The Cell

Question 1

Nucleoid Region:

Answer 1

DNA region in prokaryote

Question 2

Nucleolus:

Answer 2

Makes ribosomes. Sits in nucleus, no membrane

Question 3

Peroxisomes:

Answer 3

Collect and break down material

Question 4

Rough ER:

Answer 4

Accept mRNA to make proteins.

Question 5

Smooth ER:

Answer 5

Detox & make lipids.

Question 6

Golgi Apparatus:

Answer 6

Modify / distribute proteins. Only in eukaryotes.

Question 7

Describe Vesicular Transport

Answer 7

Vesicular Transport
COP 2 –> Forward
COP 1 <—Return

Question 8

Centrioles

Answer 8

9 groups of microtubules, pull chromosomes apart

Question 9

Lysosomes:

Answer 9

Demo & Recycling center. Made by Golgi. Single
membrane.

Question 10

Plasmids

Answer 10

In prokaryotes. Carry DNA not necessary for survival

Question 11

What are the three types of bacterial shapes?

Answer 11

Bacilli - rods
Cocci - sphere
Spirilla - Spiral

Question 12

Describe obligate aerobe bacteria

Answer 12

Requires O2

Question 13

Obligate Anaerobe:

Answer 13

Dies in O2

Question 14

Facultative Anaerobe

Answer 14

: Toggle between Aerobic / Anaerobic.

Question 15

Aerotolerant Anaerobe

Answer 15

Does not use O2 but tolerates it.

Question 16

Describe the properties of gram positive bacteria

Answer 16

Gram + is PURPLE, THICK peptidoglycan/lipoteichoic acid cell wall

Question 17

Describe the properties of Gram negative bacteria

Answer 17

Gram – is PINK-RED, THIN peptidoglycan cell wall & an outer membrane

Question 18

Microfilaments

Answer 18

Actin

Question 19

Microtubules

Answer 19

Tubulin

Question 20

Intermediate Filaments

Answer 20

Keratin = Vimentin; Desmin = Lamin

Question 21

List the properties of simple, stratified, pseudostratified, cuboidal, columnar, squamous epithelia

Answer 21

Parenchyma (functional parts of organ). Simple: One layer. Stratified: Multiple layers. Pseudostratified: One layer (looks mult, but really just 1). Cuboidal: Cube shape. Columnar: Long and narrow. Squamous: Flat, scale-like.

Question 22

Connective Tissue

Answer 22

Stroma (support, extracellular matrix). Bone, cartilage, tendon, blood.

Question 23

Transformation:

Answer 23

Gets genetic info from environment.

Question 24

Conjugation:

Answer 24

Transfer of genetic info via conjugation bridge.

F+ -→ F- or Hfr-→ recipient

Question 25

Transduction

Answer 25

Transfer using bacteriophage.

Question 26

Transposons

Answer 26

Genetic info that can insert/remove themselves.

Question 27

Properties of Eukaryotes V. Prokaryotes

Answer 27

Eukaryote * ETC in mitochondria * Large Ribosome (40s and 60S) * Reproduce via mitosis Prokaryote * ETC in cell membrane * Small ribosomes * Reproduce via binary fission * Plasmids carry DNA material. May have virulence factors plasmids that integrate into genome are Episomes.

Question 28

What are prions?

Answer 28

Infectious proteins. Trigger misfolding. a-helical → B-pleated sheets. Decreases solubility

Question 29

What are viroids?

Answer 29

Plant pathogens

Question 30

Describe the structure of a bacteriophage

Answer 30

Head with DNA or RNA, collar, sheath, base plate, and tail fibers

Question 31

What is a capsid?

Answer 31

In a virus it is the protein coat

Question 32

True/False: Do viruses have lipid envelopes?

Answer 32

True

Question 33

What is a virion?

Answer 33

Individual virus particles

Question 34

What is the role of a bacteriophage?

Answer 34

Bacteria virus. Tail sheath injects DNA / RNA

Question 35

Viral Genome

Answer 35

May be DNA or RNA. Single or double stranded.

Question 36

If single stranded what is positive sense?

Answer 36

Positive Sense: Can be translated by host cell.

Question 37

If single stranded, what is negative sense?

Answer 37

Negative Sense: RNA replicase must synthesize a complimentary strand, which can then be translated

Question 38

What is a retrovirus?

Answer 38

Single stranded RNA. Reverse transcriptase needed to make DNA.

Question 39

In terms of bacteriophage life cycle, what is lytic mean?

Answer 39

Virions made until cell lyses.

Question 40

In terms of bacteriophage life cycle, what is lysogenic?

Answer 40

Virus integrates into genome as provirus or prophage. Goes dormant until stress activates it.