowed and alerts B and T cells to act against

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80
Q

complement system

A

group of proteins that normally circulate in the blood in an inactive form

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81
Q

immunity

A

state of being resistant to a specific disease

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82
Q

natural immunity

A

known as passive immunity, resistance to a disease present without the administration of an antigen or exposure to a disease

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83
Q

acquired immunity

A

is obtained by having had a contagious disease

84
Q

vaccinated

A

provides protection against that disease, without having been exposed to the risk of actually having the disease

85
Q

vaccine

A

preparation containing an antigen, consisting of whole or partial disease-causing organisms which have been killed or weakened

86
Q

vaccination

A

provides protection against the disease, some conditions require periodic booster to maintain effectiveness

87
Q

allergic reaction

A

occurs when the body immune system reacts to a harmless allergen such as pollen, food, or animal dander as if it were a dangerous invader

88
Q

allergy

A

known as hypersensitivity, an overreaction by the body to a particular antigen

89
Q

allergen

A

a substance that produces an allergic reaction in an individual

90
Q

localized allergic response

A

known as a cellular response, includes redness, itching, and burning where the skin has come into contact with an allergen

91
Q

systemic reaction or anaphylaxis

A

known as anaphylactic shock, a severe response to an allergen; symptoms develop quickly

92
Q

scratch test

A

a diagnostic test to identify commonly troublesome allergens such as tree pollen and ragweed

93
Q

allergen-specific immunoglobulin (IgE)

A

blood test is sometimes used to determine whether a person is allergic to a particular substance

94
Q

antihistamines

A

medications administered to relieve or prevent the symptoms of hay fever, common allergy to wind-borne pollens, and other type of allergies

95
Q

histamine

A

substance produced by the body that causes the itching, sneezing, runny nose, and watery eyes of an allergic reaction

96
Q

autoimmune disorder

A

known as autoimmune disease, any of a large group of diseases by a condition in the immune system produces antibodies against its own tissues, mistaking healthy cells, tissues, or organs for antigens

97
Q

immunodeficiency disorder

A

occurs when the immune response is compromised

98
Q

severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)

A

an inherited condition in which abnormalities in the immune system cause an increased susceptibility to infection and failure to thrive as a result of infections

99
Q

human immunodeficiency virus

A

known as HIV, a blood borne infection, which the virus damages or kills the T cells of the immune system

100
Q

opportunistic infection

A

caused by a pathogen that does not normally produce an illness in healthy humans

101
Q

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

A

known as AIDS, the most advanced and fatal stage of an HIV infection

102
Q

kaposi’s sarcoma

A

example of an opportunistic infection that is frequently associated with HIV; cancer causes patches of abnormal tissue to grow under the skin, in lining of mouth, nose, throat or in other organs

103
Q

ELISA

A

acronym for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, a blood test used to screen for the presence of HIV antibodies, as well as Lyme disease and other infectious conditions

104
Q

western blot test

A

a blood test that produces more accurate results than the ELISA test,

105
Q

immunotherapy

A

also biological therapy, a disease treatment that involves either stimulation or repressing the immune response

106
Q

synthetic immunoglobulins

A

known as immune serum, used as a post-exposure preventive measure against certain viruses, including rabies and some types of hepatitis

107
Q

synthetic interferon

A

used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis, hepatitis C, and some cancers

108
Q

monoclonal antibodies

A

any class of antibodies produced in the laboratory by identical offspring of a clone of specific cells

109
Q

immunosuppression

A

treatment to repress or interfere with the ability of the immune system to respond to stimulation by antigens

110
Q

immunosuppressant

A

a substance that prevents or reduces the body’s normal immune response

111
Q

corticosteroid drug

A

a hormone-like preparation administered primarily as an anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant

112
Q

cytotoxic drug

A

medication that kills or damages cells

113
Q

pathogen

A

a microorganism that causes a disease in humans

114
Q

microorganism

A

living organism that is so small it can be seen only with the aid of a microscope

115
Q

bacteria

A

one-celled microscopic organisms

116
Q

bacilli

A

rod-shaped, spore-forming bacteria

117
Q

anthrax

A

a contagious disease that can be transmitted through livestock infected with bacillus anthracis

118
Q

rickettsia

A

a small bacterium that lives in lice, fleas, ticks, and mites

119
Q

spirochetes

A

are long, slender, spiral-shaped bacteria that have flexible walls and are capable of movement

120
Q

lyme disease

A

transmitted to humans by the bite of a tick that has had contact with a deer infected with the spirochete borrelia burgdorferi

121
Q

staphylococci

A

group of about 30 species of bacteria that form irregular groups or clusters resembling grapes, harmless reside normally on the skin and mucous membranes of humans

