Kidney and Skin

Question 1

Describe the excretory pathway

Answer 1

Bowman’s space –> proximal convoluted tubule –> descending limb of the loop of henle –> ascending limb of the loop of henle –> distal convoluted tubule –> collecting duct –> renal pelvis –> ureter –> bladder –> urethra

Question 2

Kidney:

Answer 2

Contains a cortex and medulla. Produces urine which
dumps into the ureter at the renal pelvis. Urine is then
collected in the bladder until it is excreted through the
urethra.

Question 3

Nephron

Answer 3

: Functioning unit of the kidney.

Question 4

what are the two capillary beds that make up the renal portal system?

Answer 4

Two capillary beds in series (glomeruli & nephron).

Question 5

How does blood flow in the renal portal system?

Answer 5

renal artery –> afferent arterioles –> glomeruli –> efferent arteriole –> vasa recta –> renal vein

Question 6

Filtration:

Answer 6

Bowman’s capsule moves solutes from blood –> filtrate.
Direction and rate determined by hydrostatic and oncotic
pressure differentials between the glomerulus and
Bowman’s space

Question 7

Secretion:

Answer 7

The movement of solutes from blood –> filtrate anywhere

other than Bowman’s capsule.

Question 8

Reabsorption

Answer 8

: The mvmt of solutes from filtrate –> blood

Question 9

How does the kidney regulate pH?

Answer 9

with bicarbonate and H+

Question 10

What type of hormone is aldosterone

Answer 10

Steroid

Question 11

Where is aldosterone synthesized?

Answer 11

adrenal cortex in response to angiotensin 2 or high potassium concentration

Question 12

What is aldosterone derived from?

Answer 12

Cholesterol

Question 13

What effect does aldosterone have on sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct?

Answer 13

Increases sodium reabsorption in both the dct and collecting duct thereby also increasing water reabsorption

Question 14

What effect does aldosterone have on blood pressure?

Answer 14

Increase BP but no change in blood osmolarity

Question 15

Where is ADH synthesized from?

Answer 15

Hypothalamus and released by posterior pituitary

Question 16

What effect does ADH have on the permeability of the collecting duct to h2o

Answer 16

Increases the permeability of the collecting duct to water which increase water reabsorption and as a result the BP increases and blood osmolarity decrease. concentrated urine is produced

Question 17

Proximal Convoluted

Tubule (PCT

Answer 17

Site of bulk reabsorption of glucose, amino acids,
soluble vitamins, salt, and H2O. Site of secretion
for H+, K+, NH3, and urea

Question 18

Descending Limb of the

Loop of Henle

Answer 18

Permeable to H2O but NOT salt; therefore, as the
filtrate moves into the more osmotically
concentrated renal medulla, water is reabsorbed
from the filtrate.

Question 19

Countercurrent

Multiplier System:

Answer 19

The vasa recta and nephron flow in opposite
directions, creating a countercurrent multiplier
system that allows maximal reabsorption of water

Question 20

Ascending Limb of the

Loop of Henle

Answer 20

Permeable to salt but NOT to H2O; therefore, salt
is reabsorbed both passively and actively. The
diluting segment is in the outer medulla; because
salt is actively reabsorbed in this site, the filtrate
becomes hypotonic compared to the blood

Question 21

Distal Convoluted

Tubule (DCT):

Answer 21

Responsive to aldosterone and is a site of salt
reabsorption and waste product excretion, like
the PCT

Question 22

Collecting Duct

Answer 22

Responsive to both aldosterone and ADH. Has
variable permeability, which allows reabsorption
of the right amount of H2O depending on the
body’s needs

Question 23

Detrusor Muscle:

Answer 23

Muscular lining of bladder. Parasympathetic control

Question 24

Internal Urethral Sphincter:

Answer 24

: Smooth muscle. Parasympathetic control

Question 25

External Urethral Sphincter:

Answer 25

Skeletal muscle. Voluntary control

Question 26

List the layers of the epidermis from bottom to top

Answer 26

Stratum Corneum
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale

Come lets get sun burnt

Question 27

Stratum Basale:

Answer 27

Stem cells –> keratinocytes

Question 28

Stratum spinosum

Answer 28

Lagerhan cells

Question 29

Stratum granulosum

Answer 29

Keratinocytes die

Question 30

Stratum luciderm

Answer 30

only thick and hairless skin

Question 31

Stratum corneum

Answer 31

Multiple thin layers, flat keratinocytes

Question 32

Langerhan cells

Answer 32

: Macrophages that are antigen-presenting cells in skin

Question 33

Melanin:

Answer 33

: Produced by Melanocytes. Protects skin from DNA damage

caused by ultraviolet radiation

Question 34

Sensory layers of the dermis

Answer 34

papillary layer and reticular layer

Question 35

Merkel cells of dermis

Answer 35

deep pressure and texture

Question 36

Free nerve endings of dermis

Answer 36

Pain

Question 37

Meissner’s corpuscles of the dermis

Answer 37

Light touch

Question 38

Ruffini endings of dermis

Answer 38

Stretch

Question 39

Pacinian corpuscles of the dermis

Answer 39

Deep pressure and vibration

Question 40

Hypodermis

Answer 40

Fat and connective tissue. connects skin to the body

Question 41

Thermo- regulation

Sweating

Answer 41

Evaporation and cooling

Question 42

Thermo-regulation

Piloerection

Answer 42

Warming

Question 43

Thermo-regulation

Shivering

Answer 43

Warming