Chapter 6: Lymphatic and Immune system Flashcards
1
Q
anti-
A
against
2
Q
carcin/o
A
cancerous
3
Q
immun/o
A
immune, protection, safe
4
Q
lymph/o
A
lymph, lymphatic tissue
5
Q
lymphaden/o
A
lymph node or gland
6
Q
lymphangi/o
A
lymph vessel
7
Q
neo- , ne/o
A
new, strange
8
Q
-oma
A
tumor, neoplasm
9
Q
onc/o
A
tumor
10
Q
phag/o
A
eat, swallow
11
Q
-plasm
A
formative material of cells
12
Q
sarc/o
A
flesh, connective tissue
13
Q
splen/o
A
spleen
14
Q
-tic
A
pertaining to
15
Q
tox/o
A
poison, poisonous
16
Q
aden/o
A
gland
17
Q
anis/o
A
unequal
18
Q
lip/o
A
fat
19
Q
lacteals
A
specialized structures of the lymphatic system that absorb those fats that cannot be transported by the bloodstream
20
Q
blood vessels
A
absorb the nutrients, fats, and fat-soluble vitamins from the digested food directly into the bloodstream for use throughout the body
21
Q
interstitial fluid
A
known as intercellular or tissue fluid, plasma from arterial blood that flows out of the arterioles and into the capillaries, then flows into the spaces between the cells of the tissues
22
Q
lymph
A
made up of the remaining 10% of the returning interstitial fluid, clear, watery fluid containing electrolytes and proteins
23
Q
lymphatic circulatory system
A
known as secondary circulatory system, depends on the pumping motion of muscles to move fluid; lymph flows in one direction, upward
24
Q
lymphatic capillaries
A
microscopic, blind-ended (sealed on one end) tubes located near the surface of the body with capillary walls that are only one cell in thickness
25
lymphatic vessels
located deeper within tissues, has valves to prevent the backward flow of lymph; lymph flows from capillaries to progressively larger
26
right lymphatic duct
collects lymph from he right side of the head and neck, the upper right quadrant of the body, and the right arm; empty into right subclavian vein
27
thoracic duct
largest lymphatic vessel in the body, collects lymph from the left side of the head, neck, the upper left quadrant of the trunk and left arm, entire portion of the trunk, and both legs
28
lymph nodes
bean-shaped, contains lymphocytes that are capable of destroying pathogens
29
cervical lymph nodes
along the sides on the neck
30
axillary lymph nodes
under the arms in the area known as armpits
31
inguinal lymph nodes
in groin area of the lower abdomen
32
lymphocytes
known as lymphoid cells, are leukocytes that are formed in bone marrow as stem cells
33
antigen
any substance that the body regards as being foreign
34
natural killer cells (NK cells)
play an important role in the killing of cancer cells and cells infected by viruses
35
B cells
known as B lymphocytes, produce antibodies; most effective against viruses and bacteria that are circulating in the blood
36
plasma cells
develop from B cells and secrete a large volume of antibodies coded to destroy specific antigens
37
T cells
known as T lymphocytes, organ in thymus, central role in the cell-mediated immunity
38
cytokines
group of proteins such as interferons and interleukins released primarily by the T cells
39
interferons
produced in response to the presence of antigens, particularly viruses or tumor cells; slowing or stopping multiplication
40
interleukins
play multiple roles in the immune system, including directing B and T cells to divide and proliferate
41
tonsils
three masses of lymphoid tissue that form a protective ring around the back of the nose and upper throat
42
adenoids
known as nasopharyngeal tonsils, located in the nasopharynx, which is the upper part of the pharynx
43
palatine tonsils
located on the left and right sides of the throat in the area that is visible at the back of the mouth
44
lingual tonsils
located at the base of the tongue, they are not readily visible
45
thymus
which is a mass of lymphoid tissue located above the heart, reaches its greatest size at puberty and becomes smaller with age
46
vermiform appendix
common as appendix, hangs from the lower portion of the Cecil, which is the first section of the large intestine
47
spleen
sac-like mass of lymphoid tissue located in the upper quadrant of the abdomen, just inferior to (below) the diaphragm and posterior to (behind) the stomach
48
hemolytic
function of destroying worn-out erythrocytes (RBCs) and releasing their hemoglobin for reuse
49
allergist
specializes in diagnosing and treating conditions of altered immunologic reactivity, such as allergic reactions
50
immunologist
specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the immune system
51
lymphologist
physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the lymphatic system
52
oncologist
physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating malignant disorders such as tumors and cancer
53
lymphadenitis
known as swollen glands, an inflammation of the lymph nodes
54
lymphadenopathy
any disease process affecting a lymph node or nodes
55
lymphangioma
a benign tumor formed by an abnormal collection of lymphatic vessels due to a congenital malformation of the lymphatic system
56
ruptures spleen
medical emergency that occurs when the covering of the spleen is torn, usually as the result of a blow to the abdomen
57
splenorrhagia
bleeding from the spleen
58
splenomegaly
an abnormal enlargement of the spleen
59
lymphoscintigraphy
diagnostic test that is performed to detect damage or malformations of the lymphatic vessels
60
lymphedema
swelling of the tissues due to an abnormal accumulation of lymph fluid within the tissues
61
primary lymphedema
hereditary condition of the lymphatic system that develops with swelling beginning in the feet and progressing into the ankles and in an upward direction along legs
62
secondary lymphedema
caused by damage to lymphatic vessels that is most frequently due to center treatment, surgery, trauma, or burns
63
bioimpedance spectroscopy
noninvasive method of diagnosing lymphedema, measures resistance to an electrical current passed through affected limb
64
pathogens
disease-producing microorganisms
65
allergens
substances that produce allergic reactions
66
toxins
poisonous or harmful substances
67
malignant cells
potentially life-threatening cancer cells
68
intact skin
wraps the body in a physical barrier to prevent invading organisms from entering the body
69
respiratory system
traps breathed-in foreign matter with nose hairs and the moist mucous membrane lining of the respiratory system
70
digestive system
uses the acids and enzymes produced by the stomach to destroy invaders that are swallowed or consumed with food
71
lymphatic system
specialized leukocytes (WBCs) work together in specific ways to attack and destroy pathogens that have succeeded in entering the body
72
antigen-antibody reaction
known as the immune reaction, involves binding antigens to antibodies
73
tolerance
refers to an acquired unresponsiveness to a specific antigen; also a decline in drug effectiveness after repeated use
74
antibody
disease-fighting protein created by the immune system in response to the presence of a specific antigen
75
immunoglobulins
bind with specific antigens in the antigen-antibody response
76
phagocytes
specialized leukocytes that act as a part of the antigen-antibody reaction by destroying substances such as cell debris, dust, pollen, and pathogens by the process of phagocytosis
77
monocytes
are leukocytes that provide immunological defenses against many infectious organisms
78
macrophage
type of leukocyte that surrounds and kills invading cells, also remove dead cells and stimulate the action of the other immune cells
79
dendritic cells
specialized leukocytes that patrol the body searching for antigens that produce infections, when found it is swallowed and alerts B and T cells to act against
80
complement system
group of proteins that normally circulate in the blood in an inactive form
81
immunity
state of being resistant to a specific disease
82
natural immunity
known as passive immunity, resistance to a disease present without the administration of an antigen or exposure to a disease
83
acquired immunity
is obtained by having had a contagious disease
84
vaccinated
provides protection against that disease, without having been exposed to the risk of actually having the disease
85
vaccine
preparation containing an antigen, consisting of whole or partial disease-causing organisms which have been killed or weakened
86
vaccination
provides protection against the disease, some conditions require periodic booster to maintain effectiveness
87
allergic reaction
occurs when the body immune system reacts to a harmless allergen such as pollen, food, or animal dander as if it were a dangerous invader
88
allergy
known as hypersensitivity, an overreaction by the body to a particular antigen
89
allergen
a substance that produces an allergic reaction in an individual
90
localized allergic response
known as a cellular response, includes redness, itching, and burning where the skin has come into contact with an allergen
91
systemic reaction or anaphylaxis
known as anaphylactic shock, a severe response to an allergen; symptoms develop quickly