122
Q

staphylococcus aureus

A

known as staph aureus, often infects wounds and causes serious problems such as toxic shock syndrome or food poising

123
Q

streptococci

A

are bacteria that form a chain

124
Q

antibiotic-resistant bacteria

A

when antibiotics fail to kill of all bacteria they target, illness last longer, chances of death increases

125
Q

methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus

A

known as MRSA, small red bumps with a black top, bacteria that is resistant to most antibiotics

126
Q

fungus

A

simple parasitic organism

127
Q

tine pedis

A

known as athlete’s foot, a fungal infection that develops between the toes

128
Q

yeast

A

type of fungus

129
Q

candidiasis

A

known as yeast infection, occur on the skin or mucous membranes in warm, moist areas such as vagina or mouth

130
Q

parasite

A

a plant or animal that lives on or within another living organism at the expense of that organism

131
Q

malaria

A

caused by a parasite that lives in certain mosquitoes and is transferred to humans by the bite of an infected mosquito

132
Q

toxoplasmosis

A

a parasite that is most commonly transmitted from pets to humans by contact with contaminated animal feces

133
Q

viruses

A

very small infectious agents that live by invading other cells

134
Q

ebola

A

a rare and generally fatal disease transmitted by contact with any bodily fluids infected with the ebola virus

135
Q

influenza

A

known as flu, a highly contagious viral respiratory infection that usually occurs in seasonal epidemics

136
Q

measles

A

an acute, highly contagious infection that is transmitted by respiratory droplets of the rubeola virus, include photophobia

137
Q

mumps

A

an acute viral infection, by the swelling of the parotid glands, which are the salivary glands located in front of the ears

138
Q

rubella

A

known as German measles or three-day measles, a viral infection by low-grade fever, swollen glands, inflamed eyes, and a fine, pink rash

139
Q

measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination (MMR)

A

immunization can prevent these three viral illnesses and should be administered in early childhood

140
Q

rabies

A

an acute viral infection that is transmitted to humans through the bite or saliva of an infected animal; symptoms occur 30 to 90 days after bite and usually always fatal

141
Q

west nile virus

A

spread to humans by the bite of n infected mosquito; mild version has flu-like symptoms, more severe spreads to spinal cord and brain

142
Q

cytomegalovirus

A

found in most body fluids, member of the herpesvirus family that causes a variety of diseases

143
Q

varicella

A

known as chickenpox, caused by the herpes virus varicella zoster and is highly contagious

144
Q

herpes zoster

A

known as shingles, an acute viral infection by painful skin eruptions that follow the underlying route of an inflamed nerve

145
Q

postherpetic neuralgia

A

a complication that may follow herpes zoster if nerve fibers have been damaged during the outbreak

146
Q

infectious mononucleosis

A

known as mono, caused by the Epstein-barr virus; swelling of the spleen or liver involvement can also develop

147
Q

antibiotics

A

medications capable of inhibiting growth or Killy pathogenic bacterial micoorganisms

148
Q

bactericide

A

a substance that causes the death of bacteria

149
Q

bacteriostatic

A

agent slows or stops the growth of bacteria

150
Q

antifungal

A

an agent that destroys or inhibits the growth of fungi; lotrimin of topical antifungal known as an antimycotic

151
Q

antiviral drug

A

such as acyclovir, used to treat viral infections or to provide temporary immunity

152
Q

oncology

A

study of the prevention, causes, and treatment of tumors and cancer

153
Q

tumor, neoplasm

A

an abnormal of body tissue

154
Q

benign tumor

A

means not life-threatening, although this type of tumor can cause damage as it grows and places pressure on adjacent structures

155
Q

myoma

A

an example of a benign tumor made up of muscle tissue

156
Q

malignant tumor

A

form of cancer; means becoming progressively worse and life-threatening

157
Q

myosarcoma

A

an example of a malignant tumor derived from muscle tissue

158
Q

angiogenesis

A

process through which a tumor supports its growth by creating its own blood supply

159
Q

antiangiogenesis

A

form of treatment that disrupts the blood supply to the tumor

160
Q

cancer

A

class of diseases by the uncontrolled division of cells and the ability of these cells to invade other tissues,

161
Q

metastasize

A

means to spread from one place to another, most common sites of metastatic tumors are the bones, liver, and lungs

162
Q

metastasis

A

describes the process by which cancer is spread to a new site, can be in the same body system or within another body system at a distance for the primary site

163
Q

carcinoma

A

a malignant tumor that occurs in epithelial tissue

164
Q

carcinoma in situ

A

a malignant tumor in its original position that has not yet disturbed or invaded the surrounding tissues

165
Q

adenocarcinoma

A

any one of a large group of carcinomas derived from glandular tissue

166
Q

sarcoma

A

a malignant tumor that arises from connective tissues, including hard, soft, and liquid connective tissues

