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MCAT Bio/Biochem > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the properties of peptide hormones.

A

Made of amino acids and they are polar.

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2
Q

Where are steroid hormones made? Describe its properties

A

Made in Gonads & Adrenal Cortex, from Cholesterol
• Don’t dissolve, must be carried by proteins
• Non-polar, so CAN pass through membrane
• They activate nuclear receptors
• Direct action on DN

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3
Q

Describe the properties of amino acid derviatives hormones.

A

Share traits from both peptide & steroid hormones

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4
Q

Direct Hormones:

A

Act directly on target tissue/organ. Ex: Insulin.

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5
Q

Tropic Hormones:

A

Require an intermediary. They only affect other

endocrine tissues. Ex: GnRH and LH are both tropic

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6
Q

What happens to FSH, LH, and GH when GHRH is released in the hypothalamus?

A

They all increase

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7
Q

What stimulates the release of TSH?

A

TRH in the hypothalamus

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8
Q

What happens to ACTH when corticotropin releasing hormone CRH is released in the hypothalamus?

A

ACTH increases

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9
Q

What happens to prolactin when dopamine is released in the hypothalamus?

A

Decreases prolactin

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10
Q

What happens to glucose when insulin acts on beta islet cells in the pancreas?

A

Glucose decreases

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11
Q

What happens to glucose when glucagon acts on alpha islet cells in the pancreas?

A

Glucose increases

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12
Q

What happens to insulin and glucagon when somatostatin acts on delta islet cells in the pancreas?

A

Insulin and glucagon decrease

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13
Q

Where is testosterone produced?

A

Testes in the gonads

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14
Q

Where is estrogen produced?

A

Progesterone in the ovaries

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15
Q

Where is melatonin released?

A

Pineal gland

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16
Q

Which hormones are released in the anterior pituitary gland?

A

FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, prolactin, endorphins, and GH

FLAT PEG

17
Q

What is the role of FSH

A

Male: Spermatogenesis
Females: Growth of ovarian follicles

18
Q

LH function

A

Þ Males: Testosterone

Females: Induces ovulation

19
Q

ACTH function

A

Synth & release glucocorticoids from

adrenal cortex

20
Q

TSH function

A

Synth & release triiodothyronine

and thyroxine from thyroid

21
Q

What does prolactin do to milk production?

A

Increases milk production

22
Q

What do endorphins do to pain?

A

Natural pain killer, alleviates pain

23
Q

What is the role of GH?

A

GH Þ ­Growth in bone/muscle

­Glucose in bone/muscle

24
Q

What hormones are found in thyroid gland?

A

T4 & T3

25
Q

Role of T4 and T3

A

made by follicle cells

increase ­basal metabolic rate

26
Q

What happens to calcium in the bone, blood, gut, and in excretion in kidneys after the release of parathyroid hormone in the parathyroid glands?

A 
decreases Ca2+ in bone
­increases Ca2+ in blood
­Increases Ca2+ absorption in gut
Decreases Ca2+ excretion in kidneys
Bone breakdown releases Ca2+
Activates Vitamin D (Calcitriol)
27
Q

What does calcitonin do the calcium in the bones, blood, gut, and excretion from kidneys after released in the thyroid gland

A 
Þ Made by parafollicular (c) cells
Increase ­Ca2+ in bone
decrease Ca2+ in blood
decrease Ca2+ absorption in gut
­increase Ca2+ excretion from kidneys
28
Q

What does ADH do to water output in the urine after it is released from the posterior pituitary gland?

A

Decreases water in urine and vasoconstriction occurs

29
Q

What happens to the uterine contractions, milk production, and bonding behavior after oxytocin is released in the posterior pituitary gland.

A

Increase uterine contractions
Increase milk
Increase bonding behavior
Positive feedback

30
Q

When glucocorticoids are released by the adrenal cortex what happens to glucose, protein synthesis, and immune system

A

Increase glucose
Decrease protein synthesis
Decrease immune system

31
Q

What do glucocorticoids release?

A

Cortisol

32
Q

What hormone do mineralocorticoids release?

What is it’s effect on the potassium, sodium, and water in the blood? What is its effect on blood pressure?

A

Aldosterone

Decrease potassium in blood
Increase sodium in blood
increase water in the blood due to osmosis
Increase blood pressure

MCAT Bio/Biochem (30 decks)

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