92
scratch test
a diagnostic test to identify commonly troublesome allergens such as tree pollen and ragweed
93
allergen-specific immunoglobulin (IgE)
blood test is sometimes used to determine whether a person is allergic to a particular substance
94
antihistamines
medications administered to relieve or prevent the symptoms of hay fever, common allergy to wind-borne pollens, and other type of allergies
95
histamine
substance produced by the body that causes the itching, sneezing, runny nose, and watery eyes of an allergic reaction
96
autoimmune disorder
known as autoimmune disease, any of a large group of diseases by a condition in the immune system produces antibodies against its own tissues, mistaking healthy cells, tissues, or organs for antigens
97
immunodeficiency disorder
occurs when the immune response is compromised
98
severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)
an inherited condition in which abnormalities in the immune system cause an increased susceptibility to infection and failure to thrive as a result of infections
99
human immunodeficiency virus
known as HIV, a blood borne infection, which the virus damages or kills the T cells of the immune system
100
opportunistic infection
caused by a pathogen that does not normally produce an illness in healthy humans
101
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
known as AIDS, the most advanced and fatal stage of an HIV infection
102
kaposi's sarcoma
example of an opportunistic infection that is frequently associated with HIV; cancer causes patches of abnormal tissue to grow under the skin, in lining of mouth, nose, throat or in other organs
103
ELISA
acronym for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, a blood test used to screen for the presence of HIV antibodies, as well as Lyme disease and other infectious conditions
104
western blot test
a blood test that produces more accurate results than the ELISA test,
105
immunotherapy
also biological therapy, a disease treatment that involves either stimulation or repressing the immune response
106
synthetic immunoglobulins
known as immune serum, used as a post-exposure preventive measure against certain viruses, including rabies and some types of hepatitis
107
synthetic interferon
used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis, hepatitis C, and some cancers
108
monoclonal antibodies
any class of antibodies produced in the laboratory by identical offspring of a clone of specific cells
109
immunosuppression
treatment to repress or interfere with the ability of the immune system to respond to stimulation by antigens
110
immunosuppressant
a substance that prevents or reduces the body's normal immune response
111
corticosteroid drug
a hormone-like preparation administered primarily as an anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant
112
cytotoxic drug
medication that kills or damages cells
113
pathogen
a microorganism that causes a disease in humans
114
microorganism
living organism that is so small it can be seen only with the aid of a microscope
115
bacteria
one-celled microscopic organisms
116
bacilli
rod-shaped, spore-forming bacteria
117
anthrax
a contagious disease that can be transmitted through livestock infected with bacillus anthracis
118
rickettsia
a small bacterium that lives in lice, fleas, ticks, and mites
119
spirochetes
are long, slender, spiral-shaped bacteria that have flexible walls and are capable of movement
120
lyme disease
transmitted to humans by the bite of a tick that has had contact with a deer infected with the spirochete borrelia burgdorferi
121
staphylococci
group of about 30 species of bacteria that form irregular groups or clusters resembling grapes, harmless reside normally on the skin and mucous membranes of humans
122
staphylococcus aureus
known as staph aureus, often infects wounds and causes serious problems such as toxic shock syndrome or food poising
123
streptococci
are bacteria that form a chain
124
antibiotic-resistant bacteria
when antibiotics fail to kill of all bacteria they target, illness last longer, chances of death increases
125
methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus
known as MRSA, small red bumps with a black top, bacteria that is resistant to most antibiotics
126
fungus
simple parasitic organism
127
tine pedis
known as athlete's foot, a fungal infection that develops between the toes
128
yeast
type of fungus
129
candidiasis
known as yeast infection, occur on the skin or mucous membranes in warm, moist areas such as vagina or mouth