167
Q

osteosarcoma

A

a hard-tissue sarcoma that usually involves the upper shaft of the long bones, pelvis, or knee

168
Q

synovial sarcoma

A

a soft-tissue sarcomas, a tumor of the tissues surrounding a synovial joint such as the knees or elbow

169
Q

leukemia

A

a liquid-tissue sarcomas, a cancer of the white blood-forming cells in the bone marrow

170
Q

staging

A

process of classifying tumors by how far the disease has progressed, the potential for its responding to therapy, and the patient’s prognosis

171
Q

lymphoma

A

general term applied to malignancies affecting lymphoid tissues

172
Q

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

known as hodgkin disease, cancer of the immune system distinguished by the presence of large, cancerous lymphocytes known as Reed-Sternberg cells

173
Q

non-hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

refers to all lymphomas other than hodgkin’s lymphoma

174
Q

breast cancer

A

is a carcinoma that develops from he cells of the breast an can spread to adjacent lymph nodes and the other body sites

175
Q

BRCA1 and BRC2 genes

A

are abnormal genes that carry a higher risk of breast, ovarian, and certain other cancers; inherited cancers

176
Q

ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)

A

breast cancer at its earliest stage before the cancer has broken through the wall of the milk duct

177
Q

infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC)

A

starts in the milk duct and invades the fatty breast tissue outside the duct, most common form of breast cancer

178
Q

inflammatory breast cancer (IBC)

A

rare but aggressive form of breast cancer in which the cancer cells block the lymphatic vessels in the skin of the breast

179
Q

breast self-examination

A

a self-care procedure for the early detection of breast cancer

180
Q

palpation of the breast

A

a test performed by a trained heath care provider to check the texture, size, and consistency of the breast

181
Q

mammography

A

radiographic examination of the breasts to detect the presence of tumors or precancerous cells

182
Q

molecular breast imaging (MBI)

A

a nuclear medicine technique using gamma radiation to detect potential tumors in particularly dense breast tissue

183
Q

ultrasound

A

often used as an initial follow-up test when abnormality is found by mammography

184
Q

breast MRI

A

uses magnets and radio waves, and the insertion of a contrast medium via IV, get more detailed info. for those who are diagnosed

185
Q

needle breast biopsy

A

a technique in which an x-ray or MRI guided needle is used to remove small sample of tissue from he breast for diagnosis and the planning of treatment

186
Q

surgical biopsy

A

the removal of a small piece of tissue for examination to confirm a diagnosis

187
Q

sentinel node biopsy

A

a biopsy of the first lymph node to come into contact with cancer cells as they leave the organ of origination and start spreading into the rest of the body

188
Q

lymph node dissection

A

surgical procedure in which all of the lymph nodes in a major group are removed to determine or slow the spread of cancer in this area

189
Q

lumpectomy

A

surgical removal of only the cancerous tissue with the surrounding margin of normal tissue

190
Q

mastectomy

A

surgical removal of the entire breast and nipple

191
Q

radical mastectomy

A

surgical removal of an entire breast and many of the surrounding tissues

192
Q

modified radical mastectomy

A

surgical removal of the entire breast and all of the axillary lymph nodes under the adjacent arm

193
Q

immediate breast reconstruction

A

begins during the same surgery as the mastectomy when an expander is placed to replace the tissue that was removed

194
Q

delayed breast reconstruction

A

may be necessary if the surgery is to be followed by radiation treatment; restoring the size and shape of missing breast

195
Q

chemotherapy

A

use of chemical agents and drugs in combinations selected to destroy malignant cells and tissues

196
Q

chemoprevention

A

the use of natural or synthetic substances such as drugs or vitamins to reduce the risk of developing cancer or to reduce the chance to recur

197
Q

antineoplastic

A

medication that blocks the development, growth, or proliferation of malignant cells

198
Q

cytotoxic drugs

A

used for both immunosuppression and chemotherapy

199
Q

radiation therapy

A

treatment of destroying only the cancerous tissues while sparing deathly tissues

200
Q

brachytherapy

A

use of radioactive materials in contact with or implanted into the tissues to be treated

201
Q

teletherapy

A

radiation therapy administered at a distance from the body

202
Q

tomotherapy

A

combination with radiation therapy to precisely target the tumor being treated

203
Q

targeted therapy

A

developing form of anticancer drug therapy that uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific cancer cells without harm to normal cells

204
Q

adjuvant therapy

A

sometimes used after the primary cancer treatments have been completed to decrease the chance that a cancer will recur

205
Q

clinical trials

A

involve testing new and promising cancer treatments that have not yet FDA approved

medical terminology (12 decks)

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