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MCAT Bio/Biochem > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

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1
Q

Innate Immunity

A

: Defenses that are always active but NONSPECIFIC. Skin, mucus, stomach acid, tears etc

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2
Q

Adaptive Immunity:

A

Defenses that take time to activate and are

SPECIFIC to the invader.

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3
Q

List noncellular innate defenses

A

Skin, mucus, lysozymes, complement system, interferons

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4
Q

What does skin secrete in innate immunity?

A

antimicrobial enzymes

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5
Q

How is mucus propelled upward?

A

Through cilia via mucociliary escalator

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6
Q

Lysozymes

A

In tears and saliva. Antimicrobial compound

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7
Q

Complement

System

A

Can punch holes in the cell walls of bacteria making them
osmotically unstable, leading to lysis. Also triggers
opsonization

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8
Q

Interferons:

A

Given off by virally infected cells. Interfere with viral

replication and dispersion

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9
Q

Macrophages:

A

Ingest pathogens and present them on MHC-II. Secrete

Cytokines

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10
Q

MHC-I:

A

Present in all nucleated cells. Displays endogenous

antigen to cytotoxic CD8+ T-cells.

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11
Q

MHC-II

A

Present in professional antigen-presenting cells
(macrophages, dendritic cells, some B-cells, and certain
activated epithelial cells). Displays exogenous antigen to
helper CD4+ T-Cells.

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12
Q

Dendritic

Cells:

A

Antigen-presenting cells in the skin

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13
Q

Natural Killer

Cells:

A

Attack cells low on MHC, including virally infected cells and
cancer cell

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14
Q

List three types of granulocytes and list their functions and what activates them

A

Neutrophils: Activated by bacteria, conduct phagocytosis.
Eosinophil: Activated by parasites & allergens ­ increase histamines
Basophils: Activated by allergens, inhibit blood clotting.

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15
Q

Describe the function of the lymphatic system

A

Circulatory system that consists of one-way vessels with
intermittent lymph nodes
• Provides for mounting immune responses
• Connects to the cardiovascular system via the thoracic duct in the
posterior chest
• Equalizes fluid distribution, transports fats and fat-soluble
compounds in chylomicrons
• Edema results when the lymphatic system is overwhelmed and
can’t drain excess fluid from tissues

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16
Q

Humoral Immunity:

A

Centers on antibody production by B-Cells. Kills

antigens while they are floating around in the fluid (humor)

17
Q

B-Lymphocytes

(B-cells):

A

Made and mature in bone marrow. Activated in spleen

or lymph nodes. Express antibodies on its cell surface.

18
Q

Antibodies (Ig):

A

Produced by plasma cells, which are activated B-Cells.
Target an antigen. Contain 2 heavy chains and 2 light
chains. Constant region & variable region. Tip of
variable region is the antigen-binding region.

19
Q

Hypermutation:

A

Mutation of the antigen binding site on an antibody.
Results in varying affinities of antibodies for a specific
microbe. 5 diff isotypes (IgM, IgD, IgG, IgE, IgA)

20
Q

Opsonization:

A

Antibodies mark pathogens for destruction.

21
Q

Agglutination:

A

Pathogens clump together into insoluble complexes.

Caused by opsonizing pathogens

22
Q

Memory B-Cells:

A

: Lie in wait for a second exposure to pathogen.

Secondary response is more rapid and vigorous.

23
Q

Cell-Mediated (Cytotoxic) Immunity:

A

Centers on T-Cells. Responds to cells

once they have been infected by the antigen.

24
Q

T-Lymphocytes

(T-cells):

A

Made in bone marrow, mature in Thymus. Coordinate

immune system and directly kill infected cells. Cellmediated immunity.

25
Q

Positive/Negative

Selection:

A

Maturation of T-Cells. Facilitated by thymosin. Occurs

in Thymus.

26
Q

Positive Selection:

A

Mature only T-cells that can

respond to the presentation of antigen on MHC.

27
Q

Negative Selection

A

Causes apoptosis in T-cells that are

self-reactive

28
Q

Helper T-Cells: Th of CD4+

A

Respond to antigen on MHC-II. Coordinate
rest of the immune system, secreting lymphokines to
activate immune defense.

29
Q

Role of T 1 helper cells

A

secrete interferon gamma

30
Q

Role of T 2 helper cells

A

activate B-Cells, in parasitic infections

31
Q

Cytotoxic T-cells:

A

Tc, CTL, or CD8+. “Killer cells”. Respond to antigen on

MCH-I and kill virally infected cells

32
Q

Suppressor T-Cells:

A

Treg. Down regulate the immune response after an
infection and promote self-tolerance. Defective
suppressor T-Cells lead to autoimmune conditions

33
Q

Memory T-Cells

A

: Serve a similar function to memory B-Cells

34
Q

Autoimmune

Conditions:

A

A self-antigen is recognized as foreign, and the

immune system attacks normal cells

35
Q

Allergic Reactions:

A

Nonthreatening exposures incite an inflammatory

response

36
Q

Immunization:

A

Induces active immunity (activation of B-Cells that

produce antibodes)

37
Q

Passive Immunity:

A

Transfer of antibodies to an individual. Breast milk.

MCAT Bio/Biochem (30 decks)

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