130
parasite
a plant or animal that lives on or within another living organism at the expense of that organism
131
malaria
caused by a parasite that lives in certain mosquitoes and is transferred to humans by the bite of an infected mosquito
132
toxoplasmosis
a parasite that is most commonly transmitted from pets to humans by contact with contaminated animal feces
133
viruses
very small infectious agents that live by invading other cells
134
ebola
a rare and generally fatal disease transmitted by contact with any bodily fluids infected with the ebola virus
135
influenza
known as flu, a highly contagious viral respiratory infection that usually occurs in seasonal epidemics
136
measles
an acute, highly contagious infection that is transmitted by respiratory droplets of the rubeola virus, include photophobia
137
mumps
an acute viral infection, by the swelling of the parotid glands, which are the salivary glands located in front of the ears
138
rubella
known as German measles or three-day measles, a viral infection by low-grade fever, swollen glands, inflamed eyes, and a fine, pink rash
139
measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination (MMR)
immunization can prevent these three viral illnesses and should be administered in early childhood
140
rabies
an acute viral infection that is transmitted to humans through the bite or saliva of an infected animal; symptoms occur 30 to 90 days after bite and usually always fatal
141
west nile virus
spread to humans by the bite of n infected mosquito; mild version has flu-like symptoms, more severe spreads to spinal cord and brain
142
cytomegalovirus
found in most body fluids, member of the herpesvirus family that causes a variety of diseases
143
varicella
known as chickenpox, caused by the herpes virus varicella zoster and is highly contagious
144
herpes zoster
known as shingles, an acute viral infection by painful skin eruptions that follow the underlying route of an inflamed nerve
145
postherpetic neuralgia
a complication that may follow herpes zoster if nerve fibers have been damaged during the outbreak
146
infectious mononucleosis
known as mono, caused by the Epstein-barr virus; swelling of the spleen or liver involvement can also develop
147
antibiotics
medications capable of inhibiting growth or Killy pathogenic bacterial micoorganisms
148
bactericide
a substance that causes the death of bacteria
149
bacteriostatic
agent slows or stops the growth of bacteria
150
antifungal
an agent that destroys or inhibits the growth of fungi; lotrimin of topical antifungal known as an antimycotic
151
antiviral drug
such as acyclovir, used to treat viral infections or to provide temporary immunity
152
oncology
study of the prevention, causes, and treatment of tumors and cancer
153
tumor, neoplasm
an abnormal of body tissue
154
benign tumor
means not life-threatening, although this type of tumor can cause damage as it grows and places pressure on adjacent structures
155
myoma
an example of a benign tumor made up of muscle tissue
156
malignant tumor
form of cancer; means becoming progressively worse and life-threatening
157
myosarcoma
an example of a malignant tumor derived from muscle tissue
158
angiogenesis
process through which a tumor supports its growth by creating its own blood supply
159
antiangiogenesis
form of treatment that disrupts the blood supply to the tumor
160
cancer
class of diseases by the uncontrolled division of cells and the ability of these cells to invade other tissues,
161
metastasize
means to spread from one place to another, most common sites of metastatic tumors are the bones, liver, and lungs
162
metastasis
describes the process by which cancer is spread to a new site, can be in the same body system or within another body system at a distance for the primary site
163
carcinoma
a malignant tumor that occurs in epithelial tissue
164
carcinoma in situ
a malignant tumor in its original position that has not yet disturbed or invaded the surrounding tissues
165
adenocarcinoma
any one of a large group of carcinomas derived from glandular tissue
166
sarcoma
a malignant tumor that arises from connective tissues, including hard, soft, and liquid connective tissues
167
osteosarcoma
a hard-tissue sarcoma that usually involves the upper shaft of the long bones, pelvis, or knee
168
synovial sarcoma
a soft-tissue sarcomas, a tumor of the tissues surrounding a synovial joint such as the knees or elbow
169
leukemia
a liquid-tissue sarcomas, a cancer of the white blood-forming cells in the bone marrow
170
staging
process of classifying tumors by how far the disease has progressed, the potential for its responding to therapy, and the patient's prognosis
171
lymphoma
general term applied to malignancies affecting lymphoid tissues
172
Hodgkin's lymphoma
known as hodgkin disease, cancer of the immune system distinguished by the presence of large, cancerous lymphocytes known as Reed-Sternberg cells
173
non-hodgkin's lymphoma
refers to all lymphomas other than hodgkin's lymphoma
174
breast cancer
is a carcinoma that develops from he cells of the breast an can spread to adjacent lymph nodes and the other body sites
175
BRCA1 and BRC2 genes
are abnormal genes that carry a higher risk of breast, ovarian, and certain other cancers; inherited cancers
176
ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)
breast cancer at its earliest stage before the cancer has broken through the wall of the milk duct
177
infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC)
starts in the milk duct and invades the fatty breast tissue outside the duct, most common form of breast cancer
178
inflammatory breast cancer (IBC)
rare but aggressive form of breast cancer in which the cancer cells block the lymphatic vessels in the skin of the breast
179
breast self-examination
a self-care procedure for the early detection of breast cancer
180
palpation of the breast
a test performed by a trained heath care provider to check the texture, size, and consistency of the breast
181
mammography
radiographic examination of the breasts to detect the presence of tumors or precancerous cells
182
molecular breast imaging (MBI)
a nuclear medicine technique using gamma radiation to detect potential tumors in particularly dense breast tissue
183
ultrasound
often used as an initial follow-up test when abnormality is found by mammography
184
breast MRI
uses magnets and radio waves, and the insertion of a contrast medium via IV, get more detailed info. for those who are diagnosed
185
needle breast biopsy
a technique in which an x-ray or MRI guided needle is used to remove small sample of tissue from he breast for diagnosis and the planning of treatment
186
surgical biopsy
the removal of a small piece of tissue for examination to confirm a diagnosis
187
sentinel node biopsy
a biopsy of the first lymph node to come into contact with cancer cells as they leave the organ of origination and start spreading into the rest of the body
188
lymph node dissection
surgical procedure in which all of the lymph nodes in a major group are removed to determine or slow the spread of cancer in this area
189
lumpectomy
surgical removal of only the cancerous tissue with the surrounding margin of normal tissue
190
mastectomy
surgical removal of the entire breast and nipple
191
radical mastectomy
surgical removal of an entire breast and many of the surrounding tissues
192
modified radical mastectomy
surgical removal of the entire breast and all of the axillary lymph nodes under the adjacent arm
193
immediate breast reconstruction
begins during the same surgery as the mastectomy when an expander is placed to replace the tissue that was removed
194
delayed breast reconstruction
may be necessary if the surgery is to be followed by radiation treatment; restoring the size and shape of missing breast
195
chemotherapy
use of chemical agents and drugs in combinations selected to destroy malignant cells and tissues
196
chemoprevention
the use of natural or synthetic substances such as drugs or vitamins to reduce the risk of developing cancer or to reduce the chance to recur
197
antineoplastic
medication that blocks the development, growth, or proliferation of malignant cells
198
cytotoxic drugs
used for both immunosuppression and chemotherapy
199
radiation therapy
treatment of destroying only the cancerous tissues while sparing deathly tissues
200
brachytherapy
use of radioactive materials in contact with or implanted into the tissues to be treated
201
teletherapy
radiation therapy administered at a distance from the body
202
tomotherapy
combination with radiation therapy to precisely target the tumor being treated
203
targeted therapy
developing form of anticancer drug therapy that uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific cancer cells without harm to normal cells
204
adjuvant therapy
sometimes used after the primary cancer treatments have been completed to decrease the chance that a cancer will recur
205
clinical trials
involve testing new and promising cancer treatments that have not yet FDA approved
